European Imperialism in China

The Opium War (1839)• Qing Dynasty in decline

• British force open trade w/ China

• OPIUM only product Britain had that China wanted– used as currency

– widespread addiction

– gov’t attempts to stop

– blew up a British ship loaded w/ opium

• British quickly defeat China

Treaty of Nanjing (August 1842)

• Unequal treaties• Emperor paid for

destroyed opium• Spheres of Influence• US Open Door Policy• HONG KONG

– until 1997

Hong Kong• 1842: British received

in the Treaty of Nanjing

• Returned Hong Kong back in 1997 according to the treaty

• “one country, two systems”

Unrest & Revolution• Taiping Rebellion

– 1851-1865– 20-60 million killed

• 1851: 432 million pop.• 1911: 375-400 million pop

• Ci Xi (Empress Dowager)– power behind the throne

• Boxer Rebellion– 1899-1901– “fist of righteous harmony”

– Anti-western / Anti-imperialism movement

• Led to the rise of COMMUNISM in China

CHINA’S COMMUNIST-CAPITALIST

SPLIT

The Nationalist Party• Kuomingdang (KMT)• Founder: Dr. Sun Yatsen• Successor: Chang Kai-Shek• Support from: Bourgeoise

– the rich– land owners– higher educated

• Goals: 3 Principles o/t Ppl– Democracy

• Capitalism

– Nationalism– Livelihood

DR. SUN YATSEN

CHANG KAI-SHEK

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)1949

• People’s Republic of China• 1st Leader: Mao Zedong

– 1949-1976

• Support from: Proletariat– peasants / poor

• Goals: totalitarianism– economic/social equality

– classless system

– religion is outlawed

– no private property

• Successor: Deng Xiaoping

KARL MARX• Wrote: “The

Communist Manifesto”• Predicted:

– “The Proletariat would rise up against the ruling class” (bourgeoise)

MAO ZEDONG

• Born under FEUDALISM• Mao’s New Order• Totalitarianism

– CCP has total control

• Support from peasants thru propaganda

• Immediate influences:– order is restored

– ended foreign influence

– become self-sufficient

Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)• Mao’s call for a superhuman effort to modernize in one great leap forward• Collective Farms: gov’t forced ppl to pool all their resources together• Communes: 20,000 people to a commune

– hope for huge increase in agricultural output• HUGE FAILURE

– upwards of 40 million s tarved to death• 1957: Hundred Flowers Campaign: "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of though contend".

Propaganda poster

Cultural Revolution (1966)• To renew the communist

revolutionary spirit– due to failure o/t Great Leap Forward

• root out “capitalist roaders”• Red Guards

– students & young factory workers– attacked non-Mao supporters

• Effects: schools closed– factories slowed production– Red Guards were sent to faraway rural

areas– Ppl lost faith in Mao

Four Modernizations

• 1972: Nixon visits China• 1976: Mao dies• 1978: DENG XIAOPING• Four Modernizations:

– Modernizing agriculture– Expanding industry– Developing science & tech– Upgrading the military

• “responsibility system”• Special Economic Zones

(SEZ)• “Made in China”

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