Evidence of illegal activities in Belum-Temengor Forest Complex,

Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

6th October 2009

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Ahmad Zafir, Azlan Mohamed, Mark Darmaraj, Shariff Mohamed,

and Reuben Clements

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Executive summary Since February 2007, WWF-Malaysia’s field surveys in Royal Belum State Park, along the East-West highway and Temengor Forest Reserve have uncovered substantial evidence of illegal activities. In Royal Belum and along the Gerik-Jeli highway, at least 330 localities with signs of illegal activities (tree markings, abandoned camps, gaharu extraction, hunting, etc.) have been recorded, while more than 34 access points frequently used by poachers have been identified along the East-West highway. Recognizing the need to initiate greater patrolling and enforcement, WWF-Malaysia’s Wildlife Protection Unit (WPU) was established in October 2008 to conduct regular patrols at poaching hotspots and to feed information on illegal activities to enforcement authorities. Together with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, police and army, the WPU has removed 101 snares, helped arrest 8 poachers and 2 wildlife traders, helped destroy a Cambodian camp rescued 1 tiger from a snare. In TFR, field surveys recorded improper logging practices, presence of encroachers and poaching equipment. As the WPU cannot be sustained by WWF-Malaysia in the long run, more resources for patrolling and enforcement should be afforded by the government to curb illegal activities in these areas. Ultimately, the Perak State Security Council should implement a sustained and coordinated patrolling system in the forest complex involving the police, army, Perak State Parks Corporation, Forestry Department and Department of Wildlife and National Parks.

Background In Peninsular Malaysia, populations of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris) and tiger prey (e.g., sambar deer, barking deer, wild boar, and seladang) have been decimated by illegal hunting. Recent surveys by TRAFFIC indicate that illegal hunting seriously threatens the survival of large mammals in Malaysia, particularly the Sumatran rhinoceros (Annex 1a & 1b). For example, recent interviews with poachers showed that the illicit market in tigers, their body parts and derivatives, is operating on a larger scale than earlier understood. While some mammals are caught in snares set by poachers, other species are killed while poachers are searching for non-timber forest products such as gaharu or agarwood (extracted mainly from Aquilaria spp.; Annex 1c). There have also been reports that these poachers carry modern firearms (Annex 1d). There appears to be a large network of foreign hunters and traders, but apprehending perpetrators “red-handed” is often difficult. In RBSP for example, current funding and staff in PSPC is still inadequate (Cik Ilya, PSPC Assistant Manager, pers. comms.) and there are only two rangers and six field staff to patrol 1175km2 of forest; this translates to 0.68 guards/100km2. A study on the effectiveness of Totally Protected Areas (TPAs) in protecting biodiversity in the tropics showed that found that TPA effectiveness correlated very strongly with the density of guards and in the 15 most-effective TPAs in the tropics, the median number of guards/100km2 was more than 3. Furthermore, the field staff are mostly involved in park maintenance (e.g., grass cutting) and require training in patrolling and enforcement. Our vision is that the combined efforts of the WPU and PSPC will not only afford greater protection to threatened populations of the Sumatran rhinoceros, Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris) and tiger prey (e.g., sambar deer, barking deer, wild boar, and seladang) found within the park, but also minimise further economic losses resulting from illegal hunting and extraction. Given the recent surge in eco-tourism activities within the park, such patrols are also needed to curb illegal activities in order to maintain the safety of park visitors.

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Since 2007, WWF-Malaysia’s field surveys have uncovered substantial evidence of poaching by locals and foreigners in these three areas. In Royal Belum and along the Gerik-Jeli highway, 301 localities with signs of illegal activities (tree markings, abandoned camps, gaharu extraction, hunting, etc.) have been recorded, while more than 34 access points frequently used by poachers have been identified along the East-West highway. Current enforcement efforts are inadequate to deal with this insidious threat. Recognizing the need to initiate greater patrolling and enforcement, WWF-Malaysia’s Wildlife Protection Unit (WPU) was established and trained in October 2008 to conduct regular patrols and to feed information on illegal activities to enforcement authorities. Together with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, police and army, the WPU has removed 101 snares, helped arrest 8 poachers and 2 wildlife traders, helped destroy a Cambodian camp rescued 1 tiger from a snare. Despite our efforts, joint intelligence gathering by WWF-Malaysia and TRAFFIC-SEA in the area has revealed 98 barking deers, 15 sambar deers, seven tigers and two seladangs poached since January 2009.

There is a precedent for the army (Annex 1e) to support anti-poaching efforts in protected areas such as Royal Belum. In Sabah, the Royal Malaysian Police recently participated in anti-poaching efforts with the Sabah Wildlife Department Forestry Department (Annex 1f). The National Forestry Act of 1984 also contains provisions for the police to enforce the law in Permanent Forest Reserves such as Temengor FR. Here, we compile information on illegal activities to highlight the need of increasing enforcement efforts in the forest complex. If nothing is done, rampant illegal hunting and extraction will not only wipe out endangered populations of rhinos and tigers, but also result in significant economic losses for state and federal governments.

Area The areas of interest in the Belum-Temengor forest complex are Royal Belum State Park, the East-West Highway and Temengor FR, both of which are located in the north-central region of Peninsular Malaysia in the state of Perak (Annex 2). These areas lie within a Level 1 Tiger Conservation Landscape and is also considered a priority site by the IUCN Asian Rhino Specialist Group, which means that the forest complex is a site of global priority for the conservation of tigers and rhinos.

Royal Belum State Park Field surveys conducted since February 2007 have uncovered substantial evidence of

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encroachment. Areas with high encroachment incidences include: 1) Sg. Machang; 2) Hulu Sg. Kenarong; 3) Hulu Sg. Tiang; 4) Border of Perak-Kelantan; and 5) Sg. Lebur. Most of the encroachment signs were found in areas where army units do not patrol. Signs: Tree markings Map: Annex 2 (orange dots) Coordinates and dates: Annex 5

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Fig. 1. Marking on a tree, possibly a coded message left by foreign encroachers. Signs: Abandoned camps of encroachers Map: Annex 2 (purple dots) Coordinates and dates: Annex

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6 Fig. 2: An abandoned camp that was ambushed by WWF-Malaysia and the army.

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Fig. 3. Identity cards, money and photos confiscated at a Thai encroachment camp.

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Fig. 4: Thai food wrappers found at an abandoned camp.

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Fig. 5. Gaharu extraction tools and snares found at a poacher’s camp.

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Signs: Gaharu extraction Map: Annex 2 (orange dots) Coordinates and dates: Annex 7

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Fig. 6. Evidence of gaharu extraction from Aquilaria trees.

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Fig. 7. A suspected foreign gaharu collector photographed by a camera-trap.

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Fig. 8. A suspected foreign gaharu collector photographed by a camera-trap.

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Signs: Hunting signs Map: Annex 2 (orange dots) Coordinates and dates: Annex 8

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Fig. 9. Spent shotgun cartridge.

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Fig. 10.Mist net set up to capture birds.

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Fig. 11. Cable snares used to trap animals.

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Fig. 12. One of seven snares set up at Sira Rambai next to a campsite.

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Fig. 13. Argus pheasant caught in a snare.

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Fig. 14. Seladang bones found at an abandoned campsite near Kampung Sepor.

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East-West Highway More than 34 access points into Royal Belum State Park and Temengor FR have been identified along the highway (Annex 4). Local and foreigners have been using these access points to enter these two areas. In addition, these intruders have been setting snares and extracting forest products. The high frequency of poaching incidents along this highway is due to ease of accessibility to facilitate the transport of illegally extracted plants and animal products, as well as due to a lack of patrolling and enforcement by enforcement authorities.

Fig. 15. Surveillance camera detecting a Thai registered vehicle exiting one of the access points (leading to Royal Belum) along the highway.

Fig. 16. Surveillance equipment detecting a foreign encroacher exiting

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one of the access points (leading to Royal Belum) with forest products

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along the highway.

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Fig. 17. WPU member showing gaharu extracting equipment confiscated from an ambush by army and police of a Cambodian camp less than 1km from the highway.

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Fig 18. Cambodia passports and identity cards confiscated from the Cambodian camp mentioned above

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Fig 19. A group of people with a man carrying a shot-gun observed coming out from the forest along the Gerik-Jeli highway

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Fig 20. An adult tiger rescued by DWNP after it was snared in a trap. The tiger was detected by the WPU during a highway patrol.

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Temengor Forest Reserve Signs: Illegal hunters Location: Sira Awak (QY 392540 WMR 597554) Date: 18 August 2007 Description: A digital camera-trap was set up on 19 July 2007 at this salt lick to detect tigers and other species. After retrieving the camera-trap on 1 November, the following photos of five suspected hunters were discovered. A total of seven photos were taken of this event, showing 5 individuals, with one in possession of a rifle. Based on the times printed on the photos, these individuals were at the salt lick for approx. 5 minutes (11.19 – 11.24 am) before leaving the same way they entered. These individuals did not appear to have noticed the camera-trap nearby as it was set at a high location and was well-camouflaged. The last photo taken by the camera-trap was on 7 September, when the memory card reached its capacity. It is not known whether any further encroachment at this salt lick happened between this date and the date the camera-trap was retrieved. According to the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, being in possession of a firearm within approx. 400 m of a salt lick is in violation of section 79(b), and is punishable by a fine/jail term.

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Fig 21. Five suspects possibly looking for wildlife tracks around the salt lick.

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Fig 22. The same group as above with the person in possession of a rifle stepping forward.

Signs: Bird poachers Location: 1km away from the logging camp of Kongsi Fatt Lee Fong (QY382500, WMR 601000) Date: 07 June 2007 Description: Two hunters along logging roads catching White- rumped Shamas (Murai Batu).

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Fig. 23. Cassette containing sounds made by White-rumped Shamas (Murai Batu).

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Fig. 24. Bird poacher photographed with a White-rumped Shama (Murai Batu) and cassette player.

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Signs: Machan and theft of WWF equipment Location: Sira Tubung (QY 387637 WMR 599487) Date: 02 June 2007 Description: A machan was discovered next to a salt lick between two small trees approximately 5 m above the ground. Subsequently, two camera-traps were placed at the salt lick in September to determine whether tigers and other animals frequent this area. When we came to retrieve them in early November 2007, the camera-traps were found missing, with only the cable lock remaining still attached to the tree. The camera-traps were broken off, an act which is usually caused by either humans or elephants. As there were no components scattered on the ground to indicate it was caused by elephants, we suspect that this could have been the work of illegal hunters who did not want their activities to be recorded. The total cost of the stolen WWF camera traps was RM4,000.

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Fig. 25. Machan found up in the trees next to a salt lick.

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Fig. 26. Orang asli guide standing on the Machan for size comparison.

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Signs: Rope snares Location: Sira Pring (QY 385825 WMR 601618) near PITC logging concession Date: 03 June 2007 and 28 May 2008 respectively

Fig. 27. WWF staff holding rope snares found near the salt lick. Signs: Logging on slopes Location: Tan Kang Hai concession (QT 395482 WMR 611105) Date: 14 September 2008

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Fig. 28. One part of the concession where logging was improperly conducted on slopes.

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Signs: Logging within 10-15m of salt licks Location: Sira Dinding (QT 397912 WMR 609209), Greater Sira Dinding (QT397898 WMR609440) and Sira Cerika (QT397987 WMR609613) Date: 14 September 2008

Fig. 29. Logging within 10 m of Sira Dinding. Location: Tan Kang Hai concession, Sungai Singor (QT 398283 WMR 610599) Date: 14 September 2008

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Fig. 30. Overhead view of forests logged in close proximity to Sungai Singor.

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Fig. 31. Trees felled beside the river bank of Sungai Singor.

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Fig. 32. Clear-felling beside Sungai Singor.

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Fig. 33. Frequent access point for poachers at Jetty Trojan in the Temengor Lake.

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Recommendations • The Perak State Security Council should increase patrolling and enforcement activities in

the forest complex by implementing a sustained and coordinated patrolling system with the police, army, Perak State Parks Corporation, Forestry Department and Department of Wildlife and National Parks.

• More patrols should be carried out in the following areas: 1) Sg. Machang; 2) Hulu Sg. Kenarong; 3) Hulu Sg. Tiang; 4) Border of Perak-Kelantan; and 5) Sg. Lebur. Currently there are areas which are not being patrolled by any authority in the park.

• More patrols, snare removal operations (i.e., Operasi jerat) and road blocks could be set along the Grik-Jeli highway to deter poachers from entering Belum via poaching access points (Annex 4).

• More stringent checks are needed at the lake checkpoints as currently boats going in and out of Belum are not thoroughly inspected.

• Fishing activities in all the rivers of Belum should be regulated and some rivers should be closed for conservation and breeding purposes. More spot-checks should be conducted on boats and boathouses, which have been reported to be storage places for hunting equipment and possibly animal parts.

• More anti-poaching patrols and manned check points should be established in Temengor FR, possibly jointly between the Forestry Department and the Department of Wildlife and National Parks.

• More patrols by the Forestry Department to detect improper logging practices in Temengor FR.

• Closure of Jetty Trojan in the Temengor Lake to prevent access to wildlife poachers and traders.

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Annex 1 – Newspaper articles related to illegal hunting in Malaysia Annex 1a (27th June 2005/NST)

Annex 1b (4th September 2004/NST)

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Annex 1c

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Annex 1d (5th December 2004/NST)

Annex 1e (21st December 2006/NST)

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Annex 1f

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Annex 2 – Area of interest

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Annex 3 – Encroachment records

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Annex 4 – Possible poaching access points along Grik-Jeli Highway

Annex 5 – Coordinates of localities with tree markings LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATE & TIME 5.78640008000 101.64504597000 10-JUL-07 11:49:33 5.77450231000 101.63678468000 11-JUL-07 10:11:18 5.76805461000 101.62984807000 11-JUL-07 14:04:18 5.76506881000 101.63088491000 12-JUL-07 10:56:44 5.75409791000 101.62496754000 12-JUL-07 13:30:54 5.76726554000 101.62241676000 13-JUL-07 12:06:20 5.77239535000 101.63481577000 14-JUL-07 11:42:45 5.77021228000 101.63694746000 14-JUL-07 14:55:08 5.77761535000 101.64278327000 15-JUL-07 11:45:24 5.78449504000 101.64406219000 15-JUL-07 12:20:33 5.80277128000 101.63895861000 16-JUL-07 13:18:00 5.79800617000 101.63180566000 16-JUL-07 14:35:02 5.72482537000 101.31287215000 25-JUL-07 10:45:01 5.72645875000 101.30385490000 26-JUL-07 11:14:14 5.72970321000 101.30028111000 26-JUL-07 12:10:06 5.65687504000 101.31183866000 16-AUG-07 10:49:26 5.82439198000 101.52454161000 05-SEP-07 12:34:01 5.75610822000 101.43428218000 01-DEC-07 11:32:13 5.76119872000 101.44076248000 01-DEC-07 12:22:53 5.76357457000 101.44100388000 01-DEC-07 12:41:57 5.76298658000 101.42802383000 02-DEC-07 10:03:21 5.75296392000 101.42980473000 03-DEC-07 10:15:29 5.74684219000 101.43197824000 03-DEC-07 11:02:22 5.70351614000 101.52505081000 25-JAN-08 11:06:30 5.70472414000 101.52158012000 25-JAN-08 11:16:02 5.82798497000 101.60458870000 24-FEB-08 15:22:34 5.70142586000 101.68220672000 18-APR-08 13:54:44 5.70642675000 101.62929788000 21-APR-08 11:37:20 5.71504209000 101.63753050000 21-APR-08 13:30:52 5.70555579000 101.62711867000 22-APR-08 11:37:53 5.70819919000 101.62411560000 22-APR-08 13:41:30 5.70810037000 101.61879578000 22-APR-08 14:24:45 5.71534812000 101.32267219000 23-APR-07 11:17:27 5.68750067000 101.60504392000 23-APR-08 14:25:59 5.67645064000 101.59591427000 23-APR-08 16:36:02 5.66030500000 101.59931908000 25-APR-08 11:10:37 5.64371738000 101.59728387000 25-APR-08 14:01:59 5.65052331000 101.60417832000 26-APR-08 12:13:41 5.63067296000 101.61454665000 27-APR-08 13:20:57 5.62604573000 101.62440511000 28-APR-08 10:55:53 5.74606637000 101.48198409000 24-MAY-08 10:25:15 5.69710272000 101.48693914000 26-MAY-08 12:07:43

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Annex 6 – Coordinates of localities with abandoned camps LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATE & TIME

5.62840205000 101.40997415000 06-MAR-07 13:07:25 5.71534812000 101.32267219000 23-APR-07 11:17:27 5.75829472000 101.62682011000 12-JUL-07 14:33:22 5.76131606000 101.63192972000 12-JUL-07 15:06:47 5.76399467000 101.63360165000 12-JUL-07 15:49:46 5.76507686000 101.63380341000 12-JUL-07 15:57:57 5.76828780000 101.62595962000 13-JUL-07 14:39:47 5.76859474000 101.62829197000 13-JUL-07 15:02:04 5.79131934000 101.64322835000 16-JUL-07 15:56:09 5.74250246000 101.31084725000 27-JUL-07 17:19:21 5.76664813000 101.43971348000 01-DEC-07 13:32:50 5.76676941000 101.43977207000 01-DEC-07 13:41:05 5.82106244000 101.61358500000 26-FEB-08 11:46:50 5.82106571000 101.61352800000 26-FEB-08 11:47:05 5.61873285000 101.62388401000 29-APR-08 8:53:14 5.61928002000 101.62723023000 29-APR-08 9:08:19 5.70913771000 101.65960408000 19-APR-08 12:35:22 5.70177455000 101.63869576000 19-APR-08 16:31:36 5.70850722000 101.67257097000 19-APR-08 9:38:09 5.70796215000 101.63279967000 21-APR-08 11:48:57 5.72525200000 101.64395724000 21-APR-08 15:11:41 5.66665990000 101.59652716000 23-APR-08 17:41:29 5.75666671000 101.48616255000 23-MAY-08 10:52:25 5.72097321000 101.47625833000 24-MAY-08 12:19:07

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Annex 7 – Coordinates of localities with gaharu extraction signs LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATE & TIME 5.63191541000 101.40712607000 06-MAR-07 10:13:59 5.63203434000 101.41313204000 06-MAR-07 11:29:06 5.62922448000 101.41186050000 06-MAR-07 11:57:52 5.62895483000 101.41140930000 06-MAR-07 12:02:12 5.62852082000 101.40988036000 06-MAR-07 13:16:09 5.64563935000 101.40797180000 07-MAR-07 11:33:01 5.64676671000 101.40798337000 07-MAR-07 11:51:52 5.64740567000 101.40401923000 07-MAR-07 13:00:27 5.64813665000 101.40204865000 07-MAR-07 13:43:28 5.64942939000 101.39900358000 07-MAR-07 14:01:55 5.63497799000 101.41778458000 08-MAR-07 13:12:30 5.63505166000 101.41971476000 08-MAR-07 13:23:40 5.62426901000 101.40352017000 10-MAR-07 11:19:20 5.62413801000 101.40625368000 10-MAR-07 11:32:40 5.59802486000 101.43826635000 19-MAR-07 11:07:29 5.59948809000 101.44093464000 19-MAR-07 11:46:02 5.59909623000 101.43993594000 19-MAR-07 14:05:37 5.62067477000 101.47024347000 08-APR-07 11:08:00 5.61320666000 101.47392212000 09-APR-07 10:07:41 5.61373355000 101.48097415000 09-APR-07 11:10:11 5.60557745000 101.46421923000 10-APR-07 10:51:49 5.71514812000 101.30125634000 19-APR-07 11:01:04 5.75139348000 101.36180704000 15-MAY-07 10:51:44 5.75192423000 101.36198876000 15-MAY-07 10:57:47 5.75873402000 101.36046695000 15-MAY-07 12:14:06 5.76241460000 101.35879987000 15-MAY-07 13:40:40 5.74436769000 101.35445570000 16-MAY-07 12:10:22 5.74387148000 101.35105642000 16-MAY-07 12:22:36 5.73657344000 101.36113683000 17-MAY-07 11:25:44 5.73187186000 101.36372893000 17-MAY-07 12:45:17 5.75408910000 101.34794556000 19-MAY-07 13:27:37 5.75453972000 101.34656455000 19-MAY-07 13:40:32 5.77404516000 101.63182980000 11-JUL-07 12:00:27 5.75545644000 101.62212532000 12-JUL-07 12:33:51 5.75821459000 101.62613933000 12-JUL-07 14:28:27 5.76860388000 101.63061661000 13-JUL-07 10:51:01 5.79303553000 101.64451942000 16-JUL-07 11:45:59 5.66522869000 101.30512183000 15-AUG-07 12:52:44 5.65493739000 101.31188627000 16-AUG-07 11:07:23 5.62903765000 101.31123852000 19-AUG-07 11:49:19 5.72442513000 101.29845763000 20-APR-07 10:32:04 5.70937702000 101.49099967000 20-FEB-07 10:48:06 5.71207901000 101.51084466000 20-JUN-07 10:07:52 5.71397725000 101.51943360000 20-JUN-07 11:28:27 5.71519355000 101.52056582000 20-JUN-07 11:48:49 5.72009110000 101.52539774000 20-JUN-07 12:16:52 5.74988156000 101.36680232000 20-MAY-07 10:55:08 5.72810277000 101.31733325000 21-APR-07 11:13:08 5.73084399000 101.31906068000 21-APR-07 11:31:12 5.73180322000 101.31945807000 21-APR-07 11:48:41

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5.71278912000 101.49945575000 21-JUN-07 10:34:09 5.72285185000 101.50519073000 21-JUN-07 11:52:34 5.72624618000 101.50584687000 21-JUN-07 13:04:19 5.70906613000 101.49801758000 21-JUN-07 9:59:30 5.61182843000 101.43612050000 21-MAR-07 13:23:48 5.73977281000 101.36193847000 21-MAY-07 11:29:12 5.73810473000 101.37106821000 21-MAY-07 13:44:05 5.74203366000 101.30047389000 22-APR-07 14:02:31 5.70965772000 101.36031414000 24-APR-07 9:52:58 5.72741764000 101.30205145000 26-JUL-07 11:21:20 5.64623061000 101.45263502000 29-JUN-07 9:20:20 5.64564303000 101.45272639000 29-JUN-07 9:23:35 5.64325553000 101.45292370000 29-JUN-07 9:34:37 5.76253630000 101.44114654000 01-DEC-07 12:29:23 5.76504861000 101.44051362000 01-DEC-07 12:47:23 5.77193736000 101.43053622000 02-DEC-07 11:19:37 5.77460985000 101.42926192000 02-DEC-07 11:36:02 5.74814499000 101.43170365000 03-DEC-07 10:57:38 5.75672303000 101.40835360000 04-DEC-07 12:35:40 5.75177687000 101.41484991000 04-DEC-07 14:15:50 5.81152551000 101.51336065000 12-JAN-08 11:13:43

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Annex 8 – Coordinates of localities with hunting signs LATITUDE LOGITUDE

5.773705833 101.29226535.901873083 101.59026535.818720333 101.4421319

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