European European Renaissance Renaissance

and and ReformationReformation

Kick-starting the rise of the West.

Italian RenaissanceItalian RenaissanceThe rebirth of art and learning from 1300CE to 1600CE in

northern Italy.

Why Italy?Why Italy?• Italy Fostered the Renaissance:

o Thriving Cities and A Wealthy Merchant Class• Thanks in Large Part to the Crusades

o The Classical Heritage of Greece and Rome

• Foundation of the Renaissance:o Humanism – focus on human potential and

achievements• Widened the gap between religious and

secular institutionso Patrons – church leaders and wealthy

merchants who financially supported artists

The Ninja TurtlesThe Ninja TurtlesDonatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Rafael

Donatello 1386-Donatello 1386-1466CE1466CE

• Donatello made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personalityo Sculpture David

• Perspective – a technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519CE1452-1519CE

• The archetype of the Renaissance Man - A painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientisto Deeply interested in

how things worked

• Best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Michelangelo 1475-Michelangelo 1475-1564CE1564CE

• A painter, sculptor, architect, and poeto Explored the

Renaissance theme of human potential

• Three Greatest Works:o St. Peter’s Basilicao Sistine Chapelo David

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

RaphaelRaphael

• Studied the works of Leonardo and Michelangelo

• Most famous work called School of Athens

The Northern The Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

Finally began once the Hundred Years War finished.

Renaissance Renaissance WritersWriters

• Desiderius Erasmus of Hollando Believed in Christianity of the

heart, not one of ceremonies or rules

o People should study the Bible to improve society

• Thomas Moore of Englando Wrote the book Utopia about an

imaginary land full of peace-loving people• Place where greed, corruption,

war, and crime had been weeded out

William William ShakespeareShakespeare

• Wrote in Renaissance Englando Also called the

Elizabethan Age for Queen Elizabeth I who was in power at the time

• Plays displayed a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings

• Known for Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and King Lear

GutenbergGutenberg’’s Bibles Bible• Johann Gutenberg, from

Germany, reinvented movable type around 1440ADo He then invented the printing

press• Printing press – a machine that

presses paper against a tray full of inked movable type

• Using the printing press, Gutenberg printed a complete Bible in 1455AD

• Printing press could produce hundreds of copies of books and made them very cheapo Spread learning throughout

the Renaissance world

The Effects of the The Effects of the RenaissanceRenaissance

1. Created gradual but widespread educational reform through use of vernacular language

2. Developed the conventions of diplomacy3. Increased the reliance on scientific observation4. Leads to the Reformation, Scientific Revolution,

Exploration, and the Enlightenment

The The ReformationReformationThe ideas of the Humanists, along with the

Bible being printed for cheap and in the local vernacular, helped spur the reform of

the Catholic Church.

Martin LutherMartin Luther

• A monk who taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in Germany

• Luther wanted to take action against a friar who was selling indulgences to raise money for a cathedralo Indulgence – a pardon that

released a sinner from their action

Martin Luther’s “95 Martin Luther’s “95 Theses”Theses”

• Luther wrote 95 Theses, or formal statements, attacking the “pardon-merchants” and posted it on the castle door in Wittenberg

• His teachings rested on three main ideas:o People could win salvation only by faith.o All Church teachings should be based on

the Bible.o People did not need the priests to

interpret the Bible for them.• Protestants

o German Princes protesting against the Catholic Church and siding with Luther

The English The English ReformationReformation

• Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacyo Edward VI and Queen Mary I

• Elizabeth Io She inherited the throne in 1558

• Two Great Events Occurred During Her Reign:o Created the Church of England (Anglican

Church)• Merged Protestant and Catholic services to

create a compromise of the two religious sects

o Destroyed the Spanish Armanda in 1588

The Catholic The Catholic Counter Counter

ReformationReformationThe Church responds.

Catholic Counter-Catholic Counter-ReformationReformation• Catholic Counter-Reformation – a

movement to help Catholics remain loyal to the Catholic Church

• Ignatius of Loyolao In 1540, the pope made Ignatius’s

followers a religious order called the Society of Jesus and members were called Jesuits

o Concentrated on three activities:• Founded schools in Europe• Convert non-Christians to Catholicism• Stop Protestantism from spreading

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• Pope Paul III and church leaders met to agree on

several new doctrines of the Churcho Founded seminaries for the proper training of priestso Reformed religious life by returning to spiritual foundationso Created new spiritual movements focused on the devotional life and

personal relationships with Christo Involved political activities like the Roman Inquisition

Thirty Years WarThirty Years War

• Conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire (today largely Germany)

• Ended the Reformation with the Peace of Westphaliao Each Prince would determine

their own religiono Practice your denomination

without persecutiono Ended the Pope’s pan-European

political power

Effects of the Effects of the ReformationReformation

1. Religion no longer united Europe2. Individual monarchs and states gained power

over the Church3. Laid the groundwork for the rejection of Christian

belief4. Helped spur the Scientific Revolution, Age of

Exploration, and the Enlightenment