Evolution of the Mobile Market

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Introduction To Telecommunication notes MTariq Qaisrani 16464

Introduction To

TelecommunicationEvolution of the Mobile

Market

Introduction

The frst radiotelephone service was introduced in the US at the end o the

1940s, and was meant to connect mobile users in cars to the public fxednetwork !n the 19"0s, a new s#stem launched b# $ell S#stems, called!mproved %obile Telephone Service& '!%TS(, brou)ht man# improvementslike direct dialin) and hi)her bandwidth The frst analo) cellular s#stemswere based on !%TS and developed in the late 19"0s and earl# 19*0s Thes#stems were +cellular& because covera)e areas were split into smaller areasor +cells&, each o which is served b# a low power transmitter and receiver

What is 1G?irst )eneration reers to the analo) +brick phones& and +ba) phones& asthe# were frst introduced or mobile cellular technolo)# -ell phones be)an

with 1. and si)ni# frst )eneration wireless analo) technolo)# standardsthat ori)inated in the 19/0s 1. was replaced b# . wireless di)italstandards

hat is .2. si)nifes second )eneration wireless di)ital technolo)# ull# di)ital .networks have replaced analo) 1., which ori)inated in the 19/0s .networks frst commerciall# be)an on the .lobal S#stem or %obil-ommunications, or .S%, standard . on .S% standards was frst used incommercial practice in 1991 b# 3adiolina, a innish .S% operator that was

ounded on September 19, 19// 3adiolina is now part o 5lisa, which wasknown in the 1990s as the 6elsinki Telephone -ompan# !n addition to the.S% protocol, . also utili7es various other di)ital protocols, includin)-8%, T8%, i85: and ;8- .S% is based on T8%

hat is


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have been established throu)h !TU=s proect on !nternational %obile Telecommunications 000 '!%T>000( 3( and established as an a)reed upon and )loball# accepteddefnition in !%T>dvanced The !TU has developed reFuirements or a technolo)# to be considered !%T>dvanced, which is the next>)eneration wireless technolo)# n !%T>dvanced cellular s#stem must ulfll the ollowin) reFuirements

$ased on an all>!; packet switched network

;eak data rates o up to approximatel# 100 %bitGs or hi)h mobilit#such as mobile access and up to approximatel# 1 .bps or low mobilit#such as nomadicGlocal wireless access, accordin) to the !TUreFuirements

8#namicall# share and use the network resources to support moresimultaneous users per cell

Scalable channel bandwidth B@0 %67, optionall# up to 40 %67

;eak link spectral eHcienc# o 1B bitGsG67 in the downlink, and "*B

bitGsG67 in the uplink 'meanin) that 1 .bps in the downlink should bepossible over less than "* %67 bandwidth(

S#stem spectral eHcienc# o up to < bitGsG67Gcell in the downlink andB bitGsG67Gcell or indoor usa)e

Smooth handovers across hetero)eneous networks

http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=1781http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&sectionid=250http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&sectionid=250http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=1781http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&sectionid=250http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&sectionid=250


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bilit# to oIer hi)h Fualit# o service or next )eneration multimediasupport

What is 3G


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voice traHc 'the actual datarate would depend upon the number o calls inpro)ress(The maximum data rate o 1/KbitsGsecond or movin) devices isabout ten times aster than that available with the current . wirelessnetworks Unlike


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illustrated the potential or


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ixed and variable data rates s#mmetric data rates $ackward compatibilit# o devices with existin) networks lwa#s>online devices


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.lobal roamin) capabilit# .ettin) maps and directions with a multi>modal user interace -ustomi7ed entertainment Simultaneous access to multiple services, each service oIerin) some

combination o voice, video, data, etc

()W !)E# 3G W)"*

enabled devices @ includin) phones and laptops @ work b# sendin) andreceivin) radio si)nals to and rom base stations 'sometimes known asMmasts=( $ase stations link individual phones into the rest o the mobile andlandline networks$ase stations are low power radio transmitters and need to be located in theareas the# are intended to serve The# provide covera)e to a )eo)raphicalarea known as a cell These cells need to overlap to enable seamlesscovera)e and to ensure a user does not lose connection to the network whenon the move 3adio waves used in mobile telecommunications orm part othe electroma)netic spectrum 3adio waves used to deliver


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onboard di)ital cameras and video recorders multimedia messa)in) abilit# to pla# music fles, such as %;


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!) $// M)0I/E -()E# #,--)"T3G

:o ll o mobiles do not support


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Qes,


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:etwork

rchitecture

ide rea -ell $ased

Services nd

pplications

-8% 000, U%TS, 58.5 etc

orward error

correction '5-(

based services well CT5 can theoreticall# supportdownloads at


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i%E or both enterprise and consumer broadband wireless customers

Autside o the US telecommunications market, .S% is the dominant mobile

standard, with more than /0 o the worldNs cellular phone users s a

result, 6S8; and then CT5 are the likel# wireless broadband technolo)ies o

choice or most users :ortel and other inrastructure vendors are ocusin)

si)nifcant research and development eIorts on the creation o CT5 base

stations to meet the expected demand hen implemented, CT5 has the

potential to brin) pervasive computin) to a )lobal audience, with a wire>like

experience or mobile users ever#where

/TE ca&abilities include5

• 8ownlink peak data rates up to


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/TE$dvanced /on% Term

Evolution$dvanced7Con) Term 5volution>dvanced 'CT5>dvanced( is a cellular networkin)

standard that oIers hi)her throu)hput than its predecessor, the Con) Term

5volution 'CT5( standard

Con) Term 5volution>dvanced networks can deliver up to 1 .$ per second

o data, compared to a maximum o dvanced to increase their capacit#, not necessaril# to deliver

si)nifcantl# hi)her speeds CT5>dvanced networks use multiple>input,multiple>output '%!%A( technolo)# to deliver data aster via more than one

si)nal %!%A reFuires multiple antennas to receive those si)nals, which can

limit its use in compact mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

ork on developin) the CT5>dvanced standard be)an ater the launch o the

frst CT5 technolo)ies, which did not meet the !nternational

Telecommunication Union '!TU( reFuirements or 4. 'The !TU subseFuentl#

lowered the bar or what Fualifes as a 4. network( The dvanced standard in 011, and it

)ained !TU approval in ?anuar# 01

The technolo%8 com&onents of /TE $dvanced are5

-arrier a))re)ation

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Long-Term-Evolution-LTEhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/MIMOhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/4Ghttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Long-Term-Evolution-LTEhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/MIMOhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/4G


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%!%A extension 'up to 8CJ /x/ up to UCJ 4x4( Uplink access enhancements 'clustered S->8% and simultaneous data

and control inormation ';US-6 and ;U--6( transmission !mprovin) cell ed)e perormance 'enhanced inter>cell intererence

coordination 'e!-!-(, rela#in)(

+requenc8 9 0and'idth

CT5 operates in some o the existin) cellular bands as well as newer bands

Specifc bands have been desi)nated or CT5 (see the table) 8iIerent

carriers use diIerent bands dependin) upon the countr# o operation and the

nature o their spectrum holdin)s %ost CT5 phones use two o these bands,and the# aren=t the same rom carrier to carrier or instance, Deri7on=s

i;hone B uses diIerent bands than TOT=s i;hone B %ost o the bands are

set up or reFuenc# division duplexin) '88(, which uses two separate

bands or uplink and downlink The spacin) between 88 channels in bands

1 throu)h / varies considerabl# dependin) on carrier spectrum holdin)s

$ands


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demodulation will sum to 7ero !n CT5, the channel spacin) is 1B k67 The

s#mbol period thereore is 1G1B k67 V ""* Ws The hi)h>speed serial data to

be transmitted is divided up into multiple slower streams, and each is used

to modulate one o the subcarriers or example, in a B>%67 channel, up to

state Fuadrature amplitude modulation '"4P%(

dependin) on the speed needs A8% uses reFuenc# and time to spread

the data, providin) hi)h speeds and )reater si)nal reliabilit# (Fig. 1) or

each subcarrier, the data is sent in seFuential s#mbols where each s#mbol

represents multiple bits 'e), P;SK bits, 1"P% 4 bits, and "4P% " bits(

The basic data rate throu)h a 1B>k67 subcarrier channel is 1B kbitsGs ith

hi)her>level modulation, hi)her data rates are possible

LTE transmits data by dividing it into slower arallel aths that modulate

multile sub!arriers in the assigned !hannel. The data is transmitted in

segments o" one symbol er segment over ea!h sub!arrier. 8ata to be

transmitted is allocated to one or more resource blocks '3$s( n 3$ is a

se)ment o the A8% spectrum that is 1 subcarriers wide or a total o 1/0

k67 There are seven time se)ments per subcarrier or a duration o 0B ms

8ata is then transmitted in packets or rames, and a standard rame contains

0 time slots o 0B ms each n 3$ is the minimum basic buildin) block o a


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transmission, and most transmissions reFuire man# 3$s The onl#

practical wa# to implement A8%, thou)h, is to do it in sotware The ast

ourier transorm 'T( handles the basic process The transmitter uses the

inverse T, while the receiver uses the T The al)orithms are implemented

in a di)ital si)nal processor '8S;(, an ;., or an S!- desi)ned or the

process The usual techniFues o scramblin) and addin) error>correctin)

codes are implemented as well

A8% was chosen or CT5 primaril# due to its reduced sensitivit# to multipath

eIects t the hi)her microwave reFuencies, transmitted si)nals can take

multiple paths to the receiver The direct path is the best and preerred but

multiple obects ma# reLect si)nals, creatin) new si)nals that reach the

receiver somewhat later 8ependin) on the number o reLected si)nals, their

stren)ths, their ran)es, and other actors, the si)nals at the receiver ma#add in a destructive wa#, creatin) adin) or si)nal dropout

The multipath eIects occur when the si)nals reach

the receiver all within the time or one s#mbol period s#mbol is a

modulation state that is either an amplitude, a phase, or an amplitude>phase

combination representin) two or more bits hen the multipath eIects lead

the si)nals to arrive at the receiver spread over several s#mbol periods,

inter>s#mbol intererence '!S!( occurs, producin) bit errors These issues can

be overcome with error detectin) and correctin) codes, but these codes add

to the complexit# o the s#stem n eFuali7er at the receiver that collects all

the received si)nals and dela#s them so the# all add can also correct or this

problem but onl# urther complicates the process Spreadin) the si)nals in

the orm o multiple subcarriers over a wide bandwidth reduces these eIects,

especiall# i the s#mbol rate on each subcarrier is lon)er as it is in A8% !

the multipath eIects occur in less than one s#mbol period, no eFuali7er is

needed Time or reFuenc# shits such as those produced b# the 8oppler

eIect in a movin) vehicle cause reFuenc# variation o the subcarriers at the

receiver This shit in reFuenc# results in the loss o ortho)onalit# and

subseFuentl# bit errors CT5 miti)ates this problem b# addin) a c#clical

prefx '-;( to each transmitted bit seFuence The -; is a portion o an A8%s#mbol created durin) the 8S; process that is copied and added back to the

ront o the s#mbol This bit o redundanc# allows the receiver to recover the

s#mbol i the time dispersion is shorter than the c#clical prefx A8% then

can be implemented without the complex eFuali7ation that can also correct

or this problem hile CT5=s downlink uses A8%, the uplink uses a diIerent

modulation scheme known as sin)le>carrier reFuenc#>division multiplexin)


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'S->8%( A8% si)nals have a hi)h peak to avera)e power ratio ';;3(,

reFuirin) a linear power amplifer with overall low eHcienc# This is a poor

Fualit# or batter#>operated handsets hile complex, S->8% has a lower

;;3 and is better suited to portable implementation, <

Multi&leIn&ut Multi&le)ut&ut

#$#%)

CT5 incorporates multiple>input multiple>output '%!%A(, which uses two or

more antennas and related receive and transmit circuitr# to achieve hi)her

speeds within a )iven channel Ane common arran)ement is x %!%A,

where the frst number indicates the number o transmit antennas and the

second number is the number o receive antennas Standard CT5 can

accommodate up to a 4x4 arran)ement

%!%A divides the serial data to be transmitted into separate data streams

that are then transmitted simultaneousl# over the same channel Since each

si)nal path is diIerent, with special processin) the# can be reco)ni7ed and

separated at the receiver The result is an increase in the overall data rate b#

a actor related to the number o antennas This techniFue also miti)ates the

multipath problem and adds to the si)nal reliabilit# because o the diversit#

o reception

The diHcultl# in implementin) %!%A arises because o the small si7e o the

handset and its limited space or antennas lread#, most smart phones

include fve antennas includin) those or all the diIerent cellular bands plus

i>i, $luetooth, .;S, and perhaps near>feld communications ':-( %ost

phones probabl# won=t eature more than two CT5 %!%A antennas, and their

inclusion will depend on whether or not the# can be spaced ar enou)h apart

to preserve spatial diversit# with suHcient isolation between them A

course, it=s easier to use more basestation antennas t#pical CT5

arran)ement appears to be 4x to provide optimal covera)e with the spaceavailable


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!ata "ate

The data rate actuall# used or achieved with CT5 depends on several

eaturesJ channel bandwidth, modulation t#pe, %!%A conf)uration, and theFualit# o the wireless path !n the worst>case situation, data rate could be

onl# a ew me)ahert7 $ut under )ood conditions, data rate can rise to more

than CT5 is bein) widel# implemented in -hina and !ndia

because o the nature o their spectrum availabilit# T8>CT5 conserves

spectrum and provides or more users per me)ahert7 The CT5 standards

include a defnition or T8>CT5 Some US carriers will use T8>CT5 includin)-learwire and Sprint

LTE-Advanced

CT5> builds on the CT5 A8%G%!%A architecture to urther increase data

rate !t is defned in


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carrier a))re)ation, increased %!%A, coordinated multipoint transmission,

hetero)eneous network '6et:et( support, and rela#s -arrier a))re)ation

combines up to fve 0>%67 channels into one to increase data speed These

channels can be conti)uous or non>conti)uous as defned b# the carrier=s

spectrum assi)nments ith maximum %!%A assi)nments, "4P%, and 100>

%67 bandwidth, a peak downlink data rate o 1 .bitGs is possible

CT5 defnes %!%A conf)urations up to 4x4 CT5> extends that to /x/ with

support or two transmit antennas in the handset %ost CT5 handsets use two

receive antennas and one transmit antenna These %!%A additions provide

uture data speed increases i adopted 6et:et support reers to support or

small cells in a lar)er overall hetero)eneous network The 6et:et is an

amal)amation o standard macrocell basestations plus microcells,

metrocells, picocells, emtocells, and even i>i hotspots This networkincreases covera)e in a )iven area to improve connection reliabilit# and

increased data rates -oordinated multipoint transmission, also known as

cooperative %!%A, is a set o techniFues usin) diIerent orms o %!%A and

beamormin) to improve the perormance at cell ed)es !t uses coordinated

schedulin) and transmitters and antennas that aren=t collocated to provide

)reater spatial diversit# that can improve link reliabilit# and data rate 3ela#s

use repeater stations to help covera)e in selected areas, especiall# indoors

where most calls are initiated CT5> defnes another basestation t#pe called

a rela# station !t is not a complete basestation but a t#pe o small cell that

will ft in the 6et:et inrastructure and provide a wa# to boost data rates and

improve the dependabilit# o a wireless link Some deplo#ment o CT5> is

expected in late 01< with increasin) adoption in 014 and be#ond CT5> is

orward and backward compatible with basic CT5, meanin) CT5 handsets will

work on CT5> networks and CT5> handsets will work on standard CT5

networks

CT5> 8esi)n -hallen)es

CT5 solves man# problems in providin) hi)h>speed wireless service There isno better method, at least or now, but it does pose multiple serious desi)nissues The )reatest problem is the necessit# o havin) to use multiple bandsthat oten are widel# spaced rom one another s a result, multipleantennas, multiple power amplifers, multiple flters, switchin) circuits, and,sometimes, complex impedance matchin) solutions are reFuired 5achcellular operator specifes cell phones or its spectrum


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!n addition, the power amplifers ';s( must be ver# linear i error vectorma)nitude '5D%( is to be within specifcations or the various multi>levelmodulation methods used Cinear amplifers are ineHcient and consume themost power in the phone except or the touchscreen The need to cover

multiple bands necessitates the use o multiple ;s $atter# lie in an CT5phone is t#picall# shorter as a result The need to include %!%A also meansadditional antennas and ;s

Solutions to these problems lie in ewer #et more eHcient ;s lso, wider>bandwidth antennas solve the multiband problem -ompanies like5thertronics and Sk#-ross are desi)nin) tunable antennas as well to covermultiple bands with a sin)le structure

nother challen)e is test Several test companies have created s#stems totest CT5 s#stems with %!%A, which can be a particularl# complex process

Ane o the )reatest challen)es is testin) the hi)her>level %!%Aconf)urations CT5> permits up to /x/ %!%A )ilent=s :*109 multi>channel %!%A anal#7er is desi)ned to work with the compan#=s /9"00 vectorsi)nal anal#7er 'DS( and related Si)nal Studio sotware to test CT5> in allits various conf)urations (Fig. &)

The 'gilent Te!hnologies 1*+' multi,!hannel LTE signal analy-er handlesu to / #$#% !hannels.

2oice )ver /TE


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CT5 is a packet>based !; data network !t doesn=t include a voice service #et,thou)h one is planned Toda#, i #ou=re usin) an CT5 smart phone, #ou=re stillusin) the existin) . or switched voiceservice Doice over CT5 'DoCT5( eventuall# will be implemented DoCT5 is ust

Doice over !nternet ;rotocol 'Do!;( over CT5, and it will operate simpl# as adata application on the !; network hile a DoCT5 protocol has been defned,implementation reFuires maor en)ineerin) decisions and network chan)es,mostl# concernin) maintainin) voice connections or older non>CT5 phonesor some extended period ;articularl# trick# are the chan)es that will allowCT5 phone users to )et voice service i the# move into an area with no CT5hen DoCT5 is available, subscribers could initiate a call usin) the CT5s#stem but drive out o the CT5 covera)e area S#stems must be able tohand that call oI to a traditional voice network The mechanism or this,network sotware called circuit>switched allback '-S$(, is now available onmost networks nother issue is )ettin) DoCT5 into the handsets DoCT5

reFuires a separate chip in the phone, and ew phones have such a capabilit#toda# Do!; also reFuires a vocoder, a circuit that is essentiall# an analo)>to>di)ital converter '8-( to di)iti7e the voice si)nal and a di)ital>to>analo)converter '8-( to convert the di)ital voice back into analo) voice or theuser vocoder also incorporates voice compression, a techniFue thateIectivel# minimi7es the number o bits used to represent voice Doice thencan be transmitted aster but at lower data rates so it doesn=t occup# muchbandwidth CT5 uses the daptive %ulti>3ate '%3( vocoder, which also isused in .S% s#stems and other ratecapabilit# rom 1/ to 1 kbitsGs 8i)iti7ed voice is then assembled into%3 packets and then into !; packets that are scheduled into a transmission

seFuence call is allocated to some o the A8% subcarriers and to someo the time slots within the bit streams o each subcarrier ll o the neededphone and network chan)es will take time to implement Thereore, DoCT5isn=t widespread -arrier %etro ;-S has it now on its CT5 network and Deri7onhas DoCT5 in trials, as do most other maor carriers 6owever, there will bever# little DoCT5 activit# until 014 and be#ond

+!! and T!! /TE frequenc8 bands88 spectrum reFuires pair bands, one o the uplink and one or the

downlink, and T88 reFuires a sin)le band as uplink and downlink are on the

same reFuenc# but time separated s a result, there are diIerent CT5 band

allocations or T88 and 88 !n some cases these bands ma# overlap, and it

is thereore easible, althou)h unlikel# that both T88 and 88 transmissions

could be present on a particular CT5 reFuenc# band The )reater likelihood is

that a sin)le U5 or mobile will need to detect whether a T88 or 88

transmission should be made on a )iven band U5s that roam ma# encounter


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both t#pes on the same band The# will thereore need to detect what t#pe

o transmission is bein) made on that particular CT5 band in its current

location The diIerent CT5 reFuenc# allocations or CT5 reFuenc# bands are

allocated numbers -urrentl# the CT5 bands between 1 O are or paired

spectrum, ie 88, and CT5 bands between oI o the antenna flterin) to )ive

suHcient attenuation o the transmitted si)nal within the receive band


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T!! /TE frequenc8 band allocationsith the interest in T88 CT5, there are several unpaired reFuenc#

allocations that are bein) prepared or CT3 T88 use The T88 CT5 bands areunpaired because the uplink and downlink share the same reFuenc#, bein)

time multiplexed


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.om&arision of 3G Wireless et'orksand 4G Wireless et'orks5


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"eferences5

httpJGGelectronicdesi)ncomG4)Gintroduction>lte>advanced>real>4)

httpsJGG#tdBBwordpresscomGta)Gtd>lteG

httpsJGG#tdBBwordpresscomG01

Evolution of the Mobile Market

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