UNIT 4 Chapter 17 – European Renaissance & Reformation THE RENAISSANCE & REFORMATION.
European Renaissance and the Reformation Chapter 1.
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Transcript of European Renaissance and the Reformation Chapter 1.
European Renaissance
and the Reformation
Chapter 1
Section 1: Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Italy’s Advantages
During the middle ages, Europe suffered much war and plague
Renaissance-means “rebirth”
The long period of suffering caused people to want to celebrate life and the human spirit
Renaissance in this context refers to a revival of art and learning
Educated men & women of Italy hoped to bring Italy back to the culture of classic Rome and Greek eras
Italy’s Advantages
The Renaissance led to innovative styles of art and literature-also stressed importance of individual
So why Italy??
Italy’s Advantages
First, Italy boasted many large city states
Most of Europe was still rural but Northern Italy was urban
So what?
Well, cities are where people exchange ideas
Plague meant smaller labor pool, which meant laborer could demand more money
Business owners had few opportunities to expand so they pursued other interests- like art
Italy’s Advantages
Second, Italy had Merchants and the Medici
In smaller Florence and Milan, merchants were able to dominate politics
Merchants were not of nobility so they had to work for social rank
Many believed power could come from politics
Cosimo de Medici-wealthy and powerful merchant from Florence; Medici family became most powerful in the region
Italy’s Advantages
Looking to Greece and Rome
Renaissance scholars looked down on art and literature of the Middle ages
They wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans
They drew inspiration from Roman ruins, ancient Latin manuscripts, and ancient Greek manuscripts
Classical and Worldly Values
Classics lead to humanism-intellectual movement that focuses on human potential and achievements
Humanists influenced artists and architects to carry on ancient Greek vlaues
Humanists popularized the study of humanities- like history, literature, and philosophy
So thank the Italians for being in this class!!
Classical and Worldly Values
During the Middle Ages people showed piety by wearing rough clothing and eating plain food
Renaissance spirit was to be secular-worldly rather than spiritually-live in here and now
Eventually church leaders began living in lavish mansions and wore expensive clothes
Classical and Worldly Values
Church leaders beautified Rome by becoming patrons of the arts by financially supporting art
Renaissance leaders and wealthy families were also patrons. Donating art showed wealth and importance
Classical and Worldly Values
Renaissance man- One who excelled in many fields (universal man)
Educated men expected to create art
Renaissance Woman-Expected to inspire art but not create
Upper Class women more educated than lower class, but had no political influece
Exception-Isabella d’Este
Renaissance Revolutionizes the Art
Artists often portrayed religious subjects, but used a realistic style copied from classical models
Renaissance painters used the technique of perspective-shows 3 dimensions on a flat surface
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Michelangelo used realistic style to paint human body
Emphasis on individual meant painters began to paint citizens
Donatello made sculpture more realistic by carving realistic human poses
Created David- first large scale nude statue since ancient times
Heroes in a Half Shell
Leonardo da Vinci- Renaissance man painted, sculpted, invented, and was a scientist.
Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
Raphael studies works of Leonardo and Michelangelo
Created many works of art dealing with Madonna and child
Turtle Power
Not TMNT, but women
Sofonsiba Anguissola was first women to gain international acclaim as an artist
Painted Spanish royal family
Artemisia Gentileschi-trained with her father and created art of strong heroic women
Renaissance Writers
Dante-Italian writer who wrote in vernacular-his native language-rather than Latin
Francesco Petrarch-father of Renaissance humanism
Giovanni Boccaccio-used humor to illustrate the human condition
Niccolo Machiavelli- wrote “The Prince”, to advise rulers how to gain power and then stay in power
Vittoria Colonna- woman writer, wrote about personal subjects
Section Two: The Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance Begins
The bubonic plague and Hundred Years War caused population to decline in France and England
As urban areas began to grow, they began to look to the arts
The Renaissance mingled with northern traditions and developed its own character
Renaissance plants the seeds for social reform
Artistic Ideas Spread
As France and Italian city states engaged in war, Italian artists moved to safety in N. Europe.
German painters Albrecht Durer studied in Italy and influenced Hans Holbein.
Flanders focused on becoming the artistic center of Northern Europe.
Jan van Eyck became famous for oil painting, Pieter Bruegel painted scenes from everyday life
Northern Writers Want to Reform Society
Italian humanist ideas inspired northern Europeans to question the Church.
Northern humanists were critical of the failure of the Church to inspire people to live like Christians
These people became known as Christian humanists-focused on reforming society-esp. education for all children
Northern Writers Want to Reform Society
Desiderius Erasmus and Tomas More-Most famous Christian humanists
More wrote Utopia- means “no place” in Greek, means ideal place in English. Book is about place where there are no wars, greed, or corruption. Money is irrelevant
Christine de Pizan wrote about the difference in treatment of boys and girls-advocated schools for girls
Elizabethan Age
Period of time of Queen Elizabeth’s Reign
Queen Elizabeth was well educated, wrote poetry and music and supported the development of art and literature
William Shakespeare-most famous writer of this era.
Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas
Johan Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Germany in 1440.
Chinese developed numerous presses in 1000s but their language was to big to use-press was not practical
First thing printed was a full size Bible.
Printing presses created many copies of a single work. Made books cheap.
The Legacy of the Renaissance
A period of great artistic and social change
It marked a break with the medieval period ideas focused around the church
Renaissance ideas of dignity of individuals played a key role in the rise of Democracy
The printing press helped leterature spread to the masses
Section 3: Luther Leads the Reformation