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Michel Baguette

Universit

catholique

de Louvain

UCL

Faunistique

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Dfinitions

Population

cologie

gntiqueCommunaut

Ecosystme: biocnose + biotope

Et lespce?

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Heliconius melpomene Heliconius erato

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Et lespce?

Species are groups of natural

interbreeding populations,

reproductively isolated from other such

groups (Mayr, 1969)

Total amount of living species

described so far: 1.400.000 (Wilson,

1992)

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Les individus sont variables: diversit gntique

variation inherited within / between populations

changes in the genetic code on the DNA

molecule

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Structure of the DNA molecule

double helix

model of Watson and Crick (1953)

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A-T

G-C

Human: 108 bp

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Gene

ATGGACCAT

UACCUGGUA

INFORMATIONDNA

TRANSLATION

PROTEINEMet Asp His

TRANSCRIPTION

RNA

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INFORMATION

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Genetic diversity

variations inherited within / between populations

changes in the genetic code on the DNA molecule

?1. MUTATION

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ERRORS

DNA transcription (autocopy)

4/108bp/generation

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Gene

ATGGACCAT

UACAUGGUA

INFORMATIONDNA

TRANSLATION

PROTEINEMet Asp His

TRANSCRIPTION

RNAATGTACCAT

Met TyrHis

UACCUGGUA

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Genetic diversity

variations inherited within / between populations

changes in the genetic code on the DNA molecule

?2. SEXUAL RECOMBINATION

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Genetic diversity

Drosophila (fruit fly): 15.000 genes, Colza: 25.000 genes, Human 40.000genes

In any species 1 gene out of 4 is polymorphic (between 10 and 50 ) One given individual has 3-20 of heterozygotic genes

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Genetic diversity

Natural selection acts on this variability:individual survivalreproductive success

Temporal change in allelic frequencies within the population

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Life cycle: annual plant

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Life cycle

birth development reproduction senescence

Generation 1

Generation 2 birth development reproduction senescence

ENVIRONMENT

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Natural selection

birth development reproduction senescence

Death

Death

DeathDeath

Generation 1

Generation 2

Survival

Reproductive

success birth development reproduction senescence

ENVIRONMENTSELECTIVEPRESSURE

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Fitness

Mesure de ladquation adaptative dun individu

capacit dun individu maximixer la frquence

de ses gnessurvie

succs reproducteur

E l it ti d d

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Exploitation dune ressource dans une

population

Ressource

Nomb

redindividu

s

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Slection

Ressource

Nomb

redindividu

s

Generation 1 Generation 2

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Slection

Stabilisante

Directionnelle

Disruptive

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Darwin finches

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Principe dallocation dnergie

Energie, temps limits

Budget:

croissancemaintenance

dveloppement

Compromis: trade-off

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Structure spatiale des populations

Rpartition des individus dans lespace

sessiles: homogne, alatoire, agglomr

mobiles:mouvements dexploration - home range

mouvements de dispersion - paysage

mouvements de migration - rgion, continent

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Structure sociale

Dpend des systmes de reproduction

couple

socit (harde, clan)leks

territoires

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Relation structure sociale-structure spatiale

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Structure dge

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Relation ge-dmographie

Nombre de gnrations

semelparit

itroparitAge la premire gnration

relation ge-succs reproducteur

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Effectif dune population: mesure

Abondance vs densit

Comptage exhaustif

Mthodes dchantillonnagetransects

points d coute/dobservation

Capture-Marquage-RecaptureNtot=(N2/NR)*N1

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Dynamique de la population

Changement temporel de leffectif

rythme saisonnier (reproduction)

tendance gnralestochasticit environnementale

stochasticit dmographique

rgulation

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