Examples for critique

Biomass

Fuel Cells

Geothermal

Hydrogen

Solar

Wind

Nuclear

Energy Efficiency

Basic Science Futures Report

“Innovative Energy Solutions:

The San Francisco Bay Area is fueling the future

and preserving the environment”

Universities

Industry National Labs

Start-ups

Collaboration

• Where is the project today?

• Where are we heading?

• What is the roadmap to success?

UC Energy Research Programs

Biofuels Hydrogen Fuel cells

Wind Solar Nuclear

Geothermal Energy Efficiency

BIOFUELS

HYDROGEN

FUEL CELLS

GEOTHERMAL

SOLAR

WIND

NUCLEAR

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Program A

Program B

PARTNERST

EC

HN

OLO

GIE

S

PROGRAM A: UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Lab working on Biofuels, Hydrogen and Solar.

PROGRAM B: UC Berkeley, UC Davis, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and Lawrence Livermore National Lab working on Biofuels

Technology focus of the slide

BiofuelsAdvantages:

- Plentiful and renewable sources

- Multi-scale solutions

- Reduced dependence on oil supply

Challenges:

– Moving beyond conventional fuel feedstock

– Production

– Distribution

– Uses

BIOFUELS

HYDROGEN

FUEL CELLS

GEOTHERMAL

SOLAR

WIND

NUCLEAR

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

California Lighting Technology Center

Water and Energy Technology Team

Solid State Lighting Technology Center

Bren School of Env. Science and Mgt.

Lighting Research Group

California Energy Efficiency Center

Power Electronics Laboratory

Ctr for Information Tech. Research in the Interest of Society

PIER Demand Response Research Center

Consortium for Electric Reliability Tech. Solns.

Environmental Energy Technologies Division

Energy and Environment Directorate

Market and Policy Research

• University of California Energy Institute

• UC Berkeley’s Energy and Resources Group

• LLNL’s Energy and Environment Directorate

• LBL Environmental Energy Technologies Division

• Institute for Transportation Studies

• California Geothermal Energy Collaborative

• California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways

Customer Outreach

• The 20% solution• Home energy saver

1) Provide an overview of conversion technologies under active development for the production of bioalcohols from renewable biomass feedstocks

2) Determine which biomass conversion technologies for the production of bioalcohols appears to be currently the most viable and provide a perspective on the potential viability of commercial-scale technologies in the 2010-2020 time frame

3) Summarize key findings and lessons learned from past biofuel technology development projects in California and the Western U.S. region

4) Recommend opportunities in California for RD&D efforts and ultimately commercialization of technologies to produce biomass-based fuels

Presentation Objectives

DimethylEther (DME)

Natural Gas& NG/H2

MixturesPropane

Biodiesel &Biogasoline

Biodiesel(oil derivatives)

Biogas(anaerobicsources)

Bioalcohols

Renewable and Alternative Transportation Fuel Options

Biohydrogen

Conversion Processes

- Thermochemical Conversion- Biochemical Conversion- Integrated Thermochemical & Biochemical Conversion Processes (Integrated Bio- Refinery) Over 450 Current TechnologyDevelopment Organizationswith Processes Representing 12 Technology Categories

RenewableBiomass

Products- Agriculture- Forest

Waste Materials- Agriculture- Forest- Municipal- Industrial

RenewableEnergy Products

Fuels− Alcohol− Diesel− Hydrogen

Electricity & Heat

Biomass Conversion Technologies

Emerging technologies for the conversion of renewable biomass tobioalcohols, electricity and heat will need to meet the following requirements in order to become commercially viable:

Feasible as determined by an in-depth technology Evaluation (E1)

Energy (E2) efficient Environmentally (E3) friendly Economically (E4) viable Socio-Politically Effective (E5)

This 5E assessment approach helps evaluate the commercialviability of biomass conversion technologies

Emerging Renewable Biomass to Bioalcohol Technologies“5E Assessments”

More than 450 technology developers/suppliers worldwide

Approximately 40 organizations are focused currently on biomass to bioalcohol conversion technologies

Technology developer profiles completed for these 40 organizations as based upon:

Supplier responses from requests for information Publicly available presentations, patents,

publications and media reports

Biomass Conversion TechnologyDevelopment/Supplier Organizations

GrindingMixing

Screening(done offsite)

Bioalcohol(~80% ethanol/

~15% methanol)

BiomassProcessing

BiomassConversion

Thermo-Chemical

Conversion

EnergyConversion

Syngas IntegratedFuel/Electricity

ProductionTechnologies

Bioalcohols & Energy

Production*

Electricity

Heat (Steam)

To Grid

Buildings,Processes

BioenergyUse

Refining, Blending &Distribution

Thermochemical Processes for Bioalcohol Production

*Energy production data calculated for dry wood @ 8,500 BTU/lb

“5E” Assessments

Technology Evaluations (E1) Energy (E2) Efficiency

Environmental (E3) FriendlinessEconomic (E4) Viability

Socio-Politically Effectiveness (E5)

ROIROI 55%-35%

ROI ROI5% 14%

ROI-22%

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions972 lbs 886 lbs 694 lbs 303 lbs 481 lbs

CO 2/MMBTU CO2/MMBTU CO 2/MMBTU CO 2/MMBTU CO2/MMBTU

Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency20% 22% 28% 50% 33%

Traditional Biomass

Combustion (electricity)

Integrated Gasification/ Combustion (electricity)

Thermochemical Conversion (electricity)

Synergy Thermochemical

and Catalysis (ethanol & electricity)

Integrated Biochemical

Refinery (ethanol & electricity)

A Comparison of Return on Investment (ROI), CO2 Emissions and Energy Efficiencies for Bioalcohol and Bioenergy Fuel Production

Plants Using Current and Emerging Technologies

Thermochemical conversion process that utilize pyrolysis/steam reforming processes (no oxygen or air) are currently capable of economically producing bioalcohols for as little as 250 dry tons per day (DTPD) of biomass at a production cost of less than$1.50/gallon in California. Furthermore, this process should be able to produce bioalcohol (80-85% ethanol/10-15% methanol) at an average of $1.12/gallon for a 500 DTPD plant. Improvements in this thermochemical technology have the potential of reducing ethanol production costs to below $1.00/gallon by 2012.

Thermochemical conversion processes that incorporate air or oxygen typically produce syngas that has a low BTU value (<300 BTU/cubic ft.) and high concentrations of tars, particulate and other contaminants. Although these types of technologies have been used for over seventy years for the large-scale production (> $1.0 billion plants) of fuels, electricity and chemical feedstocks from renewable and fossil biomass, we do not believe that these technologies are viable for smaller-scale production plants (200-1,000 DTDP).

Conclusions

Biochemical conversion processes have been available for nearly 100 years that utilize acid hydrolysis for the conversion of cellulose to sugars, followed by the fermentation of the sugars to bioethanol. Several companies have made significant technological advancements resulting in bioethanol yields of approximately 60 gallons/DT of wood feedstock. The current estimated cost of producing ethanol with this process is about $2.24/gallon for a 2,200 DTPD plant.

Since ethanol sells for $1.85-$2.10/gallon, the above technologies are not economically viable at this point in time.

Projected improvements in these biochemical conversion processes have the potential of reducing ethanol production costs to below $1.50/gallon for 2,000 DTPD or larger plants by 2012.

Conclusions

The thermochemical and biochemical technologies are expected to serve different market needs. Since the thermochemical conversion plants require much less biomass for economic viability, they are ideal for the distributed production (200-500 tons/day) of bioalcohols and electricity. The thermochemical approach can be used for the conversion of nearly any renewable biomass resource as well as fossil biomass feedstocks. These thermochemical plants can be sited close to the sources of biomass and provide significant benefits to local communities.

The large biochemical conversion plants can become viable when significant quantities (>2,000 tons/day) of biomass are available at feedstock costs below $35/DT. An ideal application is to co-locate these plants with large, traditional corn-to-ethanol production plants. The thermochemical based plants can also be integrated with these biochemical plants to supply electricity, heat (steam), cooling and the production of additional ethanol from waste materials. These integrated approaches are expected to increase plant energy efficiency, reduce emissions and increase economic benefits.

Conclusions

Integrated Bioalcohol and Energy Production SystemDemonstration and Validation Project - Supporting Organizations

CEC DOE DOD City of Gridley Thermo Conversions BASFPacific Renewable Fuels REI International TechnikonDRI MTEC (Thailand) UC-Davis

Renewable Energy Testing Center (RETC)