EVs 101EVs 101

Electric Vehicles 101

An IntroductionBy Dan LauberNov 13, 2009

EVs 101EVs 101

Electric Vehicles 101

A Brief History Advantages Challenges Meeting the Challenge EV’s Today EV’s at MIT

EVs 101EVs 101

Kinds of Electric Vehicles

Locomotives Golf Carts Fork Lifts

Busses Nuclear Submarines Elevators

Sources: www.umcycling.com/mbtabus.html, GE, Toyota

EVs 101EVs 101

Kinds of Electric Cars

Hydrogen Fuel CellSolar Racer Hybrid

Full-Size Battery Electric

Neighborhood Electric

MIT CityCar

Sources: Honda, Toyota, GEM, MIT

EVs 101EVs 101

History of EV’s 1830’s

Battery electric vehicle invented by Thomas Davenport, Robert Anderson, others - using non-rechargeable batteries

Davenport’s car holds all vehicle land speed records until ~1900

1890’s EV’s outsold gas cars 10 to 1,

Oldsmobile and Studebaker started as EV companies

1904 First speeding ticket, issued to driver of

an EV Krieger Company builds first hybrid

vehicle 1910’s

Mass-produced Ford cars undercut hand-built EV’s

EV’s persist as status symbols and utility vehicles until Great Depression

Ford Electric #2

Detroit ElectricSource: http://www.eaaev.org/History/index.html

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1968 – Great Electric Car Race

Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech 53 charging stations, spaced 60 mi apart MIT’s car used $20k of NiCd batteries ($122k in 2008

dollars), CalTech’s cost $600

EVs 101EVs 101

1970 - Clean Air Car Race 50+ cars raced from MIT to Caltech

using many alternative powertrains CalTech – Regenerative braking Boston Electric Car Club – Battery

Swapping Toronto University – Parallel hybrid

design very similar to modern Prius architecture

MIT – Series hybrid and electrically commutated motor

Sources: see http://mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html

EVs 101EVs 101

1990’s – EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car?

Program cost > $1bn 800 units leased $574/mo. Lease without

state rebates 2 seats 80-140 mi. range

MSRP $33,999

Real Pricetag(estimated)

$80,000+

GM’s actual cost per vehicle leased

$1,250,000

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1

AKA: Would you have bought it? REALLY?

EVs 101EVs 101

What is an EV?And how does it work?

EVs 101EVs 101

Electrification

Motor/Generator

Battery Fuel

Transmission

Engine

Fuel

Transmission

Engine

Battery

Transmission

Motor/Generator

Battery ElectricHybridConventional

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Degrees of HybridizationThe vehicle is a….

If it…Automatically stops/starts the engine

in stop-and-go traffic

Uses regenerative braking and operates above 60 volts

Uses an electric motor to assist a combustion engine

Can drive at times using only the electric motor

Recharges batteries from a wall outlet for extended all-electric range

Source: http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html

Micro Hybrid

Citroën C3

Mild Hybrid

Honda Insight

Plug-in Hybrid

Chevy Volt

Full Hybrid

Toyota Prius

Efficiency

EVs 101EVs 101

Energy Loss : City Driving

Engine Loss76%

Engine Loss76%

EngineEngine

Standby8%

Standby8%

DrivelineLosses

3%

DrivelineLosses

3%

DrivelineDriveline

Aero3%

Aero3%

Rolling4%

Rolling4%

Braking6%

Braking6%

Fuel Tank100%

Fuel Tank100%

16% 13%

POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related

Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota CamryUrban Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota Camry

EVs 101EVs 101

Energy Loss : Highway Driving

Engine Loss77%

Engine Loss77%

EngineEngine

Standby0%

Standby0%

DrivelineLosses

4%

DrivelineLosses

4%

DrivelineDriveline

Aero10%Aero10%

Rolling7%

Rolling7%

Braking2%

Braking2%

Fuel Tank:100%

Fuel Tank:100%

23% 19%

POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related

Highway Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota CamryHighway Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota Camry

EVs 101EVs 101

•Can eliminate engine entirely•Can eliminate engine entirely

•Engine downsizing•Decoupling of engine and wheel•Engine downsizing•Decoupling of engine and wheel

Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems

Engine Loss76%

Engine Loss76%

EngineEngine

Standby8%

Standby8%

DrivelineLosses

3%

DrivelineLosses

3%

DrivelineDriveline

Aero3%

Aero3%

Rolling4%

Rolling4%

Braking6%

Braking6%

Fuel Tank:100%

Fuel Tank:100%

16% 13%

Micro Hybrid Eliminates

Micro Hybrid Eliminates

Mild Hybrid Reduces

Mild Hybrid ReducesPlug-inPlug-in

Full Hybrid Reduces

Full Hybrid Reduces

EVs 101EVs 101

Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle

Motor Loss10%

Motor Loss10%

MotorMotor

DrivelineLosses

14%

DrivelineLosses

14%

DrivelineDriveline

Aero29%Aero29%

Rolling35%

Rolling35%

Braking11%

Braking11%

Batteries100%

Batteries100%

90% 76%

POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related

Urban Drive Cycle Energy BalanceUrban Drive Cycle Energy Balance

EVs 101EVs 101

Well-to-Wheels Efficiency

Generation33%

Generation33%

Transmission94%

Transmission94%

Plug-to-Wheels76%

Plug-to-Wheels76%

Refining82%

Refining82%

Transmission98%

Transmission98%

Pump-to-Wheels16%

Pump-to-Wheels16%

23%

13%

31%

80%

Well-to-TankWell-to-Tank Tank-to-WheelsTank-to-Wheels

31% 76% = 23%

80% 16% = 13%

[http://www.nesea.org/]]

Source: http://www.nesea.org

EVs 101EVs 101

How PHEV’s Work

All-electric range Get home with exactly

no battery left Charge-sustaining

mode

[Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008]

EVs 101EVs 101

Technical

EVs 101EVs 101

What is an EPA rating? Conditions

Drive cycle: e.g. city or highway cycle, real-world, or constant speed

Test temperature Start: (warm or cold)

Fuel: convert to gasoline-equivalent

Test mass: (accounts for passengers and cargo)

MPGe rating PHEV’s

EVs 101EVs 101

Terminology State of charge (SOC)

Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity Depth of Discharge (DOD)

The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged Capacity

The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC

Energy The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is

discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC

Specific Energy (Wh/kg) The total Watt-hours (Wh) per unit mass

Specific Power Maximum power (Watts) that the battery can provide per unit

mass, function of internal resistance of battery

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Benefits

EVs 101EVs 101

Benefits of EVs and PHEVs

More efficient, lower fuel costs, lower emissions

Simpler transmission, fewer moving parts Fuel Choice Oil/energy independence Emissions improve with time Emissions at few large locations is easier to

control than millions of tailpipes

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V2G (Vehicle to Grid) Technology Allows communication between utility and vehicle Allow integration of more renewables like wind Used EV batteries could be used as stationary

batteries for utilities With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing

electricity sales and expensive renewable energy generation mandated, EVs could be a welcome new segment for utilities They could still be a nightmare

Batteries could provide ancillary services

Source: McKinsey

EVs 101EVs 101

Night-time Charging

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

7:12 AM 12:00 PM 4:48 PM 9:36 PM 2:24 AM 7:12 AM 12:00 PM

MW

Dem

and

.

Peak wind power production

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Electricity Sources

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Power Grid Capacity

Source: McKinsey, Mike Khusid

When BEV’s represent 20% of the vehicle market, they comprise only 2% of the power market

EVs 101EVs 101

Operating Costs

On-board energy consumption 300 Wh/mile

Charging Efficiency 90%

Electricity consumption 333 Wh/mile

Electricity Cost 10 cents/mile

Driving Cost (electricity only) 3.3 cents/mile

Fuel economy 25 MPG

Fuel Cost $2.00/gallon

Driving Cost (fuel only) 8.0 cents/mile

Conventional Gasoline Vehicle

Battery Electric Vehicle

At 15,000 miles/year, you would save $700/year on fuel

The estimated price range for advanced batteries is $500 - $1,000 per kWh

~ buying 1 kWh of battery energy (~3 miles of electric range) each year

EVs 101EVs 101

CO2 Emissions

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Biofuels vs. Biomass, Solar Biomass Electricity about 80% more efficient

than Biofuel Solar Panels to charge a car would fit on your

roof.

EVs 101EVs 101

ChallengesWhy don’t they catch on? A conspiracy?

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Gasoline: The (almost) perfect fuel

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density

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Energy Equivalency

135 MJ of energy

21 Li-ion batteries(Car battery size)

2.7 kg340kg

Gas1 Gallon

Batteries

54 gal

EVs 101EVs 101

Challenges

Limited Range Large battery weight/size

Long Charge times High initial cost Battery life Consumer acceptance Grid Integration

EVs 101EVs 101

Operating Costs

In Europe, $60/barrel oil is enough, In the US, $4/gal gas is needed to be price competitive

EVs 101EVs 101

Addressing customer perception

Accepting limited range Most people drive less than 40 mi/day Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway

Smaller vehicles & reduced performance In the last 30 years, nearly 100% of efficiency

improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size and performance, not reducing consumption

How do you get people to charge at the right time?

Source: On the Road in 2035, Heywood, et.al.

EVs 101EVs 101

Meeting the Challenges

EVs 101EVs 101

Range Anxiety Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging

Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/

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Better Place ModelBusiness plan like that of mobile phone

Better Place owns the batteries, the consumer pays for energy (miles)

Plan includes charging stations and battery swapping

So far: Israel, Denmark Australia, California, Hawaii, and Canada

100,000 charging stations planned for Hawaii by 2012

EVs 101EVs 101

Rapid Charging

Batteries Altairnano A123

Balance of system Rapid Charge Stations – Don’t need many Refueling a car is ~10MW going through your hand

EVs 101EVs 101

Batteries Lithium sources

We’re not Lithium constrained Abundant Recyclable

Recycling – 90% recoverable Extending battery life Battery management systems Weight/Volume reductions Alternative chemistries

EVs 101EVs 101

Battery Cost : Learning Curves

Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve

EVs 101EVs 101

Initial Cost

Companies that sell cars, but lease the batteries

Leases like Power Purchase Agreements Split operating cost savings with financer

Charging Infrastructure Charging subscription plans

EVs 101EVs 101

2008 Federal Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Battery Energy (kWh)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Mil

es

Tax Credit ValueBattery Cost (Low)Battery Cost (Mid)Battery Cost (High)Electric Range (Estimate)

EVs 101EVs 101

Adoption Rate of EV’s

Source: Thomas Becker, UC Berkeley, 2009

EVs 101EVs 101

Looking Forward Tipping point will be ~2020 when 10% of vehicles sold

will be BEV’s Battery cost: ~$700-$1,500 / kWh, down to $420 by

2015, but still too high. Price Premium

PHEV40 $11,800 > ICE EV100 $24,100 > ICE

Long-term PHEV’s will beat out HEV’s PHEV’s likely to dominate BEVs A 30-50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2035

*Heywood 47% reduction by 2030 *McKinsey

Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve ; http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/mckinsey-looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html

EVs 101EVs 101

EVs NOWWhen can I get one?

EVs 101EVs 101

EV’s Today

EVs 101EVs 101

Tesla Roadster

Top speed: 125 mph

Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 sec

Range: 244 mi

MSRP: $110,000

Top speed: 125 mph

Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 sec

Range: 244 mi

MSRP: $110,000

EVs 101EVs 101

EV’s Available Soon

Fisker Karma (PHEV50)$87,900 Delivery 2010

Tesla Model S$57,400 Delivery ~2012

2011 Chevy Volt (PHEV40)$40,000

EVs 101EVs 101

EV’s Available Soon

2010 Mitsubishi I MIEV $24,000 (Japan)

2010 Aptera 2e ~$25,000 (PHEV100)

Th!nk City ~$25,000 (europe)

2010 Nissan Leaf$25,000 (30 min charge)

And many others…

EVs 101EVs 101

@MITEVs Around the Institute

EVs 101EVs 101

MIT Electric Vehicle Team (EVT) Porsche elEVen eMoto TTXGP

EVs 101EVs 101

MIT EVT

EVs 101EVs 101

MIT Vehicle Design Summit Student team working

towards a 100+ mpg vehicle Series hybrid architecture Lightweight body and

chassis Life cycle cost analysis and

minimization Shared use model for

transportation efficiency Contact Anna Jaffe,

ajaffe@mit.edu

EVs 101EVs 101

MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team Founded in 1985 Design, build and race

solar cars Just placed 2nd in the

10th World Solar Challenge

mitsolar.com

EVs 101EVs 101

MIT Vehicle Stuff EVT SEVT Vehicle Design Summit Transportation @ MIT Sloan Lab Seminars Media Lab – City Car, course Spinoffs

A123 Solectria Genasun

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Thank You “No single technology development or alternative fuel can solve the problems

of growing transportation fuel use and GHG emissions.” – John Heywood

Dan Lauber – djlauber@mit.edu

http://mit.edu/evt http://mit.edu/evt