Exploring place and time dynamics of vandalism in a Scottish Context
Exploring place and time dynamics of vandalism in a Scottish Context.
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Transcript of Exploring place and time dynamics of vandalism in a Scottish Context.
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Exploring place and time dynamics of vandalismin a Scottish Context
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• Why am I interested in Vandalism and Crime and Place?
•What questions do I plan to ask?
• How will I explore it with Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA?
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VandalismMotivations to
do it?
Play
ProtestPleasure /
Thrill
Territorial
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VandalismTypology
Stan Cohen (1973, 1984)
acquisitivetactical
vindictive
play
malicious
conventionalvandalism
ideologicalvandalism
institutionalised rule breaking
(tolerated)
ritualisme.g. Halloween
play
protection e.g. publicschoolboys
writing off(too minor)
walling in(e.g. school,
prison)
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VandalismMotivations to Prevent It
Volume crime>20%
Social Control
Signal Crime
PreventingIncivility
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Place
Routine Activities Theory – Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson 1979
Crime
LikelyOffender
SuitableTarget
Absence of Capable
Guardian
PlacePlace
Time
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Crime Pattern Theory– Paul Brantingham and Patricia Brantingham
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Crime and Place
Routine Activities,Rational Choice,
Crime Pattern Theory
Social Disorganisation
Tradition(Collective Efficacy)
Cultural Criminology
(after Anthony Bottoms, 2007)
Situational Action Theory of Crime
Causation
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Place
Routine Activities Theory – Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson 1979
Vandalism
LikelyOffender
SuitableTarget
Absence of Capable
Guardian
PlacePlace
Time
SituationalAction Theory
Collective Efficacy
Temporal Constraint
TheorySCP
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Research Questions
• Vandalism appears to occur with more frequency at certain places and at certain times, but where, when and why those times and places, in particular?
• Does vandalism always occur only where there is also other disorder?
• Do local responses to vandalism affect reporting and recording of vandalism?
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What is Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA )
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Tools for EDA and ESDA
• Spreadsheet s and statistical software e.g. Excel / Open Office calc / SPSS
• GIS e.g. ArcGIS / MapInfo
• ESDA packages e.g. Geoda, CrimeStat III, GIS extensions / tools
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Why study Edinburgh – EDA Comparison - Excel
Population of each Local Authority distributed betweenScottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006 groupings (SIMD deciles)
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
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Relative Deprivation - ArcGIS
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ESDA with Brushing and Linking 1 - Geoda
Current Income
Health
Employment
Education
SIMD Crime
Domains not shown: Housing, Geographic Access
Data for 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
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ESDA with Brushing and Linking 2 - Geoda
WorklessnessPer working population
Vandalismper hectare
Housebreakingper dwelling
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
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ESDA - Standardisation 2 – Geoda
Vandalismper hectare
Vandalismper population
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
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ESDA - Standardisation 2 – Geoda
Vandalismper hectare
Vandalismper population
For a given area A in Edinburgh –
The Standardised rate = Observed rate of A / Expected rate of A
Expected rate of A = area of A in hectares * by vandalism per hectare for Edinburgh
Observed rate = actual number vandalisms in area A
Standardised rate = 1 if the area experiences level of vandalism expected for that area
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ESDA with Brushing and Linking 3 - Geoda
WorklessnessHousebreaking
Vandalism
High value dwellings
Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009
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- KDE Mapping and 3D VisualisationCrime Stat III, ArcGIS and ArcScene
Other EDA and ESDA Methods
- KDE Mapping and OverlayCrime Stat III, ArcGIS
- Nearest Neighbour Hierarchical ClusteringCrimeStat III, ArcGIS and Excel
- Graphs of Time by Hour Excel
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Thank youEllie Bates
GeodaGeoda is free for academic or personal use, or if a US Government employee. All other uses require contacting the authorsSee:-
http://geodacenter.asu.edu/geodasum
CRIMESTATCrimeStat is “intended for the use of law enforcement agencies, criminal justice researchers, and educators. It can be distributed freely for educational or research purposes”.See:-
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CRIMESTAT/index.html