Example Essay - Max Roach

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Jared Desvaux de Marigny ID: 1154642 Jazz History Max Roach Essay Although Kenny “klook” Clarke is considered the undisputed founder of bop drumming (Brown,1976:476, quoted in Edwards, (n.d): 3), Max Roach was another highly respected pioneer of the bebop era (1940’s 1950’s). Max was heavily influenced in the early years of bop by Kenny Clarke’s experimentation with ‘bomb dropping’ and his use of the ride cymbal to keep pulse rather than keeping time on the bass drum by playing it on every beat (which had generally been the case for most drummers of the swing era). Max took every opportunity he could to learn from Kenny Clarke and was once quoted as saying “I got a lot out of Klook while he was in New York. I must have driven him crazy with my eagerness. But he was always ready to sit down with me and talk drums.” (Cohan, 1995:43). Max however developed Clarke’s ideas further. This can be seen in Max’s early 1950’s recordings where Roach shows himself to be a more aggressive player than Clarke, taking his bass drum ‘bombs’ and using them more frequently. Where Clarke would use kicks every few measures, Max would use them every few beats. Where Clarke plays an occasional snare hit to supplement his ride, Max would sometimes play so many that his snare drum would become more active than his ride cymbal[Example Below](Owens, 1995:183, quoted in Edwards, (n.d):3). The important figure that stylisticaly connects these two drummers in historical lineage is “Papa” Jo Jones. # $ % $ $ % % % $ $ % & % % $ $ % % % $ % & % ! " # & & % ( ) % & ( % & ) 3 % & % ( ) & & ( % & ) 3 % & % ( ) % & ( % & ) 3 3 3 3 An exert from Clarke’s comping on ‘Jay Jay’ from album, ‘Kenny Clarke’ 1955 An exert from Max’s comping on ¾ piece, ‘Valse Hot’ from album, ‘Plus Four’ – 1956, showing much more complex ‘bomb dropping’

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Transcript of Example Essay - Max Roach

Page 1: Example Essay - Max Roach

Jared  Desvaux  de  Marigny  

ID:  1154642  

Jazz  History    

 

Max  Roach  Essay  

 

Although  Kenny  “klook”  Clarke  is  considered  the  undisputed  founder  of  

bop  drumming  (Brown,1976:476,  quoted  in  Edwards,  (n.d):  3),  Max  Roach  was  

another  highly  respected  pioneer  of  the  bebop  era  (1940’s  -­‐  1950’s).  Max  was  

heavily  influenced  in  the  early  years  of  bop  by  Kenny  Clarke’s  experimentation  

with  ‘bomb  dropping’  and  his  use  of  the  ride  cymbal  to  keep  pulse  rather  than  

keeping  time  on  the  bass  drum  by  playing  it  on  every  beat  (which  had  generally  

been  the  case  for  most  drummers  of  the  swing  era).  Max  took  every  opportunity  

he  could  to  learn  from  Kenny  Clarke  and  was  once  quoted  as  saying  “I  got  a  lot  

out  of  Klook  while  he  was  in  New  York.  I  must  have  driven  him  crazy  with  my  

eagerness.  But  he  was  always  ready  to  sit  down  with  me  and  talk  drums.”  

(Cohan,  1995:43).  Max  however  developed  Clarke’s  ideas  further.  This  can  be  

seen  in  Max’s  early  1950’s  recordings  where  Roach  shows  himself  to  be  a  more  

aggressive  player  than  Clarke,  taking  his  bass  drum  ‘bombs’  and  using  them  

more  frequently.    Where  Clarke  would  use  kicks  every  few  measures,  Max  would  

use  them  every  few  beats.  Where  Clarke  plays  an  occasional  snare  hit  to  

supplement  his  ride,  Max  would  sometimes  play  so  many  that  his  snare  drum  

would  become  more  active  than  his  ride  cymbal[Example  Below](Owens,  1995:183,  

quoted  in  Edwards,  (n.d):3).  The  important  figure  that  stylisticaly  connects  these  

two  drummers  in  historical  lineage  is  “Papa”  Jo  Jones.  

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An  exert  from  Clarke’s  comping  on  ‘Jay  Jay’  from  album,  ‘Kenny  Clarke’  -­‐  1955    

An  exert  from  Max’s  comping  on  ¾  piece,  ‘Valse  Hot’  from  album,  ‘Plus  Four’  –  1956,  showing  much  more  complex  ‘bomb  dropping’  

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Swing  drumming  legend,  Papa  Jo  Jones,  was  a  major  influence  on  both  

Kenny  Clarke  and  Max  Roach  (Holtje,  1998:632).  Max  even  going  as  far  as  saying:  

“For  every  two  notes  I  play,  three  of  them  are  his”  (Stern,  2007).  Jones  was  a  key  

influence  as  he  was  already  using  some  of  the  ideas  that  Clarke  and  Roach  were  

experimenting  with  years  before  the  bop  era.  He  lightened  up  on  the  bass  drum  

by  pulsing  the  beats  softer  and  was  starting  to  use  cymbals  as  his  main  time-­‐

keeping  accessory,  mainly  the  hi-­‐hat,  which  he  played  differently  to  most  other  

drummers  -­‐  leaving  them  open  slightly  when  playing  time,  he  caused  the  two  

cymbals  to  sizzle.  This  innovation,  although  it  may  not  seem  very  important,  

actually  marks  a  turning  point  for  jazz  drumming  as  it  birthed  the  legato  sound  

of  the  ride  pattern,  which  becomes  the  trademark  of  bop(Edwards,  (n.d):2).  This  

shows  that  there  is  definitely  a  stylistic  historical  lineage  that  connects  these  

three  players.  Although  Jones  would  sometimes  still  pulse  his  bass  drum  on  

every  beat,  he  had  started  to  play  it  much  quieter  than  what  was  the  norm,  as  

well  as  starting  to  use  an  18”  bass  drum  instead  of  a  20”  to  reduce  the  ‘boom’  of  

the  drum  (Edwards,  (n.d):2).  But  the  main  stylistic  feature  that  connects  them  all  

is  the  fact  that  they  all  moved  towards  making  the  drum-­‐set  a  featured  

instrument  rather  than  just  a  timekeeping  device.  All  three  pioneers  were  

moving  towards  playing  time  on  the  cymbals  leaving  three  free  limbs  to  interject  

and  make  statements  freely  within  the  melody.  

 

 

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Max  was  not  only  influenced  by  other  drummers,  but  by  bop  legends,  

trumpeter,  Dizzy  Gillespie  and  saxophonist,  Charlie  “bird”  Parker(Holtje,  

1998:962).  Max  began  working  with  Dizzy  in  1944,with  Parker  joining  shortly  

after  in  1945  to  eventually  form  what  would  become  the  legendary  Dizzy  

Gillespie-­‐Charlie  Parker  quintet.  A  young  Max  Roach  was  challenged  by  the  

music  of  Parker,  this  can  be  seen  in  the  introduction  of  the  track  ‘KoKo’.  Max  

Roach  quotes  in  the  book‘Charlie  Parker:  His  Music  and  Life  :  “The  introduction  to  

‘KoKo,’  I  know,  was  a  struggle  because  rhythmically,  you  know,  it  was  [sings].  It  

started  on  the  upbeat,  and  it  was  almost  like  a  disguised  downbeat.  ‘Where  was  

one?’  was  always  the  question.”  (Woideck,  1996:115).  The  fact  that  Max  had  to  

push  himself  and  really  concentrate  to  be  able  to  play  Parker’s  tunes  would  have  

made  “Bird”  an  influence  to  him  in  itself.  But  aside  from  that  Max  attributed  

Parker  as  playing  a  major  role  in  the  way  he  played  the  drums,  Max  once  saying:  

“…Bird  was  really  responsible,  not  just  because  his  style  called  for  a  particular  

kind  of  drumming,  but  because  he  set  tempos  so  fast,  it  was  impossible  to  play  

straight”.This  was  especially  true  for  the  bass  drum  and  is  part  of  the  reason  why  

Roach  abandoned  the  use  of  a  steady  four-­‐four  pulsing  bass  pedal  and  the  

repetitive  ride  cymbal  patterns  of  earlier  jazz  drummers.  (Da  Capo,  1962:194,  as  

quoted  in  Cohassey,  (n.d)).This  shows  that  although  there  may  not  be  a  direct  

stylistic  historical  lineage  between  “papa”  Jo  Jones  and  “Bird”  –  Charlie  Parker  

still  played  a  large  part  in  the  stylistic  development  of  Max  Roach  and  ultimately  

the  development  and  role  of  the  jazz  drummer  from  time  keeper  to  featured  

instrumentalist.  

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Works  Cited  

  Books:  

⇒ Brown,  T.D.‘A  History  and  Analysis  of  Jazz  Drumming  to  1942’  Vol  1  &  

2,University  Microfilms  International,  Ann  Arbor,  1976.  

⇒ Cohan,  J.,  &  Bruford,  B.  Star  Sets:  Drum  Kits  Of  The  Great  Drummers.  Hal  

Leonard  Corporation,  1995.  

⇒ Owens,  Thomas,  Bebop,  Oxford  University  Press,  New  York,  1995.  

⇒ Holtje,  S.,  &  Ann  Lee,  N.  Music  Hound,  Jazz:  The  Essential  Album  Guide.  Visible  

Ink  Press,  Detroit,  1998.  

⇒ Woideck,  C.,  Charlie  Parker:  His  Music  and  Life.  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  

Arbor,  1976.  

 

Websites:  

⇒ Edwards,  Tony  (n.d).  Evolution  of  Bebop  Drumming.  Retrieved  October  2,  

2009,  from  http://perc.music.utexas.edu/PDF/Bbop.pdf.  

⇒ Cohassey,  John  (n.d).  Who2  Biography.  Retrieved  October  1,  2009,  from  

http://www.answers.com/topic/max-­‐roach  

 

Journals:  

⇒ Stern,  Chip.  (2007).  Drummer  Unlimited.  Z  Time  Magazine  

⇒ Schudel,  Matt.  (2007).  Jazz  Musician  Max  Roach  Dies  at  83.  The  Washington  

Post  

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Jared  Desvaux  de  Marigny  

ID:  1154642  

Jazz  History  

 

 

Max  Roach  Essay  

 

Max  Roach  was  one  of  the  first  drummers  to  hit  the  bop  scene  in  the  1940’s  –  

1950’s.  Not  being  able  to  rely  solely  on  the  methods  used  by  drummers  that  

came  before  them  from  the  swing  era,  the  bop  drummers  had  to  develop  their  

own  unique  style  and  way  of  playing  the  drum-­‐set  to  accommodate  where  the  

new,  fast-­‐paced  style  of  jazz  was  heading.  To  do  this  they  had  to  draw  their  

influence  from  a  combination  of  the  current  melodic  instrument  players  of  that  

time  and  certain  key  individual  drummers  who  had  played  in  a  very  innovative  

way.  Some  of  these  key  individuals  for  Max  Roach  were:  Kenny  Clarke,  “Papa”  Jo  

Jones,  Charlie  Parker,  and  Dizzy  Gillespie.  

 

 

 

 

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The  combination  of  having  both  melodic  and  percussive  influences  created  a  

firm  foundation  for  the  remainder  of  Max  Roach’s  career,  ultimately  developing  

into  his  own  unique  style  and  approach  to  drumming.  This  style  has  been  called  

“melodic”  drumming  (Cohassey  (n.d).  Retrieved  October  1,  2009)  –  the  name  

itself  implying  one  very  important  detail:  Through  stylistic  historical  lineage  the  

drum-­‐set  has  slowly  made  its  way  forward  from  its  roll  as  timekeeper  in  the  

backline  to  an  important  featured  instrument.  Drummer,  Stan  Levey  sums  up  the  

importance  of  Max’s  style  of  playing  best  by  saying:  "I  came  to  realise  that,  

because  of  him,  drumming  no  longer  was  just  time,  it  was  music."  (Stan  Levey,  as  

quoted  in  Cohassey  (n.d)  Retrieved  October  1,  2009).  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Annotated  Bibliography  

  Books:  

⇒ Carr,  Roy,  A  Century  Of  Jazz,  Hamlyn,  London,  1999.  -­‐    A  very  well  published  

book  with  over  350  pictures.  Starting  from  1897  in  New  Orleans  the  book  

moves  chronologically  right  up  until  1997,  following  the  evolution  of  jazz.  

Giving  personal  fact  files  of  musicians  who  shaped  the  music  on  the  side  of  

every  few  pages.  

⇒ Cohan,  J.,  &  Bruford,  B.  Star  Sets:  Drum  Kits  Of  The  Great  Drummers.Hal  

Leonard  Corporation,  1995.  –  A  detailed  book  giving  in  depth  information  on  

some  of  the  drumming  greats  of  history.  Intially  looking  at  jazz  drummers  the  

book  starts  from  the  1920’s  looking  at  drummers  like,  Baby  Dodds  and  Zutty  

Singleton  and  eventually  making  its  way  towards  the  1970’s  and  beyond  

looking  at  drummers  like  Keith  Moon,  Neil  Pert  and  Alan  White.  The  book  

also  provides  detailed  pictures  of  the  drummers  kit  specifications  and  set-­‐up.  

⇒ Dizzy  Gillespie,  &  Fraser,  Al.  ‘To  Be  or  Not…  To  Bop,Doubleday  Books,  1979  –  

A  book  aiming  to  be  the  “best  –  the  most  complete,  authentic  and  

authoritative  autobiography  of  a  jazz  musicain.”  Starting  right  from  the  

begginging  of  his  life  the  book  has  various  personal  accounts  from  well  

known  jazz  musicians  and  Dizzy’s  close  family  and  friends.  Max  Roach,  Art  

Blakey,  Kenny  Clarke,  Miles  Davis,  Earl  Hines,  his  wife,  brothers  and  sisters  to  

name  a  few.    

 

 

 

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⇒ Holtje,  S.,  &  Ann  Lee,  N.  Music  Hound,  Jazz:  The  Essential  Album  Guide.  Visible  

Ink  Press,  Detroit,  1998.  –  A  detailed  listening  and  buying  guide  to  jazz  

records,  with  small  biography  sections  on  each  player  before  listing  and  

rating  out  of  ‘five’,  each  of  their  records.  

⇒ Woideck,  C.,  Charlie  Parker:  His  Music  and  Life.  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  

Arbor,  1976.  –  Written  by  saxophonist  and  Instructor  of  Jazz  History,  

University  of  Oregon.  This  book  has  a  full  biography  of  Charlie  Parker  and  his  

musical  career.  The  book  also  going  into  the  theory  side  of  his  music  

providing  transcriptions  and  comparative  musical  phrases.  The  book  also  

provides  various  quotes  from  jazz  musicians.    

Websites:  

⇒ Cohassey,  John  (n.d).  Who2  Biography.  Retrieved  October  1,  2009,  from  

http://www.answers.com/topic/max-­‐roach.  A  massive  resource  on  

everything  Max  Roach.  Combining  several  websites  and  historical  

information  all  onto  one  webpage.  Starting  on  important  career  and  

biographic  accounts.  The  page  covers  discographies,  honorary  awards  and  

achievements,  has  several  pictures  and  provides  several  helpful  external  

links.  

⇒ DrummerWorld  (n.d).  “Papa”  Jo  Jones.  Retrieved  October  3,  2009  from  

http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Papa_Joe_Jones.html.  –  A  

webpage  containing  various  video  and  audio  clips  of  Jo  Jones.  The  bottom  

half  of  the  page  containing  photographs  of  him  and  fellow  music  peers  

throughout  his  life.  There  are  also  three  separate  small  boxes  containing  

biographic  information  about  Jones  from  three  different  sources.  

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⇒ Edwards,  Tony  (n.d).  Evolution  of  Bebop  Drumming.  Retrieved  October  2,  

2009,  from  http://perc.music.utexas.edu/PDF/Bbop.pdf.  –  An  in  depth  look  

at  the  devolpement  of  Bop  drumming.  Starting  from  the  early  days  of  Baby  

Dodds  progessively  moving  chronologically  to  Tony  Williams.  The  page  has  

great  quotes  from  various  drummers  and  authors  and  provides  information  

about  each  drummers  own  unique  styles  and  innovations.  

⇒ Wikipedia  (2009).  Wikipedia  –  Max  Roach.  Retrieved  October  1,  2009  from  

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Roach.  –  A  very  information  filled  online  

encyclopaedia  page  providing  various  biographical  and  trivial  information  of  

Max  Roaches  life  and  career.  However  none  of  the  information  can  be  

guaranteed  to  be  correct  as  anyone  can  add  any  information  they  wish.  

⇒ Zildjian  (2007).  “Z  News  –  Max  Roach”.  Retrieved  October  2,  2009  from  

http://www.zildjian.com/EN-­‐US/news/newsDetail.ad2?newsID=1560.  –  A  Z-­‐

News  article  containing  an  exert  from  the  2007  Z-­‐Times  Magazine.  The  lower  

half  of  the  page  contains  various  quotes  and  from  famous  drummers  about  

Max  Roach  and  the  impact  he  has  played  on  their  lives.  

Journals:  

⇒ B.B.C  News.  (August  17,  2007).  Jazz  drummer  Max  Roach  dies  at  83.  B.B.C  

News.  –  A  newspaper  article  informing  of  the  death  of  Max  Roach  at  age  83.  

The  article  has  quotes  from  several  key  figures  and  a  quote  from  ‘Blue  Note’  

record  label.  The  paper  gives  an  outline  of  what  jazz  drumming  was  like  in  

the  swing  era  and  how  Max  and  Kenny  Clarke  revolutionised  it  to  become  the  

drumming  of  the  bop  era.  

Page 10: Example Essay - Max Roach

⇒ Keepnews,  Peter.  (August  16,  2007).  Max  Roach,  a  Founder  of  Modern  Jazz,  

Dies  at  83.  New  York  Times.  –  A  brief  recap  and  explanation  of  who  Max  

Roach  was,  and  how  he  revolutionised  jazz  drumming.  

⇒ Modern  Drummer.  (August  2007).  Jeff  Hamilton.  Modern  Drummer  Magazine.  

–  A  talk  with  modern  jazz  drummer  Jeff  Hamilton  on  brush  technique  and  

how  he  plays  his  kit.  The  article  gets  Jeff  talking  about  his  jazz  listening  

background.  And  the  artists  he  listened  to  and  grew  from.  

⇒ Schudel,  Matt.  (2007).  Jazz  Musician  Max  Roach  Dies  at  83.  The  Washington  

Post.  –  A  newspaper  article  recapping  Max  Roach’s  life  and  explaining  who  

Max  was  as  an  individual  and  a  performer.  

⇒ Stern,  Chip.  (2007).  Drummer  Unlimited.  Z  Time  Magazine  –  A  recap  of  Max  

Roach’s  work  in  the  community  throughout  his  life.  Providing  in  depth  quotes  

and  a  look  at  his  personal  life  and  achievements.