European Crisis (1919-1939)

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Baumer writes “Now if we go back we will be weary, broken, burnt out, rootless, and without hope”, what do you think caused this among the men?

Europe After WWIWWI was ended after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles which forced Germany to:

-Accept blame for the war-pay huge reparations to the allies

The Treaty redrew the boundaries of Europe and created several new nations.

The Treaty also will lead to future war.

The Big Three represented which nations?

Britain, France and the United States

3:07

War to end War…

After WWI many nations worked together to avoid further war:

-Locarno Spirit- France and Germany ban war Forever at a conference in Locarno, Italy

-Kellogg-Briand Pact- Agreement to “renounce [outlaw] war as an instrument of national policy”. It was signed by nearly all the independent nations of the world.

-Nations voluntarily reduced the size of their Navies

-Germany and Soviet Union join the League of Nations

What do you think is the problem with the League of Nations and Kellogg-Briand pact?

There is no way to enforce the ban or to stop aggressors without being aggressive back.

Post War Problems

-lack of jobs for returning soldiers-National debts were too high-fear of communism spreading from Soviet Union-fear of another war

Economic Success and Failure

Economy improves:-War vets start finding jobs-Wages improve-people buy many goods: fridges, cars and radios-many buy on margin/credit increasing sales

Economy plateaus:-Margin reaches a limit and begins to be asked back-Overproduction as sales drop off

Economy Crashes:-Stock market Crashes on Black Friday-banks Fail-unemployment rises as businesses

continue to close

Great Depression -People’s loans are called in to be paid but they don’t have the money-Jobless can no longer afford goods- forcing factories to lay off more employees-The world economy falls as trade between nations decreases

By the 1900s there is a global economy. The Great Depression began in the United States but immediately impacted the rest of the world

By 1932 –30% of German workers were unemployed.–22% of British and U.S. workers were unemployed.

Today’s rate in the U.S. is 7.8%

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British Empire Declines

The economic and political woes of post war Europe forced Britain to re-examine its colonies. Many colonies become Commonwealths:-Canada-Australia-New Zealand-South Africa.

Still linked to Britain because of economic and cultural ties, but politically independent

Irish Civil WarEven Ireland will break away- led by the IRA Irish Republican Army- Ireland demands self rule

In 1921 the British and Irish agreed on an unpopular agreement:

-Southern Ireland = independent-Northern Ireland= Stays with England (mostly

protestant like England)

Today, many Irish are still unhappy about the partition of Ireland, and conflict still occurs.

Post War France-Won the war but had millions of casualties and French citizens were scarred (emotionally and physically) from the war

-Democratic government constantly under attack by extreme conservatives (want king) and communists

-#1 concern- securing France against Germany

Two tier plan:-Defensive line on border-enforce terms of Treaty of Versailles to keep Germany poor and weak

French SecurityThe French took steps for protection:-Maginot Line- a string of defenses to protect against a German invasion

-Sought alliances

-Insisted the Treaty of Versailles be followed to keep Germany’s economy and military weak

Why does the Maginot Line extend to the border between France and Belgium?

The German’s Schlieffen plan of WWI had included an invasion through Belgium

European GovernmentAfter WWI three forms of government compete in Europe:Democracy: holds on in Britain and France despite economic and political issues

Communism: Soviet Union pushes for communism to spread out to other nations. Support given to communist groups worldwide.

Fascism: anchored in Italy but gains support in Germany under Hitler

ReviewDemocracy Communism Fascism

The people hold power Classless society in which the government controls production

…

In Europe in 1930s:BritainFrance

In Europe in 1930s:Soviet Union (Russia)

…

Fascism

Often characterized by extreme nationalism, racism and militarism.

The importance of the nation is above all else, individual rights and freedoms are lost.

The Government is has total control of every decision and its people

“Any Authoritarian Government that is not communist”

Fascism began in Italy post WWI

ReviewDemocracy Communism Fascism

The people hold power Classless society in which the government controls production

Authoritarian government that isn't communist

In Europe in 1930s:BritainFrance

In Europe in 1930s:Soviet Union (Russia)

In Europe in 1930s:ItalyGermanySpain

Fascism in ItalyFrustrated by disorder in post WWI Italy, Benito Mussolini pushed for an end to the constitutional government, to be replaced with an authoritarian government.

Benito’s Black Shirts and attacked socialists, communists and royalists. They smashed the opposition’s printing presses, attacked unions and influenced voters.

1922- March on Rome- Tens of Thousands chant as they swarm into Rome

The Italian King concedes power to Mussolini. 4:35

Il DuceMussolini adopts the name “Il Duce”= The Leader

Suppressed rivals, censors the press and limits voters rights

Promised to bring strength and stability back to Italy

Revived national pride through nationalism and a call to return to “the Glory of Rome”

The sticks= unityThe ax= authority

Unity around Mussolini’s authority

Fascist EconomicsBusinesses under State control- still working for profit but Government controlled with appointed representatives

Workers wages were low, but unions were forbidden. It became unlawful to strike, and discontent was met with punishment

Social PoliciesBelieve, Obey, Fight- state slogan

Men were taught to be selfless fighters- the needs of Italy over the needs of the individual

Women were glorified as home makers- they were forced out of the work force. However, any woman who had 14 or more children received a medal from Il Duce for their service to the state.

Fascist Youth

-Mussolini shaped the minds and beliefs of the youth

-Boys and Girls taught with strict military discipline

-At torchlight ceremonies young students would sing national hymns and chant “Mussolini is always right”

Fascism and Communism

Similarities:-Blind Devotion to state-Terror and secret police to secure power-economies flourish under TOTALitarianism-Vast changes to society-Leaders are popular and claim to rule in the

best interest of the nation

Fascism and CommunismDifferences:

Fascism Communism-Nationalist Goals front and center-Defined classes-Supported heavily by business owners and land owners

-International goals (world wide communist revolt)-Classless society-Support from proletariat and peasants

Weimar Republic (Germany)

Post WWI Germany reorganized from a monarchy to a parliamentary Government-Chancellor and legislature -near universal suffrage-Bill of Rights to protect the people

Problems:-weak government and not popular-communists, backed by Russia made plays to get

power-Conservatives wanted to restore the monarchy

Occupation and Inflation

In 1923 Germany fell behind in their reparation payments. France occupied the coal rich Ruhr valley.

The German miners refuse to work (Passive Resistance). To support the miners the government printed money to help them buy food/goods.

This led to inflation- the value of each dollar dropped because there was so much money!

1922 1923100 marks = 944,000 marks

Hyperinflation

Money in Germany became worthless. Average workers earned Billions of marks a year, bread cost tens of thousands.

8:24

Dawes PlanThe United States stepped, offering loans and convincing France to lower reparation payments. The agreement was called the Dawes plan

Hitler’s Rise

-Leader of the Right Wing National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZIs)-hated Communism-Attempted to over take government in 1923- failed and sent to Prison-in Prison he wrote Mein Kampf- outlined his views

Gained support by promising:-End reparations-create jobs-re-arm Germany-take care of the German State

Eventually voted into power

9:39

Mein KampfOutlines Hitler’s views:

-Extreme Nationalism-Racism-Anti-Semitism-Germans=Aryan= Supreme Being-Germany never lost the war, they were betrayed

by the Jews-A strong leader was needed to lead Germany:

Fuhrer

The Third ReichHitler’s Totalitarian state:

-Controlled all areas of life-used SS troops and Gestapo to root out and end

opposition-Controlled schools and religion-Suspended Civil Rights-destroyed opposition-Disbanded political parties-executed Nazis suspected of not being loyal

**Many Germans did notice their rights were being limited but they were more happy to be employed and the prospering German nation. They did nothing to halt his power**

Fascism takes hold of Europe

9:58

Anti-SemitismWanted to drive the Jews out of Germany and limited their rights-cant go to school or university-cant work for the government-cant practice law or medicine-books written by Jews are banned

Many Jews, including Albert Einstein, fled to the United States and other sympathetic nations

KristallnachtNovember 9 + 10, 1938

In an attempt to scare the Jews out of Germany. Nazi led riots looted Jewish stores and homes. Rioters destroyed property, burned Jewish businesses and Synagogues.

5:22

Response

“The Nazis came first for the Communists. But I wasn’t a communist, so I didn’t speak up. Then they came for the Jews, but I wasn’t a Jew so I didn’t speak up. Then they came for the trade unionists, but I wasn’t a trade unionist so I didn’t speak up. Then they came for the Catholics, but I was a protestant so I didn’t speak up. Then they came for me. By that time, there was no one left to speak up.”

The German public didn’t oppose the change because they enjoyed the freedoms, better economy, and strong leadership.

Why were the fascists so popular?

The dictators were able to get power because the people wanted change:

“Democracy has disappeared in several great nations, not because the people of those nations dislike democracy, but because they have grown tired of unemployment and insecurity, of seeing their children hungry while they sat helpless in the face of government confusion and government weakness… Finally, in desperation, they chose to sacrifice liberty in the hope of getting something to eat.” Franklin D. Roosevelt

1) Why do the people turn against democracy according to Roosevelt?

2) What do the people have to give up and what will they receive?

“they have grown tired of unemployment and insecurity,…” “Government confusion and weakness”

Give up their “liberties” to get “something to eat”

Challenges to PeaceDictators in Italy, Germany and Japan pursue goals to build empires

The western democracies are urged by voters to end war and solve issues diplomatically so they pursue Appeasement- They give into the demands of aggressive nations to avoid war.

What does this political cartoon imply about appeasement?

Can anyone guess who drew it?

Appeasement shows weakness and cowardice

Dr. Seuss

Hitler makes movesIn 1936 Hitler violates the Treat of Versailles by building up an army Then pursues goals:-Sends troops to occupy the Rhineland-Unites German and Austria in Anschluss-invades Czechoslovakia to unite German speakers-Munich Pact 1938- Czechoslovakia is convinced by Great Britain and France to give in to Hitler’s demands and in return Hitler promises no more expansion-1939 Hitler seizes the remaining Czechoslovakia territory.

*Only Democratic Poland remains- Western powers promise to protect*-Nazi-Soviet Pact- Non-aggression agreement between Russia and Germany- also includes plans to divide Poland-Poland invaded on 9/1/1939- war declared!

Appeasement: As Hitler continued to take over parts of Eastern Europe, the Western powers stood by and did nothing.

World War II 1939-1945AXIS ALLIED

GermanyItalyJapan

BritainFranceSoviet UnionChinaUnited States

These nations entered the war later on

WWI- Trenches In France and Russia

WWII- Mobile Aggression Europe, N. Africa and Asia

Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”

Hitler took control of Poland within a month. After a quiet winter he continued his conquest on Norway, Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands.

By May Allied forces are retreating from France. Germany and Italy invade France, take control and begin occupation.

Miracle of Dunkirk:Allied forces were evacuated away from Dunkirk using military, commercial and private boats. Over 300,000 troops are rescued.

Britain stands aloneLed by Winston Churchill:

“We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender”

Woman:Mr. Churchill, you are drunk

Churchill:and you madam are ugly, but in the morning I will be sober, and you will still be ugly

2:25

Hitler’s Operations

Three main operations:Operation Sea Lion- BritainOperation Desert Fox- North Africa (Egypt)Operation Barbarossa- Russia

Operation Sea Lion- Britain

Invade England after a massive air assault- military targets switched to civilian targets

London Blitz- 58 nights of bombing

15,000 perish and nearly half of the city destroyed but the citizens hold on

Desert Fox- Africa

German General Rommel became known as the Desert Fox- thus the nick-name Desert Fox

Germany and Italy tried to overturn Egypt and gain control of the Suez Canal. Britain sent thousands of troops to protect their trade passage

Operation Barbarossa- Soviet UnionHitler wants to crush communism and take Russia’s natural resources3 Million troops storm into unprepared RussiaRussian troops retreat, burning crops and supplies as they go (like scorched earth)

Leningrad Siege:The Germans are not ready for the Russian winter, so they surround the city and do not let supplies in. They are hoping to starve out the Russians.Over 1 million Leningrad citizens perish, survivors eat paper, wall paper and even boiled leather

Final Solution- GENOCIDEThe Axis powers were dominating the war from 1939-1942. Hitler and his Nazis set up Concentration camps through out occupied land where they carried out the systematic killing of Jews, dissenters, gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped and other religious followers.

**Only the people of Denmark resisted and successfully evacuated over 90% of their Jews to neutral nations**

2:19 2:33

1:45

Holocaust- The Terrible things allegory

http://vimeo.com/31162159

What does the Big Rabbit say every time a new animal is taken away?

Why does the little rabbit questions fall on deaf ears?

6:50

US Neutrality“It’s their war”

Scared to be involved in another war in Europe the American people pushed politicians to remain neutral.

As the US continues its policy of neutrality, President Roosevelt finds a way to supply aid to the Allies. He convinces Congress to pass the Lend Lease Act which allows the US to lend or sell war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the US”.

“Arsenal of Democracy”

Pearl Harbor Lives in infamyRoosevelt pledged to stay out of the war because the US was not directly involved. However, the Japanese angry with the US for halting trade with them, bombed the Navy base at Pearl Harbor.

1:40

2:37

3:50

What are these pictures of?

Japanese Americans were interned, or kept, in large camps to “protect” the united states safe from Japanese spies. Most of the Japanese Americans in the camps were born in America.

Japanese Internment Camps in AMERICA

**In times of war, civil liberties may be limited**

Allied EffortsThe Big Three:

Britain: ChurchillSoviets: Stalin

United States: Roosevelt

They didn’t trust each other but agreed to deal with the European problem before the Japanese/ Asian problem

TOTAL warGovernments increased in power during the war:

-Order factories to make planes/tanks-ration food and gas-set prices and wages-internment camps for the Japanese Americans

**In times of war, civil liberties may be limited**

Propaganda

Used to promote the war effort and to spread dislike of opposition.

Posters like Rosie the Riveter convinced women to join the work force:

Turning Points:Africa and Italy

The allies pushed Axis forces out of North Africa and pushed them back through Italy. Hitler sends additional troops to the Italian forces, creating a Third Front.

Turning Points:Stalingrad

Hitler’s siege of Leningrad was not working, so he tried to take Stalingrad instead. He circled Stalingrad, preparing a siege, but the Russian troops circles around him. One year later the Germans surrender (300,000 German causalities)

Turning PointsFrance

Dwight Eisenhower planned an Allied invasion of France. To prepare the Allies constantly bombed German factories, aircraft sites and military supply warehouses.

The Allies stormed Normandy’s beaches on June 6, 1944 with 176,000 troops.

Aftermath 3:53

Invasion 3:44

D-DayD-Day

Battle of the BulgeLast battle in Europe- Soviets and US/Brits met at Elbe River and attacked Berlin. When they entered the city Hitler was dead and Germany surrendered on May 7th, 1945

Post War Europe

As the Allies enter German held lands the holocaust comes to light, revealing the true horrors.Nazis like Auschwitz operator Rudolf Hoess admit to mass murder in the millions.

The Nuremburg trials begin, holding political and military leaders responsible for wartime actions.

Pacific Theater The Americans stopped the Japanese expansion into the Pacific at Midway. Once the European war was over the Allies began an Island hopping campaign to push Japan back.

Manhattan ProjectWhile the military island hopped the Pacific, scientists in the US were studying ways to harness the power of the atom. In July 1945 detonated first Atomic bomb test

President Truman ordered Japan to surrender of face “Utter and complete destruction”

Atomic bombs dropped:Hiroshima- 8/6/45- 70,000 killed instantly

Nagasaki- 8/9/45- 40,000 killed instantly

**many more die from radiation exposure over time**

Japan surrenders

The war officially ends when Japan signs a peace treaty in September 1945.

United Nations

With war officially over, the world looks to create and restore peace. The United Nations is created to keep peace with five permanent members:US, Britain, France, Soviet Union and China

Today the UN plays a peace keeping role AND humanitarian society, responding with aid to natural disasters, disease outbreaks and aiding nations economically.

Yalta ConferenceDisagreements at Yalta (allies met in 1945 to discuss post-war Europe)

-The Soviets were denied war reparations from the Germans by the Allies

-The Americans pressed the Soviets to declare war on Japan

-Poland’s future- Soviets wanted Poland to remain communist, but the Allies insisted free elections be held to allow the nation to chose their own government

-Germany is split into 4 Zones of Occupation: American, British, French, and Soviet

-The Soviet Union begins the Coniform Program- offering advice and support to Communist parties in other countries around the world

After WWII The allies split Germany into 4 zones of occupation. Each nation was responsible for the rebuilding and demilitarization in their zone.

Berlin, Germany’s capital, was also split into 4 Zones of Occupation

German Occupation

Cold WarThough the Allies had worked together during the war, deepening suspicions and fundamental differences caused tensions. Soon the United States and Soviet Union were locked in the Cold war: hostility between nations WITHOUT armed conflict.

Allies- want to promote democracy and capitalism

Soviet Union- promote totalitarian regimes and communism

Satellite nations/ buffer ZoneStalin didn’t trust France and Germany to not invade again so he created a “Buffer zone” to protect the USSR

Iron CurtainThe division between the communist influenced nations and democratic nations was referred to as the Iron Curtain

Appeal of Communism

Post WWII:-people are starving-cities in ruins-homes destroyed-millions dead-few jobs

But Communists are promising:-jobs for all-food and shelter for all-strong government

Which would you prefer? Why?

ContainmentThe United States passed several measures to ensure the “containment” of communism inside the iron curtain.

Truman Doctrine- “it must be the policy of the US to support free people who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures [USSR]”

Marshall Plan- Use financial aid to combat the appeal of communism- billions spent

By providing basic needs and financial aid to rebuild, communist influences are reduced

Berlin Blockade

1948- time to reunite Germany as one independent nation but USSR refuses.

Stalin blockades West Berlin to get rid of foreign influence to turn it to communism.

The Allies respond with the Berlin Airlift- thousands of supplies are flown into West Berlin for over a year

NATO 1949(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

The United States and Western European nations (11 in total) formed an alliance pledging to help one another if attacked

Warsaw PactIn response to the formation of NATO, Stalin created an alliance with 7 Eastern European Nations, mostly the Soviet’s satellite nations.

Arms RaceThe Soviet Union quickly develops an Atomic bomb.The US develops a Hydrogen bomb.The Soviet Union develops a Hydrogen bomb

Both attempt to create more powerful weapon superiority

WWII Long last effects

-Cold War lasts until 1991- over 40 years-wars are fought pitting Communists against democrats-new more powerful weapons-North Korea considers US their “Sworn Enemy”