Benito Mussolini IL Duce

1919-1939 ( 2 decades1920s 1930s) THE ROAD to W.W.II

Flags of W.W.II

After the Great War Europe after WWI Millions had been killed. The wounded couldnt work and needed to be taken care of Countries were broke so the government could not provide many servicesNot enough farmers led to food shortagesLots were unemployedThere were new countries and new governmentsGermany was hit the hardest due to reparation payments mandated by the Treaty of Versailles Some governments simply printed more money causing massive inflation

Inflation: rising prices because of a decline in the value of money HUNGRY PEOPLE are ANGRY people

Political Chaos 1920sToo many political parties caused chaos not orderNo one group could gain a majorityLeaders couldnt get anything done because other parties would vote against themGovernments were not powerful enough to solve the countrys problemsSome people thought capitalism had failed and turned to the communist party

RED SCARE: Fear that communists would come to power in any given country and then take over private property

Closing Activity: Complete these sentences1. The years between WWI and WWII were ______________2. Major countries in WWII were ___________3. Problems in European countries after WWI were___________4. Politics in Europe after WWI were in a state of Chaos because ________________ 5. Inflation is __________6. A red scare is _________Summary Activity: In the Summary box at the bottom of your Cornell notesheet Write 3 sentences that answer these 3 questions1. What was Europe like after WWI?2. What were European Governments like after WWI?3. What was a Red Scare? Reasons that the GREAT WAR is going to come to an endAll the nations were heavily in debt except for the U.S.There were food shortages in Germany and AustriaThe Ottoman Empire had surrendered and was talking about peace terms with the AlliesThe British naval blockade was doing a good job starving GermanyThe U.S. had the money and men to keep the war going for a long timePublic opinion for the war in all countries was very negativeThe last major German offensive to seize Paris was halted.A revolution in Austria-Hungary brought about a new government. The new government negotiated a peace treaty with the AlliesThere were a number of German and French mutinies (refusals to obey orders from the commanding officers)Many Europeans felt that American president Woodrow Wilsons 14-point peace plan offered a fair plan for peace and so were willing to talk of a ceases-fire

Complete these sentences1. The years between WWI and WWII were ______________2. Major countries in WWII were ______________3.Problems in European countries after WWI were___________4.Politics in Europe after WWI were in a state of Chaos because ________________ 5. Inflation is __________6. A red scare is _________The Treaty of Versailles screws GermanyGermany must give up its colonies around the worldThe mineral-rich Alsace Lorraine area in-between Germany and France is given to FranceFrance gets to exploit Germanys coal-rich Saar area for 15 yearsGermany loses land to Poland and DenmarkReduction of Germanys military: Could have no more than 100,000 soldiers. NO military in the Rhineland (border with France) Could have no airplanes. Only allowed 6 warships. No submarinesMust sign and admit the war guilt clause taking full blame for warMust pay war reparations mostly to Britain and France to the tune of 33 billion $$$$$$

Governments after W.W.I* Because the problems were so great people lost faith in their governments quickly* Citizens were constantly looking for new leaders with answers so government changed rapidly*Many countries had dozens of political parties so it was hard for any group to get a majority *In some nations different political parties shared power in coalition governments Frequent changes in governments made it hard for any one group to get enough support to get big reforms passed (from1919 to 1940 France endured some 40 changes of government)Because so many people were poor; communism was looking good to many peoplePowerful businesses spent much of their time and money fighting these so called Red ScaresVocabulary Word Red Scare: Fear that communists would come to power in any given country and then take over private propertyIn- between the Wars (W.W.I-W.W.II) 1919-1939Most European nations had many financial problems many were out of workToo many political parties caused chaos and no leader could get anything done because other political parties would vote against the actionSome people thought capitalism had failed and turned to the communist party

Fascism: a form of government that is super nationalistic and militaristicFounded by Benito Mussolini of Italy in 1919Characteristics of a Fascist government* The message is that your people are the greatest (master race, etc.)Usually charismatic speakerMessage is to restore the nations greatness The way to put people back to work is through building the military and TAKE LAND ! (build an Empire) Leaders wear military uniforms, parades, rallies, patriotic musicMessage includes: blaming some particular group for nations problems (Jews)ANTI-Communist!! People voted for Fascists because they protected capitalism $$$

14Mexico

Totalitarian governments: governments that control all aspects of society1 one Political Party or Idea2. one leader whose picture and statue is everywhere3. Mass Propaganda: biased or one-sided information constantly spit out by the government4. Government Controlled Media newspapers, radio, tv, school books, art5. Indoctrination (brainwashing) of their doctrines at school and work and on the news 6. Posters promoting the governments agenda are everywhere7. Govt. drives the economy decides what to make usually weapons8. All movies, books, music and art must glorify the governments agenda9. Secret police and spies are everywhere looking for enemies of the country10. prisons, labor camps, reprogramming or concentration camps where people are sent to re-program their thinking

Totalitarian governments: governments that control ______ aspects of society1 __________Political Party or Idea2. one leader whose ______________is everywhere3. ____________: biased or one-sided information constantly spit out by the government4. Government Controlled________ newspapers, radio, tv, school books, art5. ______________(brainwashing) of their doctrines at school and work and on the news 6_________promoting the governments agenda are everywhere7. ________drives the economy decides what to make usually weapons8. All movies, books, music and art must __________the governments agenda9. ____________are everywhere looking for enemies of the country10. prisons, labor camps, reprogramming or _______________camps where people are sent to re-program their thinking

To those who say that they will not come over to our (NAZI) side, I calmly reply, we already have the minds of your children

- Adolf Hitler Sentence startersThe Treaty of VersaillesMany European countries after WWI were..Inflation is.Governments in Europe after WWIA red scare is A characteristic of Fascism is People vote for fascists becausePeople dont vote for Fascists becauseBenito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini: dictator of the Italian Fascist partyFascism: ultra or super nationalism.The message that your civilization or race have always been the greatestNeed a powerful authoritarian government. Democracy causes chaosMilitarism: the military must be strong to defeat communist threat. Factories making weapons will revive the economyControlled media: the communists and other instigators must not have a voiceAll art, history, music and learning must glorify your cultureOther characteristics include things like: charismatic speaker/speechesPatriotic songs and parades. uniforms, rallies, self-sacrifice for the good of the countryPeople in opposition to your party are against the progress of the countryUsually an element of persecution of certain races (like Jews) that have polluted the progress of your countryFascism is much like totalitarian Stalinist Russia but primary difference is in Fascism capitalism $$$ is allowed and communism is hatedSecret police, controlled media indoctrination in schools

SUMMARYComplete the sentences: 1. Fascism is __________2. A characteristic of fascism is_________3. 2 other characteristics of fascism are _________4. People voted for fascists because________5. Benito Mussolini ___________

HEADPACKER Bust!(CLOSING Activity) Complete the sentences: 1. Fascism is __________2. A characteristic of fascism is_________3. A characteristic of fascism is _________4. Benito Mussolini ___________5. People voted for fascists because________

Why people voted for the FascistsPowerful speakers/speeches can persuade peopleThe rallies were big and impressiveNationalism or the greatness of your people is a powerful messageTheir message was to take the country back to their glory days They were men of action and theyd fix the problems fastclaimed democracy was too many different opinionsThe Fascists promised to destroy the Communist threat protect capitalism and business $$$

Do you think these guys could get 33 people out of a 100 (33%) to vote for them?

The League of Nations: the peace-keeping organization of nations set up after WWI Solve world problemsNot trade with aggressive bad nationsIf one nation attacks another nation all the other members are suppose to go to war against the aggressive nation Reasons it did not work: World-wide economic depressionWars costs moneyHard convincing European soldiers to fight for an Asian or African nation It was abolished during W.W.II The United Nations is the new peace-keeping body that is still around today

League of Nations / United Nations (UN)1919-1939 (20 years)Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland58 nationsMany nations did not joinDied because it couldnt stop Japan or Hitler

1945 present day Headquarters: New York, USA191 nationsStill active

1.Woodrow Wilson was an idealist Why would Idealist love the idea of a League of Nations?2.What good do you think the League did? 3. What is bad about not all nations joining? 4.What was the first thing the League was supposed to do to a Bad nation?5. What problems might there be with this strategy?6. What if not trading with them doesnt fix the problem what then?7. What problems could you see about going to war against the bad nation?

HEADPACKER Bust!(CLOSING Activity) Complete the sentences: 1. A problem with the League of Nations was__________2. Some countries that did not join the League were_________3. Trade restrictions were _________4. The reasons that military action didnt work was ___________

CLOSING ACTIVITY: Complete these sentencesReichstagThe German Parliament or government

Chancellor: the name of the leader (or president) of the ReichstagHitler was appointed the Chancellor of Germany in 1933

Parliament: representatives that form a government and vote on laws

Prime minister: The leader of parliament

Enabling Act: a law granting Hitler the authority to take action without the participation of the Reichstag. In essence it made Hitler a dictator

Paul Von HindenburgGerman general and famous war heroThe most respected man in GermanyPresident of Germany Appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933 thinking that he could control himDied in 1934His death open the door for Hitlers dictatorship

Mussolini and HitlerThe Rome/Berlin Axis (Axis Powers of W.W.II)

Vienna, Austria Munich, Bavaria Germany

Adolf Hitlers art

Words that will help in the study of Adolf HitlerAustriaAnti-semitismMunich, BavariaNational Socialist German Workers (NAZI) SwastikaMein KampflebensraumDer Fuhrer father, leaderThird Reich (reign)brownshirtsSS

Anti-Semitism (anti-semitic): being anti-Jewish. Policies, writings, practices that discriminate against the Jews (a semitic tribe) Believing things like the Jews control the banks and Media

Why have Jews been the target of so much persecution Jews are different (different religion, customs, clothes, eating habits, holidays, etc) Jews arent Christians. They dont believe Jesus was son of God, dont celebrate Christmas, etcThey were wrongly labeled Christ killersTheyve been very successful in business and banking. This has led to the myth that they control the banks or money systemBecause of their success Jews have gone to good universities so some say they influence educationMany Jews are writers or journalistsSome say that they control the media (newspapers, radio, tv) Europeans have been blaming the Jews for problems since the Middle AgesOnce in power Hitlers solution was to rid Europe of everything Jewish

Hitler believed that the some of the German diplomats that signed the Treaty of Versailles were Jews.

He called the signers the traitors who sold out our country

Munich Putsch (attempted takeover) An attempt by Hitler and the Nazis to take control of the government in Munich GermanyThe attempt failed and Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison but only served 9 months

Summary Activity: In the Summary box at the bottom of your Cornell notesheet Write 3 sentences that answer these 3 questions1. What did Hitler think of the signers of the Treaty of Versailles?2. What was the Munich Putsch?3. What the big deal about Mein Kampf?where was Hitler born?what were his parents like?what kind of student was Hitler?why did Hitler go to the Austrian capital of Vienna?what kinds of things was Hitler reading in his teens?How did WWI make Hitler feel?What kind of soldier was Hitler?Why was Hitler temporarily blinded?After the war who was Hitler working against?

Questions: List 3 ways that Jews are different From other cultures

2. How are they different from Christians?

3. What have they wrongly been labeled?

4. What do biased people say about Jews and banking?

5. What do they say about the newspapers and other media?

6. What did Hitler want to do once in power? Some facts about Hitlers early life wereAnti-semitismNAZI stands forThe swastikaMein Kampf talked aboutaryanslebensraum Reasons that Jews have been the target of persecution

Outsiders that moved into a new landThey have specific customs and many do not compromise themWrongly accused as Christ KillersDo not follow the Christian customs or calendar

Because of their financial success their kids have gone to good universities and have earned good positions in finance, education, science, medicine, literature and journalism. As a result of their earned positions, Anti-Semitic idiots have created conspiracy theories that they control the world through finances and the media

Hitlers master Aryan race

Hitlers book: Mein Kampf My struggle or my fight Written while in jail 1923-1924His basic view of history and the world That the world is ruled by the strong by force Aryan Germanic people blonde hair- blue eyes master raceThird Reich (or 3rd reign of Germanic dominance)This master race needed lebensraum or living spaceThat borders are made by men and changed by menWar in Europe is going to happen so we must build the militaryAnti-semitismThroughout history Jews have been controlling through their ownership of banking and newspapers Communism was evil because it took away competitionIt was required reading in German High SchoolOn FBIs banned book listAgainst the law to print it in Germany

In Germany it was banned for 70 years

It is against the law to possess or sell it in Austria, France and Netherlands

The German state of Bavaria tried to stop the modern publication of it

The FBI and many modern police organizations monitor who checks it out

Modern Jewish groups say that Amazon and Barnes and Noble readily sell it The book sells over 20,000 copies a year

...borders are made by man and changed by man...I am guided only by the sober realization that lost territories are not won back by sharp parliamentary big-mouths...but by a sharp sword, in other words, by a bloody fight...

From time immemorial the Jews have known better than any others how falsehood can be exploited (used). Is not their very existence founded on one great lie, namely, that they are a religious community, where as in reality they are a race? And what a race! One of the greatest thinkers that mankind has produced has branded the Jews for all time with a statement which is profoundly and exactly true. Schopenhauer called the Jew "The Great Master of Lies".

the German nation must never suffer the rise of two continental powers in Europe...and in it see not only the right but the duty to employ all means to smash it ...

The function of propaganda is, not to weigh both sides of an argument so far as it favors the enemy... its task is to serve our own right...

The great masses of the people will more easily fall victim to a big lie than to a small one...LebensraumEurope can have only 1 masterNazis wanted to destroy communism

Lebensraum: living space (for the master race)In other words, expansion taking more land!Borders are made by man and changed by man Adolf Hitlerborders are just silly lines that politicians draw on maps the master race will decide what their borders will be not the League of Nations

Time magazine man of the year 1938Germany had been in such a horrible economic hole and people credited him with rebuilding Germany So much so to host the 1936 Berlin Olympic games

Ways Germany got screwed by final TREATY of VERSAILLESGermany is forced to give up its colonies in Africa and AsiaThe mineral-rich Alsace-Lorraine area in-between Germany and France is given back to FranceFrance gets to mine Germanys coal-rich Saar area for 15 years and keep the profitsGermany loses land to France, Poland and DenmarkReducing Germanys military: German army limited to 100,000 soldiers. NO military allowed in the Rhineland (area of Germany that borders France) Could have no airplanes. No tanksAllowed only 6 military ships. 0 (zero) U boats (submarines)Must sign the war guilt clause taking full blame for warMust pay war reparations (pay back $ for damages) mostly to Britain and France to the tune of 33 billion $$$

The Saar

The Rhineland

Sudetenland

Anchluss

The coal-rich area of Germany that was given to FranceThe area on the French/German border that was mandated to be de-militarizedThe mountainous area that used to be German but was given to Czechoslovakia A joining together of Germany and Austria

Ways that Hitler violated the treaty of Versailles*******Label Map 2 to look like map 1name: ____________ Map 1Map 2

Germanys Response: Do you think were stupid? Were not going to sign that The German Ambassadors at Versailles refused to sign the treatyBritain and France responded with If you dont sign it then we dont have a peace treaty and technically, were still at war . So get ready to resume fighting

Furthermore, the British declared that they would not end their blockade of German ports if the Germans wouldnt sign (many Germans were starving because food could not be imported) Not wanting to start the war back up again - The German ambassadors reluctantly signed it and became known by Adolf Hitler as The traitors who sold out our countryAfter the signing -The Treaty of Versailles became the most hated document in German history. Reparation payments to the Allies caused terrible financial problems for the country. German politicians frequently blamed the treaty for Germanys problems When Hitler became chancellor of Germany he declared that Germany would no longer follow the Treaty of VersaillesHitler telling Europe and the world that Germany would not follow the Treaty of Versailles is one of the primary causes of W.W.II

The long name for the NAZI Party was..The StormtroopersThe word der Furher means..Mein Kampf talked aboutLebensraumThe SSThe GestapoSome German carmakersThe NAZIs burned _______ booksAlbert Einstein

SA (brownshirts) aka stormtroopersThe Nazi armyNot the German armyDid things like beat up communists and Jews Burned Jewish shopsKept control at rallies

GestapoGestapo- Hitlers secret police that investigated acts against Hitler inside Germany

SS blackshirtsSS Hitlers strict super elite forces that did his special assignments (think Holocaust torture)

SS officer

Judges in Germany Giving the Nazi Heil Hitler salute

Helpful Vocabulary specific to the European Holocaust of the 20th CenturyAnti-Semitism: having to do with being anti-Jewish. Publications policies, practices that discriminate against the Jews (a semitic tribe)Ghettos: run-down, separated areas of towns where undesirables or different people were forced to live. The term originated during European Middle Ages as Christians would not allow Jews to live in the same areas with themNuremburg Laws: Policies drawn up in Nazi Germany in the city of Nuremburg. Laws took away citizenship rights to Jews. Forbid Jews from government positions including teachers. Forbid inter marriage between Jews and non-Jews. Jews must register with government and wear yellow Star of David to identify selvesSS, Gestapo: Hitlers elite secret police that oversaw the roundup and eventual extermination of the undesirablesFinal Solution to the Jewish question: Hitlers Plan to not simply enslave Europes Jews but to permanently erase all trace of Jewish blood from the continent of Europe (Genocide- complete extermination of an entire race of people) Auschwitz-Birkenau: largest and most infamous Nazi concentration camp located in Poland. Held over 400,000 prisoners. Contained gas chambers and ovens. Over million people were murdered here. Nippon (Japan) land of the rising sun Far East 1st to see sunBeliefs about their Emperor/Royal family descended from Amaterasu (sun goddess)Proud Samurai or warrior tradition (never surrender)Very proud of their historyVERY - nationalisticTheir own written languageTheir own religion of ShintoismTheir own tea ceremony you get the idea

77Nippon (Japan)Emperor Hirohito and Supreme General Hideki Tojo

Japans goal: to be master of an Asian Empire The Japanese were being taught that they were the purest or master race in AsiaIn the late 1800s they modernized and militarizedJapan had the largest, best equipped army, navy and airforceThey defeated Russia in a war in 1905 and took colonies in Korea and ChinaSolution to solving their countrys economic problems?TAKE LAND in Asia and get their natural resources In 1931 they attacked Manchuria, China and ruled it Later, they attacked all of ChinaThe only military threat they saw to their dreams of Empire was the United States navy docked at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Warrior Traditions

Twisted thinking

Japan was already mining in Manchuria, China but wanted to take all of ManchuriaIn 1931 Japan destroyed a part of their railroad and blamed ChinaThis gave Japan an excuse to go to war against China 1931 Japan invades China The League of Nations condemned Japan but did not vote for sanctions or send troops

Mukden Incident Needing an excuse to start a war with China to take over Manchuria Japan destroyed their own railroad in Manchuria and then blamed ChinaJapan attacked China and took over Manchuria because of the fake Mukden Incident

Once Attacked, China asked the League of Nations for help Problem: Japan was one of of the veto nations on the leadership councilLeague of Nations CouncilBritain France Italy Japan What should the League of Nations do?

Why did Japan want Manchuria?What was the Mukden Incident?What did Japan do when the League of Nations was condemning them? Why wouldnt nations quit trading with Japan?What are 2 reasons countries didnt send armies to fight Japan? How did Mussolini view himself? What had happened 50 years earlier when Italy tried to take Ethiopia?Why didnt economic sanctions work on Italy?What is the Suez canal?Why didnt Britain block Italy from using the Suez Canal? The League of Nations was like a world government that met in a beautiful building in Geneva Switzerland. Originally 32 nations joined and eventually 58 nations became a part of the League BUT The USA, Soviet Union and Germany 3 of the most infulential countries of the world never joined the League so the League could decide something and their decisions did not affect 3 giant countriesThe League of Nations could propose a solution to a world problem BUT.. in order for that proposal to pass the votes in the general assembly had to be unanimous (everyone country agreeing) and hardly ever could you get all the countries of the world to agree so hardly any decisions got passed The League of Nations set up a court of International Justice that could settle disputes between countries (and they did ) BUT.. they had no power to force every nation to follow the decision of the courts so many countries ignored the decisionsThe League of Nations could vote for trade restrictions against an aggressive (bad) nation by having all the nations of the League not trade with the bad nation thereby hurting the bad nations economy BUT.. many nations ignored the decisions and went ahead and traded with the bad nations anyway and the League had no power to stop themFinally, if aggressive (bad) nations would not stop being bad the League of Nations could vote for military action against the aggressive nation BUT.countries in the League refused to send soldiers to fight the aggressive nation so the League had no power or authority to enforce any of its decisions

1. What was the 1st thing the League of Nations was supposed to do if a nation was being aggressive? 2. Why didnt nations always do that? 3. why didnt nations send troops to fight the aggressive nations? 4. why didnt the League of Nations work?

1935: Mussolini invades Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Seeing that the League of Nations did nothing to stop Japan in ManchuriaMussolini of Italy decides to attack and take Abyssinia(Ethiopia)Ethiopia appeals to the League of Nations but England and France, not wanting to start a war with Mussolini decide not to actSo, once again the League of Nations did NOTHING

Suez Canal Furthermore, Britain controlled the Suez Canal Ethiopia begged Britain to not allow Italian warships through the canalAfraid that this might start a war with MussoliniBritain allowed the ships through

1. What was the 1st thing the league of nations was supposed to do if a nation was being aggressive? 2. Why didnt nations always do that? 3. why didnt nations send troops to fight the aggressive nations? 4. why didnt the League of Nations work? 1. The name Nippon means2. The Japanese have lots of their own traditions because..3. Samurai warriors4. Japanese taught their people5. Japans goals in Asia were6. Japan was going to solve their economic problems by7. The Mukden Incident..

Appeasement: doing nothing, or giving in to an aggressors demands to avoid conflict or warAppeasement: doing nothing, or giving in to an aggressors demands to avoid conflict or warBritain and France NOT confronting Hitler when they knew he was building his army, navy and airforce

Britain making a secret naval agreement with Germany basically ignoring Germany building its navy

Britain allowing Italian warships to go through the Suez canal to attack Ethiopia

France NOT confronting Hitler when he moved troops into the Rhineland

NOT helping Austria when Hitler marched his troops into Austria for the Anschluss

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberland and France allowing Hitler to take the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia

The treaty of Versailles had forbidden Germany and Austria to uniteIn 1938 Hitler threaten to invade Austria if they didnt join with Germany The leaders agreed to the Anschluss to avoid war

1936 Spanish Civil War Spain had recently elected a new government but a fascist dictator named Franco was ready to control With support from both Mussolini and Hitler, Franco and the fascists won and Hitler had another ally

Conservatives: British political party like our RepublicansLabour Party: British political party like our DemocratsNeville Chamberlain: Britains prime Minister at the timeGuernica: Spanish city that got destroyed by German bombers in 1936 during the Spanish civil war

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Hitler at the Munich Agreement of 1938

Munich

The Appeaser: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

Hitlers 6 steps 1. get back the coal-rich Saar area that had been taken away by the Treaty of Versailles

2. rebuild his army

3. put armed troops in the Rhineland

4. Anchluss with Austria

5. Take back the Sudetenland

6. Secret treaty with Russia to to split Poland

The Nazis hated Communism LebensraumEurope can have only 1 masterNazis wanted to destroy communism

Stalin sent a friend request to Britain

Britain ignored

Nazi Germany and USSR sign a non-aggression pact in 1939 In 1939 Hitler and Stalin have a meeting and sign a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet UnionStalin knew that Hitler hated communism but still signed the treaty because he knew that Hitler was planning to attack Poland and Stalin wanted in land in eastern Poland

Poland

Agreement: Split Poland

Poland

The League of Nations: the peace-keeping organization of nations set up after WWI If one aggressive nation attacks another nation all the other members are suppose to go to war against the aggressive nation Reasons it did not work: World-wide economic depressionWars costs moneyHard convincing European soldiers to fight for an Asian or African nation It was abolished during W.W.II The United Nations is the new peace-keeping body that is still around today

WORLD WAR II

Axis PowersGermanyItaly JapanAlliesBritainFranceSoviet UnionUSA