Exam Review. Mosquitoes Announcements Speakers Today: Marty Whitehouse, Laura Strasinger Speakers...
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Transcript of Exam Review. Mosquitoes Announcements Speakers Today: Marty Whitehouse, Laura Strasinger Speakers...
Exam Review
Mosquitoes
AnnouncementsSpeakers Today: Marty Whitehouse, Laura StrasingerSpeakers Next Thursday: Sarah Stephan, Chris GibsonRead Chap 14, Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes
• Mosquitoes are flies (Diptera, they have 2 wings)
• Family Culicidae
• Larval and pupal stages are always aquatic
• Wings are covered in scales
• Mouthparts of females are adapted for piercing and sucking blood
The Business End
• Palps & antennae are used to find hosts
• Once the mosquito lands, the outer sheath slides back, exposing the mandilbes & maxillae
• These form the stylets which stab the skin.
• Sensors on the tip of the stylets confirm capillary location
Sensory Setae
Human Hair
Blood Capillary
Sensors
Lower “Lip” (labium)
Palp
Mandibles & Maxillae
Compound Eye
There are many species of mosquitoes
• About 2,500 species world-wide• About 150 in North America• 50 – 60 in Kentucky• Each species has its own biology, behavior,
ecology, etc.• Implications:
– No single control can be expected to work for all mosquitoes
– Need to understand which species that you’re facing
Five Principal Genera in Kentucky
• Aedes – Most anthropophillic• Anopheles – Malaria mosquitoes• Culex – Orniphilic, disease threats• Ochlerotatus – Important invaders• Psorophora – Large, painful biters
• The dominant species you face depends on where you are.
Northern Kentucky, 2004Boone
Fleming
20
40
60
140
144
24 25 26 270
4
8
24
Campbell
Grant
5
10
49
24 25 26 270
7.5
15
30
45
Week
No
. mo
squ
itoes
Cx. Pipiens/restuansCulex spp.Aedes spp.Ochlerotatus spp.Anopheles spp.Psorophora spp.
Western Kentucky, 2004Daviess Fulton
Union 24 25 26 270
75
150
663
10
20
80
130
180
24 25 26 270.00
12.50
25.00
Week
No
. mo
squ
itoes
Cx. Pipiens/restuansCulex spp.Aedes spp.Ochlerotatus spp.Anopheles spp.Psorophora spp.
Urban Kentucky, 2004
24 25 26 270
10
20
30
40
50
800850900
No
. mo
squ
itoes
Week
Fayette JeffersonCx. Pipiens/restuansAedes spp.Ochlerotatus spp.
23 24 25 260
25
50
75
990
Aedes vs. Culex Biology
Aedes/Ochlerotatus Culex
Primary nuisance, very numerous
Primary virus vectors
Attacks mammals Attacks birds, few human bites
Daytime – early evening Late night – early morning
Lays eggs singly adjacent to water
Lays eggs in rafts on water surface
Overwinters as eggs Overwinters as adults
Daytime resting sites < 10 ft (bushes)
Daytime resting sites > 10 ft (trees)
Anopheles and Psorophora cross these categories
Top 10 Mosquitoes in Kentucky
5 Major GeneraAedes
Anopheles
Culex
Ochlerotatus
Psorophora
Other Genera in KY:Culiseta
Toxorhynchites
Uranotaenia
Coquillittidia
Orthopodomyia
Wyeomyia
#1 Aedes albopictus
• Asian tiger mosquito• Nuisance biter, potential dengue vector• Feeds evenings, mornings on humans
#2 Aedes vexans
• Inland flood water mosquito• Nuisance biter, transmits dog heartworm, WEE/EEE• Feeds at dusk
#3 Culex pipiens/restuans
• Northern house mosquito• Most likely to transmit WNV• Feeds at night on birds, humans
#4 Ochlerotatus japonicus
• Asian bush mosquito• Currently invading state• Begins biting mid-morning, lower extremities
#5 Ochlerotatus triseriatus
• Eastern treehole mosquito• Vector of La Cross encephalitis• Feeds at dusk on small mammals, humans to lesser extent
#6 Anopheles punctipennis
• Mottled-wing Anopheles• Aggressive nuisance biter• Feeds during the day/dusk in shady/forested areas
#7 Anopheles quadrimaculatus/crucians
• Common malaria mosquito (quadrimac.)• Vector of dog heartworm• Feeds during day/dusk in shady/forested areas
#8 Ochlerotatus trivittatus
• Three-striped mosquito• Aggressive nuisance biter, especially when hot, after rain• Particularly prevalent in flooded woodlands• Feeds during the day, dusk
#9 Psorophora ciliata/howardii
• Gallinipper• Ouch!!• Feeds during the day, at night
#10 Culex erraticus
• Weak flier, feeds mostly on forest animals• May feed on humans when present
Generic Mosquito Life Cycle
• Larvae are wigglers
• Pupae are tumblers (quite active)
• Both breath air
• Eggs are laid on the surface of water in rafts (Culex) or singly (Anopheles) or near water (Aedes)
Most breath atmospheric air via a siphon
Mosquito Diet
• Most Larvae feed on algae but a few are predaceous and feed on other mosquito larvae
• Only females are blood sucking
• Males and females feed on nectar and other plant juices
After Emergence …
• Day 1 – Rest on nearest available moist/shady spot. Vertical surfaces.
• Day 2 – Carbohydrate feeding
• Day 2/3 – First blood meal
• Next Day – First egg clutch
• After egg clutch, more carbohydrate & blood meals
• Typical adult lives 7 – 10 days