FCAT Prep. Teaching Presentation

Mock FCAT 2.0

A chemical change is a change in which a substance turns into a completely different

substance that can't be reversed

• Chemical change is any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances.At the molecular level, chemical change involves making or breaking of bonds between atoms.

These changes are chemical: • iron rusting (iron oxide forms) • gasoline burning (water vapor and carbon

dioxide form) • eggs cooking (fluid protein molecules uncoil

and crosslink to form a network) • bread rising (yeast converts carbohydrates

into carbon dioxide gas) • milk souring (sour-tasting lactic acid is

produced) • Sun tanning (vitamin D and melanin is

produced)

• Physical change rearranges molecules but doesn't affect their internal structures.

Some examples of physical change are: • whipping egg whites (air is forced into the

fluid, but no new substance is produced) • magnetizing a compass needle (there is

realignment of groups ("domains") of iron atoms, but no real change within the iron atoms themselves).

• boiling water (water molecules are forced away from each other when the liquid changes to vapor, but the molecules are still H2O.)

• dissolving sugar in water (sugar molecules are dispersed within the water, but the individual sugar molecules are unchanged.)

• dicing potatoes (cutting usually separates molecules without changing them.)

1) Ethan is observing chemical and physical properties of a substance. He heats a substance and observes that the substance turns from a brown solid to a black powder. He refers to several chemistry journals that claim this represents a chemical reaction. From his observation and research, he concludes that the substance goes through a chemical change when heated.

How can Ethan best defend his conclusion?

A. by demonstrating that the substance will eventually melt if the temperature

continues to increase

B. by verifying that the substance is now made up of different molecules than

before it was heated

C. by verifying that the substance is made up of only one type of element

D. by demonstrating that the substance is less dense after it is heated

B

Constant Speed / Distance and Time

• Constant speed is movement at a fixed (constant) distance per unit of time.

Reading a graph.

Formulas

2) Mr. Roberts drives his car away from his house at a constant speed. Which of the following graphs best shows the relationship between the distance traveled and the time spent driving?

H

The Rock Cycle

At which point in the cycle shown above would the process of breaking down

rocks occur?

A. J

B. K

C. L

D. M

D

Since these two forces are equal and in opposite directions,

they balance each other.

• It is said to be at equilibrium.

• When all the forces acting upon an object balance

each other, the object will be at equilibrium; it will not

accelerate.

Balanced & Unbalanced Forces

Newton's first law of motion

*An object at rest stays at rest &

an object in motion stays in motion

unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

4) An object moves through space with balanced forces acting on it. Which statement best describes the speed and direction of the object as long as the forces acting on it remain balanced?

F. The speed and direction of the object will both change.G. The speed and direction of the object will remain constant.H. The speed will change, but the direction will remain constant.I. The speed will remain constant, but the direction will change.

G

It is important to design an experiment that can be replicated because:

1. Doing multiple trials helps provide assurance that the results are correct

2. it also allows you to get an average

3. Observed results are less likely to be affected by random chance.

Why is it important to design experiments that can be replicated?

5) A scientist performs an experiment and asks other scientists around the world to replicate it. Why would other scientists most likely try to perform the same experiment?

A. to find out if weather of various regions of the world would affect the resultsB. to see if the experiment would be less expensive in another part of the worldC. to confirm the results of the experiment conducted by the scientistD. to verify that the hypothesis of the experiment is a scientific law

C

Niche in a community?

• Scavengers are animals that find dead animals or plants and eat them. While they eat them, they break them into small bits.

• Examples are: flies, wasps and cockroaches are scavengers. Earthworms are also scavengers, but they only break down plants.

• Decomposers and scavengers break down dead plants and animals.

• They also break down the waste (poop) of other organisms.

• Decomposers are very important for any ecosystem. If they weren't in the ecosystem, the plants would not get essential nutrients, and dead matter and waste would pile up.

There are two kinds of decomposers:scavengers and decomposers.

Once a scavenger is done, the decomposers take over, and finish the job. • Many kinds of decomposers are

microscopic, meaning that they can't be seen without a microscope. Others, like fungi, can be seen.

6) Food webs show feeding relationships among different types of organisms. Those organisms each have a specific niche. Which of the following best describes a function of decomposers in food webs?

F. to recycle nutrients into soilG. to convert solar energy into foodH. to provide food for secondary consumersI. to compete with secondary consumers for oxygen

F

Earth’s oceans:

• is the liquid water component of the Earth. It includes the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. The hydrosphere covers about 70% of the surface of the Earth and is the home for many plants and animals.

7) The interaction between the cryosphere and hydrosphere can have an impact on Earth’s oceans. Which of the following is an example of an interaction between the cryosphere and hydrosphere?

A. evaporation of water from oceans at the equatorB. release of fresh water into ocean water as icebergs meltC. decomposition of organic matter at the bottom of oceansD. release of large amounts of salt from icebergs into the ocean

B

Every Changing Science

• Accepted theories are the best explanations available so far for how the world works. They have been thoroughly tested, are supported by multiple lines of evidence, and have proved useful in generating explanations and opening up new areas for research. However, science is always a work in progress, and even theories change.

8) Scientific knowledge may change as new evidence or information is discovered. Which of the following would NOT be a result of new scientific research and information?

F. Binomial nomenclature is assigned to a recently identified plant species.G. An endangered monkey species is put in a reserve for protection from extinction.H. A newly discovered chemical element will be added to the periodic table of the elements.I. A nonnative plant species will begin to reproduce rapidly after being introduced into a swamp ecosystem.

I

9) Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr) are in the same column in the periodic table. Why are these elements in the same column in the periodic table?

A. They are the same size.B. They react with each other.C. They have similar properties.D. They have the same number of protons.

C

Reading a chart:

G

A chemical change is a change in which a substance turns into a completely different

substance that can't be reversed

• Chemical change is any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances.At the molecular level, chemical change involves making or breaking of bonds between atoms.

These changes are chemical: • iron rusting (iron oxide forms) • gasoline burning (water vapor and carbon

dioxide form) • eggs cooking (fluid protein molecules uncoil

and crosslink to form a network) • bread rising (yeast converts carbohydrates

into carbon dioxide gas) • milk souring (sour-tasting lactic acid is

produced) • Sun tanning (vitamin D and melanin is

produced)

• Physical change rearranges molecules but doesn't affect their internal structures.

Some examples of physical change are: • whipping egg whites (air is forced into the

fluid, but no new substance is produced) • magnetizing a compass needle (there is

realignment of groups ("domains") of iron atoms, but no real change within the iron atoms themselves).

• boiling water (water molecules are forced away from each other when the liquid changes to vapor, but the molecules are still H2O.)

• dissolving sugar in water (sugar molecules are dispersed within the water, but the individual sugar molecules are unchanged.)

• dicing potatoes (cutting usually separates molecules without changing them.)

11) When a candle is lit, the wick burns, the wax melts, the

candle changes shape, and the air around the candle heats

up. Which of the following is an example of a chemical

change?

A. the wick burning

B. the wax melting

C. the candle changing shape

D. the air around the candle heating up

A

How does air movement near the equator cause thunderstorms?

F. movement of ocean currentsG. decrease in relative humidityH. heating by energy from the SunI. warming in the upper atmosphere

H

The apparent magnitude (m) of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere. The brighter the object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude.

APPARENT AMAGNITUDE

13) One physical property of a star is apparent magnitude.

Which of the following is used in

determining the apparent magnitude of a star?

A. the constellation the star is in

B. the distance the star is from Earth

C. the number of times the star rotates

D. the number of prominences the star makes

B

Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species.

Deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover they quickly dry out AND EROSION OCCURS..

14) Deforestation occurs when large areas of trees are cut down. Which of the following impacts on the environment would result from deforestation?

F. increased erosionG. colder temperaturesH. excess ground moistureI. greater oxygen production

F

Density FormulaDensity is all about the compactness in molecular

arrangement in any substance which decides how heavier

or lighter any substance is!

Let’s consider the ice cubes on the water.

We can see ice floats on water which tells us that water is denser than ice.

Density is defined as: • The mass per unit volume of a substance at a

specified pressure and temperature. • The quantity of something per unit measure,

especially per unit length, area, or volume.

Density is calculated using the below formula.

It is represented by D .

D

A. Substance X has less mass than substance Y has.B. Substance W has less volume than substance X has.C. Substance Y would have less mass than substance Z would have if they had the same volume.D. Substance Z would have less mass than substance W would have if they had the same volume.

C

Variables in an experiment:

• Variables – the factor that can be changed in order to study the hypothesis of an experiment.

• Independent variables are the variables that are changed in a given model or equation.

• Dependent variables usually the part of the experiment being measured or observed.

• it responds to the test variable. (changing only as the independent variable does.)

Controlled Variables the factor/s that is purposefully kept the same

16) Keesha did an experiment to study the rate of photosynthesis in the water plant Elodea. She placed a piece of Elodea in a beaker of water and set the beaker 10 centimeters (cm) from a light source. Keesha counted the bubbles released from the plant every minute for five minutes (min). She repeated the process two more times. First, she moved the light to 20 cm from the beaker, and then she moved the light to 30 cm from the beaker. Keesha’s setup and data are shown below.

What is the outcome variable (dependent variable) in this experiment?

F. the number of bubbles producedG. the type of plant placed in the beakerH. the distance of the light source from the plantI. the amount of time the bubbles were counted

F

Replication VS Repetition

• Repetition

• is the act of you doing your own work over and over again

• REPLICATION

• the action or process of reproducing or duplicating some ones experiment or work

The statement from which investigation is an example of repetition?

A. Investigation 1B. Investigation 2C. Investigation 3D. Investigation 4

D

Why is Mercury so heavily cratered?

• Mercury is heavily cratered because it has virtually no atmosphere .

• Without atmospheric weathering or geologic reworking of the surface, any craters become permanent features of the planet.

• Craters form when an asteroid or meteor collides with the planet or moon

18) The surface of Mercury has many more craters than the surface of Earth has. Which of the following statements best explains why Mercury has many more craters than Earth has?

F. Mercury rotates faster than Earth does.G. Mercury has a smaller mass than Earth has.H. Mercury is much closer to the Sun than Earth is.I. Mercury has a thinner atmosphere than Earth has.

I

• Tides are periodic rises and falls of

Large bodies of water.

• Tides are caused by the

gravitational interaction between

the Earth and the Moon.

• Since the earth is rotating while this is happening,

two tides occur each day.

Isaac Newton was the first person to explain tides

scientifically.

WHAT CAUSES THE TIDES?

19) The water level at the beach changes during the day. What causes the different water levels?

A. Earth’s revolutionB. the Moon’s rotationC. Earth’s magnetic fieldD. the Moon’s gravitational pull

D

No “fluff” review for next question

H

What contributes to evolution of scientific ideas?

Science changes because …

A. Advancements in atomic models proved the atomic theory was accurate.B. The discovery of new evidence resulted in changes to the atomic theory.C. With the discovery of every new element, the atomic theory was modified.D. Changes in atomic models showed that the atomic theory was based on opinion.

B

Ages of Rock

• To find the relative age of a rock, you need to identify the:

• geologic age

• time in Earth's history

• Radioactivity

22) The oldest rock formation identified on Earth is found on the shoreline of Hudson Bay in Canada. This rock formed 4.28 billion years ago. What information does a scientist need to more accurately determine the age of a rock?

F. the percentage of each mineral that makes up the rockG. the thickness of younger rock layers that cover the rockH. the amount of each radioactive element present in the rockI. the amount of weathering present on the surface of the rock

H

What’s the difference?

• Climate encompasses

the statistics of

• temperature

• humidity,

• atmospheric pressure, wind,

• precipitation

• weather, is the

present condition of these elements and their variations over shorter periods.

23) The climate of an area can be different from its weather. Which of the following statements describes the climate of an area?

A. There should be heavy rains tomorrow morning.B. The rains next week are expected to cause some flooding.C. The average temperature from 1930–1996 was 23°C (74°F).D. The high temperature on September 4, 2009, was 32°C (89°F).

C

Our Universe / size comparison

Earth

H

How the body functions (to maintain homeostasis) in both hot and cold environments?

Answer:The body detects changes to temperature in two ways: • receptors in the skin monitor for changes to external temperature; • while the hypothalamus detects changes internally.

It does this by monitoring the temperature of the blood as it passes this part of the brain. Feedback systems then respond to these changes in temperature:

too HOT:-Sweating is a method to keep us cool.

The sweat evaporates using the energy from the body.

too COLD:-• Hairs on our skin stand upright ; (this traps a layer of air close to our skin, which is a

good insulator.)• Shivering generates heat energy from our muscles.

25) In order to maintain homeostasis, the systems of the human body work together to keep a constant internal temperature. Which of the following statements describes how the human body responds in a cold environment?

A. The nervous system moves the jaw bones and causes the chattering of teeth.B. The nervous system signals the muscles of the muscular system to contract and warm the body.C. The circulatory system delivers less carbon dioxide to the muscular system, resulting in stiffening of the muscles.D. The skeletal system produces more blood cells that circulate through the blood vessels, increasing the warmth of the body.

B

Layers of the Earth & Plate tectonics:

Exactly what drives plate tectonics is not known. One theory is that convection within the Earth's mantle pushes the plates

G

Physical properties…

• can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter.

• Physical properties include: appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, polarity, and many others.

D

Click on the link to see brief video lesson: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=sce304

I

Electromagnetic Spectrum and Wavelengths

• Our most important energy source is light, and the entire spectrum of colors is derived from light. Sunlight, which contains all the wavelengths, consists of the entire electromagnetic spectrum that we depend on to exist on this planet.

And light does not travel alone. Light travels with other energies as illustrated below.

• Each color found in the visible light spectrum has its own wavelengthand its own frequency, which produces a specific energy.

29) Sunlight is composed of energy that is visible to humans and energy that is not visible to humans. Which statement describes how the visible energy from the Sun is different from the nonvisible energy?

A. It travels at a different speed.B. It travels a different distance.C. It has different wavelengths.D. It has different amplitudes.

C

Charged particles:

• All things are made up of charges. • Opposite charges attract each other (negative to

positive). • Like charges repel each other. • Most of the time positive and negative charges

are balanced in an object, which makes that object neutral.

• Static electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object…through friction.

30) Luis rubbed a balloon on his hair and held the balloon next to the wall. He observed the balloon stick to the wall. Which of the following is responsible for the balloon sticking to the wall?

F. frictionG. gravityH. electric forceI. magnetic force

H

How can light change directions?• There are various ways to change the

direction of light. As a simple example, a mirror changes the direction of light by reflection.

• Light passes from one medium to another, by a process called refraction such as with water, lenses, camera, telescope & microscopes.

• A prism bends light.

B

How is energy converted?

• Electrical energy is usually converted into mechanical energy through electromagnetism.

(The term electromagnetism is defined as the production of a magnetic field by current flowing in a conductor)

• Example: The flow of current through a coil of wire can either directly perform work or be converted to rotational energy (an electric motor).

Three types of energy• Chemical energy - Energy

that is available for release from chemical reactions.

• Electrical energy - Energy caused by the movement of electrons.

• Mechanical energy - Energy due to a object’s motion (kinetic) or position (potential).

F. Chemical energy transforms into electrical energy.G. Mechanical energy transforms into electrical energy.H. Electrical energy transforms into mechanical energy.I. Mechanical energy transforms into chemical energy.

H

Organization of living things

• The simplest level of organization is that of the cell. • A group of cells with a similar function is called a tissue. • Groups of tissues working together to perform a

common function are called organs.• Groups of organs working together to perform a

common function are referred to as a system or organ system

• Many different systems function together to allow a complex organism to function.

D

Heat transfer • The transfer of thermal energy from a hot area to a cool area is known as heat flow.

• This occurs when a certain object or material is at a different temperature than surrounding objects.

• when a difference in temperature exists between materials, the heat flow can only be slowed, not stopped.

• Types of Heat flow:

• Conduction (The transfer of heat from one substance to another by direct contact.) - heat spontaneously flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature

• Convection (A technical way of saying that heat rises and this sets up air currents.)

• Radiation (Radiation describes any process in which energy travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body.)

F. from the aluminum cube to the beakerG. from the copper cube to the boiling waterH. from the aluminum cube to the copper cubeI. from the boiling water to the aluminum cube

I

• Airplanes descend by reducing thrust, or engine power. This creates less lift, so the airplane slowly lowers. The flaps are then engaged to create just enough lift to keep the plane in the air but still descend.

A. The lift is equal to the drag.B. The lift is less than the weight.C. The thrust is equal to the weight.D. The thrust is greater than the drag.

B

What is Cell Theory?

• The initial discovery of cells was done by Robert Hooke.

• Hooke designed one of the first microscopes.

• One specimen he examined was thinly sliced pieces of cork.

• By looking at the cork through the microscope, he discovered that it was made up of many small units… He named these units cells.

• and, without realizing it, he had discovered the basis of all living matter.

• The cell theory states that all living organisms have a basic unit of structure and function, which is the cell…it suggested that all living things have a common denominator.

• http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-cell-theory.htm

• This link will show us the cells under a microscope and a “Did you know: video clip

F. The organisms have cells that lack a nucleus.G. The organisms are made of one or more cells.H. The cells of the organisms undergo photosynthesis.I. The cells of the organisms are identical to each other.

G

Diversity & Evolution of living organisms.

• The Kingdom that the organism is assigned to is based on:

• Its cell type (complex or simple)

• Its ability to make food or not

• The number of cells in the body

Be able to classify organisms based on their characteristics.

37) Mushrooms, bread molds, and yeasts are classified together in the fungi kingdom. Specific characteristics are used to classify these organisms. Which of the following is a characteristic used to classify these organisms as fungi?

A. They are parasites.B. They are unicellular.C. They are prokaryotes.D. They are heterotrophs.

D

Genetic variation & environmental factors

• Genetic variation is the raw material of evolution.

• Without genetic variation, a population cannot evolve in response to changing environmental variables and, as a result, may face an increased risk of extinction.

3 main types of Animals

38) A certain reptile species is a herbivore and exists only on an isolated island. Which of the following would most likely result in the extinction of the reptile species over a period of twenty thousand years?

F. The reptile species produces many offspring with many unique traits, and the vegetation remains constant.

G. The reptile species produces few offspring with some unique traits, and the vegetation remains constant.

H. The reptile species produces few offspring with no unique traits, and the vegetation changes quickly.

I. The reptile species produces many offspring with some unique traits, and the vegetation changes slowly.

H

Compare/contrast the major organelles of plant & animal cells

A. MitochondrionB. Cell WallC. CytoplasmD. Nucleus

B

INTERACTION IN A COMMUNITY – PREDATION, COMPETITION, SYMBIOSIS

AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

• Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms of different species where one organism benefits (the parasite) and the other is harmed (the host).

• Mutualism is a relationship between two organisms of different species where both organisms benefit.

• Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms of different species where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or does not benefit.

• Predation is an interaction between the predator and the prey in a specific territory .

• Competition is two species fight for their survival.

F. African ants living in acacia trees feed on leaf-eating insects found on the tree.G. Spider crabs are camouflaged by the green-brown algae growing on their shells.H. A whale is unaffected by the attached remora fish feeding on the whale’s leftoverfood.I. Bees fly from one flowering plant to another gathering nectar and pollinating theflowers.

H

Punnett Square

• The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

• A genotype refers to the actual set of genes that an organism carries inside. When these genes are expressed under observable conditions, they are called phenotypes

• Curled Ears = C

• Straight Ears = Cc

41) The gene for curled ears (C) is dominant over the gene for straight ears (c). The picture below shows a cat with curled ears (Cc) and a cat with straight ears (cc).

C

Carbon Cycle

• Plants, animals, and soil interact to make up the basic cycles of nature. In the carbon cycle, plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it, combined with water they get from the soil, to make the substances they need for growth.

• Other animals, such as the fox, eat the rabbit and then use the carbon for their own needs. These animals return carbon dioxide into the air when they breathe, and when they die, since the carbon is returned to the soil during decomposition. The carbon atoms in soil may then be used in a new plant or small microorganisms.

42) A diagram of the carbon cycle is shown below.

Each arrow represents a process in the cycle. Which of the following best describes theprocess that occurs at arrow X?

F. Bacteria break down molecules in animals into carbon-based soil nutrients.G. Animals release oxygen that is used by bacteria to produce carbon dioxide.H. Animals release carbon dioxide that is used by bacteria for growth and reproduction.I. Bacteria combine carbon-based nutrients from plants and animals to produce glucose.

F

Read the introduction well and the images over for each question

Process of elimination works best…cross out what does not work and

then see what is left to find the best answer.

The Indian River Lagoon (3 QUESTIONS to Follow)An estuary is a body of water in which fresh water draining from the land mixes with salt water from the ocean. The result of this mixture is an environment with abundant plant and animal life. The Indian River Lagoon is a 156-mile-long estuary on Florida’s east coast. It is a diverse estuary, supporting thousands of species of plants and animals. The food web and food pyramid shown below are examples of the relationships that exist in the Indian River Lagoon ecosystem.

43. Which of the following has the largest population in the Indian River Lagoon ecosystem?

A. crabB. egretC. flounderD. sea grass

The Indian River Lagoon

D

44. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the energy transfer between the levels of the food pyramid in the Indian River Lagoon?

F. Energy stays in the phytoplankton at the lowest level.G. Energy is released into the environment only from the egret.H. Energy travels up from the phytoplankton to the clam worm.I. Energy moves from the flounder to both the clam worm and egret.

The Indian River Lagoon

H

45. In the Indian River Lagoon ecosystem, many organisms compete with one another for food sources. Which organism in the food web competes with the egret for food?

A. clam wormB. crabC. flounderD. heron

The Indian River Lagoon

D