Families Count

8/12/2019 Families Count

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Families Count

Effects on Child and Adolescent Development

Edited by:

ALISON CLARKE-STEWART

University of California Irvine

JUDY DUNN

Institute of Psychiatry Kings College London


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1.

How Families Matter in Child Development

Reflections from Research on Risk and Resilience

Ann S. Masten and Anne Shaffer


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- Throughout the history, the family has played a ubiquito

theories and researches understanding and im

welfare and development.

- Family based adversity has been the focus of extensive s

learn how to prevent or ameliorate the impac

adversity on children.

Aimed at

with

The goalof


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- In developmental psychopathology, the role of family in

has been obviousin the study of risk and resilience.

- Based on the studies of risk and resilience, we aim at thi

frame how one might think about the diverse ways familimatter in human development.


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Basic models of the ways families matter:-

- There are several ways that families may matter; includi

genes.

- In the following figures; we illustrate some of the basic m

family effects on child behavior and development..


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Direct family effect:

F

- Families can function as direct influence on child behavio

cR

In Positive

wayPromotive

(asset)

(resource)

In negative

wayRisk factor

Co

thin

ris

( C


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-These are relatively simple although the process could be

in nature.

- Child problems increase as function of the number of Risk

forming ( Risk gradients).


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- The influences of the families on Child outcomes c

indirect :-

Simple mediated indirect family effects:-

- The effect of the family on child are entirely mediated by

intervening factors. The mediator could be a feature of the

child diet, the school, neighborhood, or health care systeminfluences a child`s behavior.

M

F C


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Example; Parent`s income.

- The same Family could produce all kinds of risks, assets

opportunities to the same child over the course developm


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- The following model illustrates a more complex va

the indirect model;

Complex mediated family effect:

Family effects are mediated by both genes and en

and the interaction of those mediators.

MG

ME

F C


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- Family can also function as the mediator of more

conditions on children;

Family as mediator:

A risk factor alters family functioning (e.g; parenting) in

which in turn affects the child.

Many models of distal Risk Factors such as social class o

hardship are thought to be mediated by their effects on pa

FR C

h l d l f f l d


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- There are also models of family in a moderating

Family as moderator:

Something of the family alters the impact of a risk facto

In this case of a family as a moderator, family alters the eff

factor on child in either:

R CF

Positiveway

(protective

factor)

Negative way

Th l d l f d i l


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- There are also models of more dynamic, complex

over Time. A relatively simple example of a transacti

as the following;

Transactional

Family-Child effects:

In this mode; ongoing interactions of child and family influe

family, the child, and there future interactions.

Transactional models are based on systems theory; in wh

in one system ( such as family ) can lead to changes in all o

connected directly and indirectly to a family.

F1 F2 F3C1 C2 C3

I t ti l b t li d d d


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- Interventions can also be conceptualized and mod

relation to these basic models of family influence on

- The family is the target of the intervention.

- Intervention as an effort to alter the mediator.

- Intervention is targeted to system parts.

In the following sections, highlight examples of models of h

matter based on findings from the literature on risk and res

focus particularly on models of families as adaptive systemdevelopment, as mediators and moderators of change, and

interventions.


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1- Families as major adaptive system for human de

* Attachment and family function.

* Family as regulator.

* Parent as teacher, socializer, protector and cultura

* Family as provider, broker, or purveyor of resource

opportunities.


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* Attachment and family function:

- Attachment relationships are fundamental to the role of

an adaptive system and to the development of emotion reg

- Attachment Theory.


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* Family as regulator:

- Family context and regulation.- Process of internalization.

- Brain Development researches.

- example.


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*Parent as teacher, socializer, protector and cultu

Parents and social development.

Parents and cultural traditions.

Family`s own internal culture.


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* Family as provider, broker, or purveyor of res

opportunities:

- Direct way.

- Indirect way.

2 Families as source of risk and threats:


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2- Families as source of risk and threats:

Some are

passive in

nature:some a

source

- At the biological level.

- As risky social

environment.

- Impaired parents.

- SES.

- Child mal

- Inconsiste

parenting- Relations

conflict.

3 Family as proximal mediator of distal events o


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3- Family as proximal mediator of distal events o

conditions:

- Systems Theory.

- Examples:

1- Problems at work.

2- Economic status.

- Intervention strategies.

implementation with African American


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4- Parents as mediators of Genetic Risk or Vuln

- Study of genetic and environmental effects in the deve


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5- Family as moderator of risk and moderated b

influences:

- In one kind of interaction, family functions to buffer

worst exposure to adversity.

- In another instances, family factors may serve to exa

effect of already negative context.

- The quality of monitoring by parents in risky environ

been strongly implicated as moderator.- Age and individual diffirences in children can also m

family effects.

- Examples.


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6- Ever more complex models of family influen

- There may be parents and families that are more resili

face of adversity in terms of how well they function to prot

for children.

- Child`s adaptation actually reflects the resilience of ththe family system.


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7- Interventions to protect or improve family fun

- In prevention science, there are many examples of in

designed to help children through changing family interactparenting.

- Interventions to create a protective effects.

- Studying the influences on the nature and quality of

- More complex models.- Recent advances in growth curve and structural equa

help.


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