EU wildlife trade 2012 - World Conservation Monitoring...

UNEP-WCMC technical report

EU wildlife trade 2012

Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2012

2 EU wildlife trade 2012: Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2012

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional

Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels,

Belgium

Published March 2015

Copyright European Commission 2015

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2015. EU wildlife trade 2012: Analysis of the European Union and candidate

countries’ annual reports to CITES 2012. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

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3 Contents

Executive summary .................................................................................................................................... 4

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7

2. Overview of CITES trade ...................................................................................................................... 10

EU Member States ................................................................................................................................ 10

Candidate countries .............................................................................................................................. 17

3. Species showing noteworthy trends .................................................................................................... 19

4. Exports and re-exports ........................................................................................................................ 44

EU Member States ............................................................................................................................... 44

Candidate countries ............................................................................................................................. 52

5. Species valuation .................................................................................................................................. 54

Value of EU imports............................................................................................................................. 55

Value of EU exports .............................................................................................................................. 61

6. Non-CITES trade .................................................................................................................................. 65

Imports .................................................................................................................................................. 65

Exports .................................................................................................................................................. 67

Annex A: Conversion factors .................................................................................................................. 68

Annex B: Glossary .................................................................................................................................... 68

Annex C: Country/territory name abbreviations .................................................................................. 68

Annex D: Purpose and source codes ...................................................................................................... 69

Annex E: Coral taxa selected on the basis of trade reported at the higher taxonomic level ............ 70

Annex F: Valuation methodology overview ........................................................................................... 71

Executive summary Member States of the European Union (EU) are required to submit annual reports detailing their trade in species listed in the CITES Appendices and the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. This report provides a detailed analysis of the trade data submitted by EU Member States and candidate countries in their annual reports for 2012.

Overview of EU trade

The numbers of import and export transactions reported by the EU have increased over the period

2003-2012, reaching 100 000 import transactions and nearly double that number of export transactions

in 2012. The majority of the export transactions reported by the EU in 2012 were re-exports.

Live plants were the commodity imported and exported in the highest quantities by the EU in 2012, of

which the majority were artificially propagated. Reptile leather products, which were principally wild-

sourced, were also traded at notable levels as both imports and exports. Other top commodities in trade

included imports of plant derivatives (stems and leaves) and exports of live fish eggs.

The top commodities imported by candidate countries in 2012 were wild-sourced Arctocephalus pusillus

skins originating in Argentina. Live, wild-sourced plants were the commodities exported in the highest

quantities by candidate countries.

Species showing noteworthy trends

Trends in EU and candidate country imports of wild-sourced

and ranched specimens were considered noteworthy according

to the following criteria: high volume and/or sharp increases in

imports in 2012; and overall increases/decreases or high

variability in imports between 2003 and 2012.

In 2012, 81 taxa were selected on the basis of a noteworthy trend

in trade reported by the EU; these include nine Annex A taxa, of

which seven are mammals (Box 2.1). Ten Annex B taxa met the

criteria for selection on the basis of a high volume of trade or

sharp increase in trade reported by candidate countries.

In 2012, 81 taxa showed noteworthy trends in EU imports of wild or ranched

specimens. These primarily comprised mammals, reptiles, corals and plants.

Over two thirds of the taxa selected were also selected in the 2011 Analysis.

In 2012, the EU reported over 100 000 import transactions and nearly double

that number of export transactions. Live plants were the most highly traded

commodity, the majority of which were artificially propagated.

Box 2.1. Taxa showing noteworthy

patterns of EU imports in 2012.

Mammals: 20 (7 Annex A)

Birds: 1

Reptiles: 17 (2 Annex A)

Amphibians: 1

Fish: 1

Invertebrates: 25 (inc. 20 corals)

Plants: 17

*Also selected on the basis of EU

imports

Executive summary

5 Exports and re-exports

Wild-sourced exports originating in the EU in 2012 primarily involved mammal and bird taxa, the

majority listed in Annex A. All wild-sourced Annex A taxa were exported for scientific or re-

introduction purposes; the remainder mainly involved hunting trophies.

Many of the commodities exported at high volumes involved reptiles and plants; live sturgeon eggs, live

plants and reptile skins and skin pieces were the commodities exported at the highest volumes overall.

The number of reptile taxa traded at high volumes increased from 19 in 2011 to 29 in 2012, mainly due to

an increase in exports of snake skins and live tortoises.

Species valuation

To estimate the monetary value of EU trade in CITES-listed animal species in 2012, species-specific

value data (submitted to United States Customs and included within the United States annual report to

CITES) were applied to EU-reported import and export volumes.

The value of animal imports (excluding caviar extract) in 2012 was estimated at approximately

USD727 million (~EUR537 million). The most valuable commodities imported were leather products

and skins; Switzerland is estimated to be the key EU trading partner by economic value. In the CITES

context, trade in wild and ranched CITES-listed animals to the EU in 2012 was likely to be economically

important for the top ten exporters by value (estimated to be over USD4 million each). Whilst six of

these countries are “megadiversity” countries, aside from Indonesia and Australia (both of which

exported >100 taxa in 2012) the estimated economic value for other top exporting countries was derived

from relatively few taxa.

The value of animal exports (excluding caviar extract) in 2012 was estimated at approximately

USD1.2 billion (~EUR913 million); around 70% higher than the estimated value of EU imports for the

same year. Leather products were again the most valuable commodity exported; high value, luxury

goods appear to represent a significant proportion of the overall value of the trade to and from the EU.

When caviar extract was analysed, the value of this high-end item was estimated at USD3.8 billion for

imports and USD91 billion for exports. It is unclear whether this is an anomaly in the US Customs

Dataset, although the value was based on over 400 value records.

The value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals and animal products

(excluding caviar extract) in 2012 was estimated at USD727 million. The

value of animal exports (excluding caviar extract) from the EU in the same

year was estimated to be 70% higher, at approximately USD1.2 billion.

Tridacna maxima was the species exported by the EU at the highest levels

from the wild in 2012. Live sturgeon eggs, live plants and reptile skins and

skin pieces were the commodities exported in the highest quantities overall.

Non-CITES trade

EU imports of non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes in 2012 principally comprised Annex D reptile

skins, dried plants and plant derivatives, the majority of which were reported without a source or

purpose specified. Species imported at notable levels include Elaphe carinata, with imports exceeding

100 000 skins every year 2009-2012 following considerably lower levels of trade in previous years, and

Harpagophytum spp., with imports of roots and other derivatives peaking in 2012. Imports of live

Pterapogon kauderni are of particular note, having increased four-fold between 2011 and 2012 to 23 537

live individuals, as the species is classified as Endangered according to the IUCN Red List.

Imports of seven non-CITES Annex A and B taxa were recorded by the EU in 2012, compared to only

three in 2011; the top taxon in trade by quantity was Trachemys scripta elegans, imported as live

specimens primarily for scientific purposes.

Six non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes were exported in 2012; the majority of trade comprised live,

captive-bred Columba livia traded for commercial purposes, although trade levels in this species

decreased by 74% compared to 2011.

In 2012, non-CITES imports primarily comprised reptile skins, dried plants

and plant derivatives. Of the six non-CITES species exported, the top

species in trade was Columba livia.

Introduction

7 1. Introduction This report provides a comprehensive overview of international wildlife trade by EU Member States and candidate countries1 in 2012 (Figure 1.1). Species under international trade management are listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations2, which enforce CITES in the EU. The aim of this analysis is to inform future trade management in the EU, in order to ensure that international trade in wildlife is sustainable.

For the first time, this year’s Analysis includes a chapter providing a broad overview of the EU and

candidate countries’ trade in 2012. A preliminary analysis of the economic value of EU exports in

2012 is also included, to contribute to the analysis of import value that has been included since

the valuation methodology was first developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2010 Analysis. As in

previous years, the report also comprises an analysis of species showing noteworthy trends in

imports of wild-sourced and ranched specimens; a detailed summary of wild-sourced and high

volume exports; and an overview of trade in species listed in the EU Annexes but not listed in

CITES. A detailed listing of possible discrepancies in imports reported by Member States and

candidate countries compared to exporter-reported data is also included in an Addendum.

A web version of the report is available at http://euanalysis2012.unep-wcmc.org/.

Figure 1.1. EU Member States (27) and candidate countries (6) in 2012. Overseas territories outside the European region are not shown.

Data included

Data on trade in species listed in the CITES Appendices/EU Annexes are reported by Parties in

their annual reports to CITES and made available via the CITES Trade Database3. The data used

for the analysis were extracted from the CITES Trade Database on the 9th of May 2014, following

the submission of CITES annual reports by Member States and key trading partners. The analysis

1 Six countries were candidate countries to the EU in 2012: Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro, Serbia and

Turkey. All candidate countries with the exception of Iceland had submitted annual reports for 2012 at the time of analysis (May 2014). 2 During 2012, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 amended by (EU) No 709/2010 and subsequently (EU) No 101/2012, and Implementing Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 amended by (EC) No 100/2008 and subsequently (EU) No 791/2012. 3 http://trade.cites.org/

http://euanalysis2012.unep-wcmc.org/

http://trade.cites.org/

8 includes data from all 27 Member States and the five candidate countries (Croatia, FYR

Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey) that had submitted their annual reports for 2012 at

the time of data extraction. All trade data submitted by EU Member States in their 2012 annual

reports to CITES is available via the CITES Trade Database and also via the 2012 EU Annual

Report to CITES, which can be downloaded from the EU Analysis website:

http://euanalysis2012.unep-wcmc.org/eu-annual-report-2012/.

Table 1.1 provides details of the annual reports submitted by EU Member States for 2012; the 78

non-EU CITES Parties (including candidate countries) and dependent territories that had

submitted their annual reports for 2012 at the time of the analysis are included within Table 1.2.

Tables 1.1 and 1.2 also indicate whether each report was compiled on the basis of actual trade or

permits issued. Nineteen per cent of EU Member States specified that their report was compiled

on the basis of actual trade, compared to only 8% of non-EU Parties; the majority of non-EU

Parties (59%) did not specify the basis of reporting, compared to a quarter of EU Member States.

Table 1.1. Details of CITES annual reports for 2012 submitted by EU Member States.

Member State Date of receipt

Basis of reporting

Austria 03/06/2013 Actual trade

Belgium 30/09/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Bulgaria 19/06/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Cyprus 05/08/2013 --

Czech Republic 13/06/2013 Actual trade

Denmark 14/06/2013◊ Permits issued

Estonia 14/06/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Finland 16/09/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

France 11/09/2013 --

Germany 29/05/2013 Actual trade

Greece 17/04/2013 --

Hungary 23/07/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Ireland 05/09/2013 Permits issued

Italy 09/09/2013 Permits issued

Member State Date of receipt

Basis of reporting

Latvia 29/04/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Lithuania 17/07/2013 --

Luxembourg 28/05/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Malta 12/06/2013 --

Netherlands 14/06/2013 Actual trade

Poland 13/06/2013 --

Portugal 16/09/2013 Actual trade

Romania 14/06/2013 Permits issued

Slovakia 11/06/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Slovenia 17/06/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Spain 17/07/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Sweden 20/06/2013 --

United Kingdom 13/06/2013 Permits issued/

Actual trade

Key: ‘--’ = not specified

Table 1.2. Third-party CITES annual reports for 2012 available at the time of analysis (9th May 2014).

Country/Territory Basis of reporting

Albania** --

Algeria Permits issued/

Actual trade

Argentina --

Armenia* Permits issued/

Actual trade

Aruba (NL) --

Australia Permits issued/

Actual trade

Barbados --

Belarus --

Benin* --

Brunei Darussalam --

Cambodia --

Chad* --

Chile Permits issued

China --

Colombia Permits issued

Congo, The Democratic --


Republic of the*

Costa Rica --

Cote D'Ivoire --

Croatia Actual trade

Cuba --

Dominica* Permits issued

Dominican Republic --

El Salvador Permits issued/

Actual trade

Equatorial Guinea No trade

Eritrea No trade

Gabon --

Georgia --

Ghana --

Greenland (DK)* --

Guinea-Bissau* --

Guyana* --

Honduras --

http://euanalysis2012.unep-wcmc.org/eu-annual-report-2012/

Introduction

9 Country/Territory Basis of reporting

Hong Kong, SAR (CN) --

India --

Jamaica Permits issued

Japan --

Kenya Permits issued

Korea, Republic of --

Kuwait Permits issued

Kyrgyzstan* --

Liberia^* --

Macao (CN) --

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of

--

Madagascar --

Malaysia --

Mauritius Actual trade

Mexico --

Monaco --

Montenegro Permits issued

Morocco Permits issued

Mozambique --

Namibia --

Nepal* --

New Zealand Permits issued

Norway Permits issued/

Actual trade

Pakistan --

Peru --


Qatar Permits issued

Saint Lucia* --

Serbia Actual trade

Singapore Permits issued

South Africa Permits issued

Suriname^ Actual trade

Swaziland Permits issued/

Actual trade

Syrian Arab Republic* --

Tanzania, United Republic of --

Thailand --

Trinidad And Tobago --

Turkey Permits issued

Uganda Permits issued

United Arab Emirates Permits issued

United States Actual trade

Uruguay Actual trade

Uzbekistan Permits issued/

Actual trade

Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of

Permits issued

Viet Nam Permits issued

Zambia --

Zimbabwe --

Key: *reported exports only; **reported imports only; ^provisional report; ‘--‘not specified

Data on trade between EU Member States were excluded from the analysis4. Trade recorded as a

seizure/confiscation (source ‘I’) was also excluded, as reporting is inconsistent and data are

therefore incomplete within the CITES Trade Database. Trade in artificially propagated

Appendix II plants and re-exports of manufactured articles was excluded from certain sections of

the analysis; where this is the case, this is specified in the introductory paragraph of the relevant

chapter. Where appropriate, conversion factors were applied to terms and units to facilitate

analysis (see Annex A). Further methodological detail relating to Chapter 5 (Species valuation) is

included in Annex F. Throughout the report quantities have been rounded to whole numbers,

where applicable, unless otherwise specified.

Terminology

Terminology used in the report is defined in Annex B. In several instances the “top commodity” or

“top taxon” in trade are referred to, meaning the commodity or taxon traded in the highest

number of units, respectively; whether they be, for example, numbers of live animals, cubic

metres of timber or kilograms of meat. Throughout the text, certain country names have been

abbreviated; a key to these abbreviations is provided in Annex C. “Region” refers to CITES region5.

Explanations of CITES source and purpose codes, as defined in Annex IX of Regulation (EC) No

865/2006, are included in Annex D.

4 EU Member States are not required to report on trade within the EU, but some do, and this data is included within the CITES Trade Database. 5 According to http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/alphabet.php

http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/alphabet.php

10 2. Overview of CITES trade This chapter provides an overview of trade in CITES-listed species reported by EU Member States and candidate countries in 2012. The importance of the EU as an exporting market appears to be increasing, with roughly double the number of export transactions compared to import transactions reported by Member States in 2012. Live plants were the most highly traded commodity by the EU, the majority of which were artificially propagated.

The sections below focus initially on numbers of trade transactions recorded within annual

reports, so as to provide a broad overview of the character of trade that is uncomplicated by the

variety of different commodity types and units of measure reported. However, it is important to

note that the number of transactions does not provide any indication of the quantity of items in

trade, as a single transaction may vary from one trophy to 500 cubic meters of timber. The

analysis of trade in particular commodities therefore focuses on the quantity of items in trade.

This chapter considers both direct and indirect trade; throughout the chapter, ‘exports’ refers to

both direct exports and re-exports, unless otherwise specified.

EU Member States

Overview of imports

Transactions In 2012, over 100 000 import transactions were reported by Member States in their annual reports

to CITES; the majority of transactions in 2012 involved wild-sourced (55%) and captive-

bred/artificially propagated (43%) commodities (Figure 2.1) and were for commercial purposes

(93%; Figure 2.2). Over the ten-year period 2003-2012 the number of import transactions reported

by the EU increased by 73%, with the proportion of transactions involving wild-sourced

specimens increasing from 40% in 2003 to 55% in 2012. A total of 3109 different taxa were

imported by Member States in 2012, 73% of which were plants.

Figure 2.1. Number of EU import transactions reported by EU Member States by source, 2003 - 2012. ‘Captive -produced’ includes source ‘C’, ‘A’, ‘D’ and ‘F’; ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’, ‘U’ and trade reported without a source.

Figure 2.2. Proportion of import transactions reported by EU Member States by purpose in 2012. ‘Other’ includes purpose ‘B’, ‘E’, ‘G’, ‘L’, ‘N’, ‘Q’, ‘S’, ‘Z’ and trade reported without a purpose (n=101 894).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Nu

mb

er o

f Me

mb

er S

tate

s

Nu

mb

er

of

imp

ort

tr

an

sact

ion

s (t

ho

usa

nd

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Wild-sourced Captive-producedRanched OtherNumber of EU Members

3% 0.7%1%

93%

2%

H - Hunting Trophy

M - Medicinal

P - Personal

T - Commercial

Other

Overview of CITES trade

11 Top commodities When quantities are analysed, plants dominate the trade with live plants, leaves and stems

emerging as the top commodities imported by the EU in 2012 (Table 2.1). Other commodities

imported at levels over one million units in 2012 were reptile skins and small leather products.

Further details on the five top commodities imported are provided in the sections that follow.

Table 2.1. Top 10 commodities by group imported by EU Member States in 2012, ordered by quantity (as reported by importers).

Group Commodity Quantity imported Main source in

trade Trend 2011-

2012* No. of taxa

involved

Plants live 31 038 277 W (58%) ↓ 31% 2269

Plants leaves 3 594 851 A (99%) ↓ 16% 62

Plants stems 2 478 855 A (>99%) ↑ 999% 12

Reptiles skins 1 338 691 W (58%) ↑ 4% 29

Reptiles small leather products 1 094 431 W (84%) ↓ 4% 33

Plants wax (kg)6 705 694 W (100%) ↑ 10% 1

Plants roots 613 981 A (>99%) ↑ 42% 16

Timber bark (kg) 525 521 W (100%) ↓ 17% 1

Corals live 524 608 W (69%) ↓ 5% 156

Corals raw corals (kg) 426 400 W (>99%) ↓3% 8

*↓ signifies decrease in trade in 2012 compared to 2011; ↑ signifies increase in trade in 2012 compared to 2011.

Live plants

Member States imported a total of 31 038 277 live plants in 2012, the vast majority of which were

imported for commercial purposes (98%). Wild-sourced plants accounted for 58% of imports,

with artificially propagated plants (sources ‘A’ and ‘D’) comprising the remainder. Of both wild-

sourced and artificially propagated plants imported, >99% of the taxa involved were Appendix II-

listed. Turkey was the trading partner for just over half of the live plants imported, while the

Netherlands was the main EU importer. Sixty one percent of imports comprised Snowdrops

Galanthus spp. (Figure 2.3).

Figure 2.3. Top 10 taxa imported as live plants by EU Member States in 2012, by source. ‘Artificially propagated’ includes source 'A' and 'D'.

Leaves and stems

Cycas revoluta accounted for 99% of the roughly 3.6 million leaves imported by the EU in 2012;

the vast majority were artificially propagated and imported by the Netherlands directly from

Costa Rica for commercial purposes. In addition, 29 710 kg of leaves were imported by the EU in

6 All Euphorbia antisyphilitica; note that an exclusion has been in place since 2010 for “finished products of Euphorbia antisyphilitica packaged and ready for retail trade”.

0 5 10 15 20

Galanthus woronowii

Phalaenopsis hybrid

Galanthus elwesii

Orchidaceae hybrid

Cycas revoluta

Cyclamen hederifolium

Hylocereus undatus

Sternbergia lutea

Euphorbia lactea

Cyclamen coum

No. imported (millions)

Wild-sourced Artificially propagated

2012, of which >99% were artificially propagated Japanese Yew Taxus cuspidata originating in

China.

Approximately 2.5 million stems were imported by the EU in 2012, the vast majority from the

family Cactaceae. All imports were for commercial purposes, with more than 99% artificially

propagated; 64% originated in Tanzania. Over 90% of the trade comprised Rhipsalis spp. (Figure

2.4). The import of an additional 45 284 kg of stems was also reported.

Figure 2.4. Imports of stems by EU Member States in 2012, by taxon and source. Excludes trade reported by weight.

Reptile skins

A total of 1 338 691 reptile skins were imported by Member States in 2012, the majority wild-

sourced (58%) and for commercial purposes (>99%). Sixty per cent of reptile skins were imported

from Asia, with countries in the Americas also being important trading partners, particularly for

wild-sourced skins (Figure 2.5). Singapore acts as an entrepôt state for the reptile skin trade and

was the top EU trading partner, accounting for approximately a third of all imports, with the

majority originating in other Asian countries (primarily Lao PDR, Indonesia and Viet Nam). Italy

was the main EU importer (46%).

Figure 2.5. Imports of reptile skins by EU Member States in 2012, by CITES region of (re-)export and source. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source 'C' and 'D'. ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’, ‘U’ and trade reported without a source. “Europe” excludes EU Member States.

0 200 400 600 800

Rhipsalis baccifera

Rhipsalis burchellii

Rhipsalis cereuscula

Rhipsalis teres

Hatiora salicornioides

Rhipsalis pilocarpa

Rhipsalis ewaldiana

Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides

Rhipsalis neves-armondii

Rhipsalis spp.

Lepismium bolivianum

Eulychnia acida

No. imported (thousands)


150,000

Wild-sourced

Captive-produced

Ranched

Other

Asia (n = 798 324) North America

(n = 246 506)

Central and South

America & Caribbean

(n = 161 892)

Oceania (n = 3578)

Africa (n = 80 688)

Europe (n = 16 844)


13 The top species in trade were American Alligator Alligator mississippiensis (23%) and Reticulated

Python Python reticulatus (19%; Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.6. Top 10 reptile taxa imported as skins by EU Member States in 2012, by source. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source 'C' and 'D'. ‘Other’ comprises source ‘O’.

Reptile small leather products

Member States reported the import of over a million reptile small leather products in 2012, the

majority of which were wild-sourced (84%) and traded for commercial purposes (98%). Around

three quarters of imports to the EU comprised American Alligator Alligator mississippiensis

originating in the United States (Figure 2.7). The main trading partners were Switzerland (49%),

Tunisia (20%) and China (10%); only 5% of leather products were imported directly. The top EU

importers of reptile small leather products were France (63%) and Italy (14%).

Figure 2.7. Top 10 reptile taxa imported as small leather products by EU Member States in 2012. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source 'C', 'D' and 'F'. ‘Other’ includes source 'O', 'U' and trade reported without a source specified.

0 100 200 300

Alligator mississippiensis

Python reticulatus

Python bivittatus

Varanus salvator

Crocodylus niloticus

Caiman crocodilus fuscus

Crocodylus porosus

Python brongersmai

Caiman crocodilus

Ptyas mucosus


Wild-sourced Captive-produced Ranched Other

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Alligator mississippiensisPython reticulatusVaranus niloticus

Caiman crocodilus fuscusVaranus salvator

Cerberus rynchopsCrocodylus niloticus

Caiman crocodilus crocodilusPython bivittatus

Tupinambis merianae



Overview of exports

Transactions While generally perceived as an importing market, the importance of the EU as an exporting

market appears to be increasing with over 19o ooo export transactions reported by Member States

in 2012; roughly double the number of import transactions reported by the EU in the same year

(Figure 2.8). Of the transactions reported in 2012, 49% involved trade in captive-bred and

artificially propagated commodities while 47% related to wild-sourced trade; the majority of

transactions were for commercial purposes (86%; Figure 2.9). Exports from the EU in 2012

involved 2614 taxa, of which two-thirds were plants. The vast majority of the transactions

reported in 2012 (89%) were re-exports.

Figure 2.8. Number of EU (re-)export transactions reported by EU Member States by source, 2003-2012. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’; ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’, ‘U’ and no source reported.

Figure 2.9. Proportion of EU (re-)export transactions reported by EU Member States by purpose in 2012 (n=194 168). ‘Other’ includes purpose ‘B’, ‘E’, ‘G’, ‘H’, ‘N’, ‘Q’, ‘S’ and ‘Z’.

Top commodities The most highly traded commodities (based on quantities in trade) were live plants, live fish eggs

and reptile small leather products (Table 2.2). The sections that follow provide further details of

trade in the top three commodities presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2. Commodities by group (re-)exported by EU Member States at quantities greater than 100 000 units in 2012, ordered by quantity (as reported by (re-)exporters).

Group Commodity Quantity

(re-) exported Main source

Trend

2011-2012*

No. of taxa involved

Plants live 4 489 086 A (75%) ↑ 3% 1721

Fish live eggs 4 395 000 C (100%) ↓ 10% 3

Reptiles small leather products 2 810 830 W (79%) ↓ 1% 42

Reptiles skin pieces 820 622 W (95%) ↑11% 18

Fish meat (kg) 533 655 C (54%); O (46%) ↑ 142% 9

Reptiles skins 491 626 W (72%) ↑ 115% 30

Invertebrates

(non coral) live 162 210 C (83%) ↓ 22% 10

Mammals hair 157 808 W (>99%) ↑ 13% 3

Birds live 133 270 C (98%) ↑ 97% 266

Fish live (kg) 124 253 C (100%) ↑ 96% 4

Plants wax (kg) 120 648 W (100%) ↓ 8% 1

*↓ signifies decrease in trade in 2012 compared to 2011; ↑ signifies increase in trade in 2012 compared to 2011.

0

10

20

30

0

50

100

150

200

250N

um

be

r of E

U M

em

be

r S

tate

s

Nu

mb

er

of

tra

nsa

ctio

ns

(th

ou

san

ds)

Wild-sourced Captive-producedRanched OtherNumber of EU Member States

0.7% 8%

86%

4% 0.7%M

P

T

No purpose reported

Other


15 Live plants

Over 4.4 million live plants were exported by the EU in 2012, primarily for commercial purposes

(73%); the majority were artificially propagated (75%), with the remainder wild-sourced. Virtually

all (>99%) of the taxa involved were Appendix II-listed. Europe (excluding EU Member States)

was the main region of destination for exports of live plants from the EU (42%, half of which were

exported to Switzerland; Figure 2.10). The United States was, however, the top individual

destination country, accounting for a quarter of live plants exported from the EU.

Figure 2.10. (Re-)exports of live plants by EU Member States in 2012, by CITES region of destination and source. ‘Artificially propagated’ includes source ‘A’ and ‘D’. “Europe” excludes EU Member States.

The main EU exporter of live plants was the Netherlands (93%). Direct exports from EU Member

States comprised 69% of all exports; over 98% of EU re-exports originated in Turkey. Sixty-one

per cent of live plants exported comprised Snowdrops Galanthus spp. (Figure 2.11).

Figure 2.11. Top 10 plant species (re-)exported as live plants from EU Member States in 2012, by source.

Live fish eggs

A total of 4 395 000 live fish eggs were exported by the EU in 2012; all were captive-bred and

exported directly from the EU, primarily for commercial purposes (97%). The majority of live fish

eggs were exported to Asia (Figure 2.12); 84% were exported from France to China. Trade in live

fish eggs was limited to three sturgeon species: Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baerii, Russian

Sturgeon A. gueldenstaedtii and Sterlet Sturgeon A. ruthenus (Figure 2.13). Exports of live fish eggs

were also reported by weight (150 kg).

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Galanthus elwesii

Galanthus nivalis

Phalaenopsis spp.

Galanthus ikariae

Cyclamen spp.

Cyclamen hederifolium

Galanthus woronowii

Dionaea muscipula

Sternbergia lutea

Phalaenopsis amabilis



250,000

Wild-sourced

Artificially propagated

Asia (n = 1 228 199) Europe (n = 1 864 615)

Oceania (n = 8669)

Africa (n = 30 681)

Central and South

America and Caribbean

(n = 14 405)

North America

(n = 1 301 339)

Figure 2.12. Percentage of EU exports of live fish eggs in 2012, by destination country (n=4 395 000). Excludes trade reported by weight.

Figure 2.13. Percentage of EU exports of live fish eggs in 2012, by species (n=4 395 000). Excludes trade reported by weight.

Reptile small leather products

Over 2.8 million small leather products were exported by the EU in 2012, of which 79% were wild-

sourced and the vast majority traded for commercial purposes. American Alligator

Alligator mississippiensis accounted for 58% of exports, of which 99% were wild-sourced and

originated in the United States (Figure 2.14).

Figure 2.14. Top 10 reptile species (re-)exported as small leather products by the EU in 2012. ‘Captive-produced’ includes source 'C', 'D' and 'F'. Small quantities of trade in source ‘R’, ‘U’, ‘O’ and reported without a source are not shown.

The main destination region was Europe (excluding EU Member States; primarily Switzerland),

accounting for 57% of trade (Figure 2.15). Virtually all of the trade comprised re-exports; the

United States, Viet Nam and Indonesia were the main origin countries.

84%

12%

1% 1% 1% <1%

China

Viet Nam

United States

Chile

Turkey

Uruguay86%

7%

7%

Acipenser baerii

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii

Acipenser ruthenus

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Alligator mississippiensis

Python reticulatus

Python bivittatus

Caiman crocodilus fuscus

Varanus niloticus

Caiman crocodilus

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus

Crocodylus niloticus

Varanus salvator

Ptyas mucosus


Wild-sourced Captive-produced


17

Figure 2.15. (Re-)exports of reptile small leather products by the EU in 2012, by CITES region of destination and source. ‘Captive-produced’ includes sources ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’; ‘Other’ includes source ‘O’, ‘U’ and trade reported without a source. “Europe” excludes EU Member States.

Candidate countries

Transactions

Over 3000 import transactions were reported by candidate countries in 2012, compared to less

than 700 export transactions. It is worth noting, however, that export transactions generally

involved greater quantities of items than import transactions; quantities in trade are further

analysed in the following sections. Numbers of both import and export transactions increased

over the period 2003-2012, with import transactions showing a near exponential increase (Figure

2.16). The trend in import transactions can primarily be attributed to increasing imports of reptile

leather products, primarily involving Python bivittatus and P. reticulatus, by Turkey.

Figure 2.16. Number of import (left) and (re-)export (right) transactions reported by the countries that were EU candidates in 2012, by source, 2003-2012. ‘Captive-produced’ includes sources ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and 'F'. ‘Other’ includes sources ‘O’, ‘U’ and trade reported without a source. Annual reports have not been received from Croatia for 2005 or Iceland for 2012.

The majority of import and export transactions in 2012 were for commercial purposes; over half

involved wild-sourced commodities (56% of import transactions and 63% of export transactions).

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2003 2004 20052006 200720082009 2010 2011 2012

Nu

mb

er o

f t

ran

sact

ion

s

Import transactions


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Nu

mb

er o

f tra

nsa

ctio

ns

(Re-)export transactions


150,000

Wild-sourced

Captive-produced

Ranched

Other

Oceania (n = 4606)

Asia (n = 752 542)

Africa (n = 48 426)

Europe (n = 1 595 521)

North America

(n = 400 254)

Central and South

America and

Caribbean (n = 7472)

Top commodities imported

In contrast with EU-reported imports, the majority of candidate country imports in 2012 involved

animal rather than plant commodities; the top commodities imported were mammal skins,

reptile skins and small leather products (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3. Commodities imported by candidate countries at quantities greater than 1000 units in 2012, ordered by quantity (as reported by importers). Iceland's annual report for 2012 has not been received. Group Term Quantity imported Top taxon (%) Top importer (%)

Mammals skins 126 207 Lycalopex griseus (40%) Turkey (>99%)

Reptiles skins 23 437 Python reticulatus (73%) Turkey (100%)

Reptiles small leather products 17 234 Python reticulatus (40%) Turkey (93%)

Birds live 7831 Psittacus erithacus (46%) Turkey (>99%)

Plants live 7485 Galanthus nivalis (96%) Croatia (100%)

Reptiles specimens 4973 Alligator mississipiensis (100%) Turkey (85%)

Corals live 4486 Goniopora lobata (10%) Turkey (98%)

Corals raw corals 2420 Acropora humilis (26%);

Pocillopora verrucosa (26%) Croatia (83%)

Reptiles live 1993 Iguana iguana (92%) Turkey (97%)

Mammals specimens 1304 Macaca fascicularis (100%) Turkey (96%)

Top commodities exported

The most highly exported commodities by candidate countries in 2012 were live plants, with over

22 million plants exported (Table 2.4); the majority were wild-sourced (86%). All live plants were

exported by Turkey to the Netherlands for commercial purposes; 52% were exported directly and

42% originated in Georgia.

Table 2.4. Commodities (re-)exported by candidate countries at quantities greater than 1000 units in 2012, ordered by quantity (as reported by (re-)exporters. Iceland's annual report for 2012 has not been received. Group Term (unit) Quantity (re-)exported Top taxon (%) Top (re-)exporter (%)

Plants live 22 413 322 Galanthus woronowii (61%) Turkey (100%)

Mammals garments 14 377 Lycalopex griseus (74%) Turkey (100%)

Reptiles live 12 703 Testudo hermanni (68%) FYR Macedonia (63%)

Reptiles small leather products 6725

Alligator mississipiensis (40%) Turkey (98%)

Mammals skins 6125 Arctocephalus pusillus (67%) Turkey (>99%)

Reptiles skins 2685 Python reticulatus (90%) Turkey (100%)

Reptiles garments 1576 Python bivittatus (56%) Turkey (100%)

Invertebrates

(non-coral) live (kg) 1084 Hirudo verbana (100%) Turkey (88%)

19

3. Species showing noteworthy trends This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries in 2012 that showed noteworthy patterns in wild-sourced or ranched trade, according to one or more of the following criteria: high volume of trade in 2012, sharp increase in trade in 2012, overall increase or decrease in trade between 2003 and 2012, and high variability in trade between 2003 and 2012. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below.

A total of 81 taxa showed noteworthy trends in EU imports in 2012, primarily comprising mammals (20), reptiles (17), corals (20) and plants (17, including six timber species). Over two thirds of the taxa selected were also selected in the 2011 Analysis. Ten taxa showed noteworthy trends in candidate country imports in 2012, nearly half of which were mammals.

Methods

Data included In the process of selection of species for discussion in this section, only EU- and candidate country-

reported direct imports from wild, ranched and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported without a

source specified, were considered. Terms that cannot easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g.

feathers, hair, specimens) were not included within the selection process, with the exception of certain

terms7 that were considered to be traded in sufficiently high quantities to merit further scrutiny.

In addition to the conversion factors applied to all trade data (see Annex A), the following conversion

factors were applied to the data used in the selection process so that certain terms could be more easily

equated to numbers of individuals (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1. Conversion factors applied to data used to select highly traded species. Converted from: Converted to:

Elephant tusks Trophies [1.88 tusks = one elephant trophy (Parker and Martin, 19828)]

Hippopotamus teeth Trophies [12 teeth = one hippopotamus trophy]

7 Bark, caviar, extract, meat, musk, powder, raw corals, roots, timber and wax.

8 Parker, I.S.C. and Martin, E.B. (1982). How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade? Oryx 16 (3): 235-239.

Yes

Selection criteria The criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade are summarised in Figure 3.1,

followed by a detailed description of each criterion. Species were selected for discussion if they met at

least one of the criteria. Direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources

Figure 3.1. Criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade.

1. High volume Species qualified for selection on the basis of ‘high volume’ trade if imports during 2012 exceeded pre-

determined thresholds based on taxa-wide assumptions of general reproductive biology (Table 3.2).

Table 3.2. Minimum quantity of specimens from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources imported in 2012 to qualify for selection on the basis of high trade volume. Taxonomic group CITES Appendix / IUCN Red List status

I II III I/II/III (kg)

CR, EN, VU, NT*

- CR, EN, VU, NT*

- CR, EN, VU, NT*

-

Mammals 50 50 5000 50 25 000 50 5000

Birds 50 50 5000 50 25 000 50 5000

Reptiles 50 50 25 000 50 50 000 50 25 000

Amphibians 50 50 25 000 50 50 000 50 25 000

Fish 50 50 25 000 50 — 50 25 000

Invertebrates (non-corals) 250 250 25 000 250 50 000 250 25 000

Corals — 10 000 25 000 10 000 50 000 10 000 25 000

Plants (non-tree) 250 250 25 000 250 50 000 250 25 000

Plants (trees) 250 m³ 250 m³ 500 m³ 250 m³ 2500 m³ 2500 25 000

* CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened in IUCN Red List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/)

Select as a

‘High volume’ species

Yes Is 2012 trade minimum trade level?

Is the species globally threatened?

AND is 2012 trade minimum trade level?

Yes

Select as a

‘High volume (globally

threatened)’ species

Is 2012 trade > three times the mean of the

preceding five years (2007-2011)?

AND is 2012 trade > 5% of minimum trade

level?

Select as a species

showing a

‘Sharp increase’

Is slope/mean of trade data over ten years

+0.15 or -0.15?

AND is goodness of fit (R²) 0.75?

AND IF slope +0.15,

is 2012 trade > 5% of minimum trade level?

OR IF slope -0.15,

is 2012 trade > 0? AND is trade in peak year > 5% of minimum

trade level?

Select as a species

showing an

‘Overall increase/

decrease’

Yes

Is coefficient of variation > 2 ?

AND is total trade over ten years > 100?

AND are there more than five years with

non-zero trade?

AND is 2012 trade > 5% of minimum trade

level?

Yes Select as a species

showing

‘High variability’

http://www.iucnredlist.org/


21 High volume (Globally threatened) The high volume trade thresholds (Table 3.2) were adjusted for all species categorised as Critically

Endangered (‘CR’), Endangered (‘EN’), Vulnerable (‘VU’) or Near Threatened (‘NT’) in the 2014 IUCN

Red List of threatened species.

2. Sharp increase Species qualified for selection on the basis of a sharp increase in trade if the volume of importer-

reported imports during 2012 was more than three times the average trade volume of the preceding five-

year period (2007-2011). Species that, despite a sharp increase in trade, were still only traded in very low

volumes in 2012 (i.e. less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status;

see Table 3.2), were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Newly-listed species, or newly formed

species following a nomenclature change, that met this criterion artificially due to the absence of trade

records in previous years were also excluded.

3. Overall increase or decrease General trends in trade for each species over the ten-year period 2003-2012 were identified by

calculating the slope of a best-fit linear function to the trade data. For the purpose of comparison

between species, the value of the slope was divided by the mean level of trade for each species over the

ten-year period. Values greater than +0.15 and lower than –0.15 were considered large slopes. The

goodness of fit of the trend-line was also taken into consideration; only species with R2 values greater

than 0.75 were retained in the final selection. Species that, despite an overall increase in trade, were

only traded in very low volumes in 2012 (i.e. less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into

account threat status; see Table 3.2), were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Species selected on

the basis of an overall decrease in trade for which trade levels in the peak year of trade (i.e. prior to the

decrease) were comparatively low (less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account

threat status), or for which there was no trade in 2012, were excluded. Species that met the criteria

artificially due to a taxonomic change were also excluded.

4. High variability Variability was quantified using the coefficient of variation (the standard deviation divided by the

mean) of the data over the ten-year period 2003-2012. Taxa were selected on the basis of this criterion if

levels of trade showed a coefficient of variation greater than +2. Only species with non-zero data points

in more than five years 2003-2012 were considered for selection. In the case of species added to the

CITES Appendices within the period of analysis, only the years since its listing were analysed where a

minimum of five years of data were available. Species that were traded in very low volumes in 2012 (i.e.

less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status; see Table 3.2) were

also excluded.

Species selected

Species that were selected according to the criteria outlined above on the basis of EU or candidate

country imports are presented in Tables 3.3 and 3.4, respectively; a list of coral taxa selected on the basis

of EU imports recorded at the higher taxon level (i.e. genus and above) is included in Annex E. Tables

3.3 and 3.4 provide a summary of trade in 2012 for each species selected, and additional relevant

information such as SRG opinions and quotas. Trade levels 2003-2012 are presented graphically in

Figure 3.2 for those species included in Table 3.3 that were not selected in the 2011 Analysis, with the

exception of species selected on the basis of trade for scientific or reintroduction purposes and cases

where minimal trade was reported in years prior to 2012. The trade accounts cover all direct trade in the

sources included in the selection process (wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified), in all terms, as

reported by the EU (in the case of species selected on the basis of EU imports) or candidate countries

(in the case of species selected on the basis of candidate country imports).

Table 3.3. Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of EU-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2012 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade, overall increase or decrease in trade, and high variability in trade. Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status

Selection criteria Previously selected

Summary of trade Notes*

ANNEX A: MAMMALS

A/I Acinonyx jubatus

(Cheetah)

VU High volume (GT) Wild-sourced trade in 2012 (excluding scientific purposes) primarily comprised trophies and trophy parts (71 trophies, 5 bodies, one skin and one skull), the vast majority imported from Namibia (96%). A permit analysis revealed that the skin and skull were imported on the same permit, suggesting that 77 animals were involved in the trade. Imports of trophies in 2012 were double the quantity reported in 2011, but were less than half that reported in 2008 (Figure 3.2).

The population from Namibia was reviewed for SRG 55, following which a positive opinion was formed on 07/10/2011. Namibia published an export quota in 2012 for '150 trophies, skins and live specimens', established through an annotation to the Appendix I listing of this species (see AC27 Doc. 18 Annex 2), of which imports by the EU accounted for 47%9.

A/I Panthera pardus

(Leopard)

NT High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports (excluding 1233 scientific specimens) comprised trophy items reported as either purpose 'H' or 'P', which equated to approximately 281 individuals (246 trophies, 17 skulls, 15 skins and three bodies). A permit analysis identified 10 cases where one skull and one skin were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 271; this represents an 11% increase compared to 2011. The top exporters of trophy items in 2012 were Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

In 2012, Tanzania and Zimbabwe each published an export quota for 500 trophies and skins under Resolution Conf. 10.14 (Rev. CoP14).

A/B

II

Monodon monoceros

(Narwhal)

NT High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 The main wild-sourced commodity imported by the EU in 2012 was tusks (62). The majority of tusks were imported from Canada as personal items (95%). Wild-sourced imports of tusks (reported by number) decreased by 44% between 2011 and 2012.

The species was reviewed for SRG 51 on 16/02/2010, following which a former negative opinion for Greenland was replaced with a no opinion iii), and a no opinion ii) was formed for Canada. The species was formerly selected under the CITES Review of Significant Trade (following CoP13) and eliminated, noting that the Animals Committee may re-select the species should trade from Greenland (Denmark) resume (AC22 summary record and AC22 WG1 Doc. 1 (Rev. 1)).

9 Includes skins and trophies reported with purpose codes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’.


23 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



A/I Diceros bicornis

(Black Rhinoceros)

CR Sharp increase Excluding trade for scientific purposes, wild-sourced trade in 2012 comprised four hunting trophies imported from South Africa. Trade in trophies averaged one trophy item

per year over the period 2003-2011 (Figure 3.2).

In 2012, South Africa published an export quota for five 'hunting trophies from adult males' under Resolution Conf. 13.5 (Rev. CoP14); the sex of the animals imported by the EU was not specified.

A/B

I/II

Loxodonta africana

(African Elephant)

VU High volume (GT)

(for Annex A trade)

2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports of Annex A L. africana in 2012 mainly comprised trophy items reported as purpose ‘H’ and ‘P’, which equated to approximately 121 individuals (100 trophies, 16 tusks, 12 feet, five tails, two ears, two skins and one skull). A permit analysis identified two cases where multiple trophy parts were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 113; this represents a 41% increase compared to imports in 2011. The top exporters of trophy items in 2012 were Tanzania and Mozambique.

The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and 68 following which positive opinions were confirmed for Tanzania on 23/02/2012 and for Mozambique on 06/12/2013; a negative opinion for hunting trophies from Cameroon was confirmed on 06/12/2013. Trade is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78 (Rev. CoP16). In 2012, Tanzania published an export quota for 400 tusks as trophies from 200 animals and a zero quota for raw ivory other than trophies, while Mozambique published an export quota of 200 tusks as trophies from 100 animals.

ANNEX A: BIRDS

A/II Milvus milvus

(Red Kite)

NT Overall increase Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised nine live individuals imported from Switzerland for re-introduction purposes. Imports of similar numbers of wild-sourced birds were reported in every year from 2008 onwards, all for re-introduction purposes; no other wild-sourced imports were reported 2003-2012.

ANNEX B: MAMMALS

B/II Damaliscus pygargus pygargus

(Blesbok)

NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase

D. pygargus pygargus was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in imports that were primarily for scientific purposes (117 specimens and 71 other items were reported as purpose ‘S’). Excluding imports for scientific purposes, wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised trophy items imported from South Africa (23 trophies, three skins and one skin piece). Combined imports of trophy items in 2012 represented a 35% decrease compared to 2011.

D. pygargus pygargus was reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies for SRG 65.

B/II Lama guanicoe

(Guanaco)

- High volume, Sharp increase

In 2012, wild-sourced imports mainly consisted of meat imported from Chile for commercial purposes (22 000 kg). In addition, wild-sourced hair was imported from Argentina (1400 kg), also for commercial purposes. Imports of meat in 2012 represented a 77% increase relative to 2011, but remained lower than levels reported in 2005 and 2006 (Figure 3.2).

The SRG formed a positive opinion for the Tierra del Fuego population of Chile on 09/01/2003 and a no opinion for all other populations from Chile on 15/03/2005.

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Hippopotamus amphibius

(Hippopotamus)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011♦ In 2012, wild-sourced imports mainly comprised trophy items from Zimbabwe, Zambia and Tanzania (784 teeth, 99 tusks, 84 trophies, 31 feet, 23 skins, 18 skulls and six tails) equating to approximately 255 individuals (assuming two tusks and 12 teeth per individual). A permit analysis revealed that some trophy items were imported on the same permits as others, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 218 individuals, a decrease of 15% compared to 2011.

The species was reviewed for SRG 52 and 68, following which a positive opinion was formed for Namibia and confirmed for South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe on 28/05/2014. The species has been subject to scrutiny as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade Process (AC25 Doc.9.4 Annex). Trade suspensions are in place for Cameroon and Mozambique. In 2012 Tanzania published an export quota for 10 598 kg of teeth and hunting trophies from 1200 animals.

B/II Pecari tajacu

(Collared Peccary)

- High volume 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 principally consisted of skins imported from Peru for commercial purposes (18 716 skins); imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 22% relative to 2011.

The species was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Peru on 07/12/2012; a no opinion ii) was formed for Bolivia.

B/II Tayassu pecari

(White-lipped Peccary)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, all wild-sourced imports of T. pecari comprised skins imported for commercial purposes from Peru (4072 skins). Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 38% in 2012 relative to 2011, dropping below 6000 skins for the first time in the period 2003-2012.

The population of Peru was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. T. pecari (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).

B/II Lycalopex griseus

(South American Grey Fox)

- High volume♦ 2010♦, 2011♦

Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised 25 119 skins imported from Argentina for commercial purposes. EU imports of wild-sourced skins remained relatively constant between 2011 and 2012, following a considerable decrease from a peak of over 120 000 skins imported in 2006.

The population from Argentina was reviewed for SRG 46, following which a positive opinion was reconfirmed on 02/12/2008.

B/II Lynx canadensis

(Canada Lynx)

- High volume♦ 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports primarily comprised skins imported for commercial purposes (7361 skins). The majority were imported from Canada (91%) and the remainder from the United States. Imports of wild-sourced skins nearly doubled between 2011 and 2012, reaching their highest level since 2006.

The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on 27/03/2007. The population from the United States was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 07/12/2012.

B/II Lynx rufus

(Bobcat)

- High volume 2010♦, 2011♦

In 2012, wild-sourced imports of L. rufus were principally skins imported for commercial purposes (17 543 skins), of which 83% were imported from the United States; the remainder were imported from Canada. Wild-sourced skin imports in 2012 decreased by34% compared to 2011.

The SRG confirmed positive opinions for both the United States and Canada on 27/03/2007 and CoP15 Prop. 2 noted that the species’ status was considered to be secure, with stable or increasing populations.


25 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



A/B

I/II

Panthera leo

(African Lion)

VU High volume (GT)

(for Annex B trade)

2010, 2011 Aside from scientific imports, wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised trophy items which equated to approximately 52 individuals (46 trophies, three skins, three skulls). A permit analysis identified two cases where a skull and a skin were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 50. This represents a decrease of 46% compared to 2011 trade levels. The main exporters of trophy items were South Africa and Tanzania.

The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and 68, following which a negative opinion was formed for Cameroon on 07/12/2012, negative opinions were formed for Benin and Zimbabwe and confirmed for South Africa on 28/05/2014, and a positive opinion was confirmed for Namibia on 07/06/2012 and for Tanzania on 07/12/2012.

B/II Ursus maritimus

(Polar Bear)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 Excluding trade for scientific/educational purposes, wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised trophy items imported from Canada, which equated to approximately 60 individuals (35 skins, 17 trophies, six skulls and two bodies). A permit analysis revealed two cases where a skin and a skull were imported on the same permit number, potentially reducing the number of individuals involved to 58, a decrease of 43% compared to reported imports in 2011.

The species has been discussed at numerous SRG meetings. At SRG 68 on 28/05/2014, Canada presented updated information on population status and monitoring, following which the positive opinion was confirmed for Canada, except for subpopulations of Baffin Bay and Kane Basin, for which a negative opinion was confirmed. U. maritimus (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).

B/II Pteropus vampyrus

(Large Flying-fox)

NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase

2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised 75 live individuals imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes. EU trade in this species from Indonesia was reported in each year 2009-2012, with imports increasing by 42% between 2011 and 2012.

Indonesia published an export quota of 225 live individuals for 2012 (and in 2013 & 2014). Overall, quotas have been gradually reduced from 1000 (2000 to 2005); all published quotas since 2010 were <300 live specimens.

B/II Equus zebra hartmannae

(Hartmann's Mountain Zebra)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised skins reported under purposes 'H', 'P', and 'T' (782 skins), as well as other trophy items, the majority of which originated in Namibia. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items equated to approximately 872 individuals (782 skins, 92 feet, 58 trophies, seven skulls, one body and one tail). A permit analysis identified a number of cases where trophy parts were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals in trade to 845, a slight decrease compared to 2011.

The SRG formed a positive opinion for E. zebra from Namibia on 02/12/2008. E. zebra. hartmannae from Angola was reviewed for SRG 52 on 18/05/2010, following which the suspension was replaced by a no opinion i), due to uncertain occurrence in Angola. E. zebra. hartmannae was also reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies for SRG 65.

B/II Manis javanica

(Malayan Pangolin)

EN Sharp increase EU imports of wild-sourced M. javanica in 2012 comprised six bodies imported from Cambodia for scientific purposes. No other wild-sourced importsof this species were reported in the period 2003-2012.

The Appendix II listing includes the annotation that a zero quota has been established for wild-taken specimens of this species traded for primarily commercial purposes. Cambodia published a zero quota under this annotation for 2012.

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



A/B

I/II

Loxodonta africana

(African Elephant)

VU High volume (GT), Sharp increase

(for Annex B trade)

2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised tusks, trophies and other trophy items reported as purpose 'H' or 'P', which equated to approximately 468 individuals (175 tusks, 141 skins, 130 trophies, 116 feet, 53 ears, 41 tails and six skulls). A permit check identified a number of cases where trophy parts were exported on the same permit, potentially reducing the number of individuals involved to 373. This nevertheless represents an increase of 87% compared to 2011. The top exporters of trophy items in 2012 were Zimbabwe and Botswana.

The species was reviewed for SRG 59 and 68 following which positive opinions were confirmed for Botswana and Namibia on 23/02/2012 and for South Africa and Zimbabwe on 28/05/2014. Trade is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78 (rev. CoP16). In 2012 Botswana published an export quota for 800 tusks as trophies from 400 individuals, and Zimbabwe published an export quota for 1000 tusks as trophies from 500 animals; both countries published a zero quota for raw ivory other than trophies.

ANNEX B: REPTILES

B/II Alligator mississippiensis

(American Alligator)

- High volume 2010, 2011 Imports of wild-sourced A. mississippiensis in 2012 primarily consisted of skins imported from the United States for commercial purposes (238 212 skins). Imports of wild-sourced skins rose by 11% between 2011 and 2012, increasing for the third consecutive year. However, recent EU imports are considerably lower than a peak in 2005 (320 443 skins).

The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and a positive opinion was confirmed for the United States, the only range State, on 14/09/2007.

A/B

I/II

Caiman crocodilus

(Spectacled Caiman)

- High volume♦ (for Annex B trade)

2011 Wild-sourced imports of C. crocodilus mainly comprised skins imported for commercial purposes (58 279 skins) from Bolivia (65%) and Venezuela (31%); a further 80 ranched skins were imported from Argentina. EU trade in this species has been variable; imports of wild-sourced and ranched skins in 2012 increased by 20% compared to 2011, but trade levels were comparable to EU imports in 2007 and 2008.

The SRG formed a positive opinion for Venezuela on 14/09/2007. The species was reviewed for SRG 63, following which a positive opinion was formed for Bolivia on 07/02/2013. A no opinion was formed for C. crocodilus yacare from Argentina on 22/02/2000.

B/II Caiman latirostris

(Broad-nosed Caiman)

- Sharp increase Imports in 2012 principally comprised ranched skins imported from Argentina for commercial purposes (4594 skins). Imports of ranched skins increased from 2009 onwards and almost doubled between 2011 and 2012 (Figure 3.2).

A/B

I/II

Crocodylus porosus

(Estuarine Crocodile)

- Overall increase (for Annex B trade)

2010, 2011 In 2012, EU imports mainly comprised ranched skins imported for commercial purposes from Australia (18 093 skins); a further 49 wild-sourced skins were also imported, of which the majority originated in Papua New Guinea. Imports of ranched and wild-sourced skins in 2012 increased by 31% compared to 2011.

The population from Papua New Guinea was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was formed on 16/02/2010.


27 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Chamaeleo gracilis

(Slender Chameleon)

- Overall decrease In 2012, six live, ranched C. gracilis were imported by the EU from Togo for commercial purposes. Live imports decreased by over 99% between 2003 and 2012 (Figure 3.2).

C. gracilis has been reviewed for Cameroon (SRG 34), Benin and Togo (SRG 35) and Tanzania (SRG 42).There is a positive opinion for ranched specimens <= 8cm snout-vent length from Togo, formed on 15/09/2008. There is also a 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Togo and for ranched specimens >8cm snout-vent length, last confirmed on 11/07/2013. C. gracilis was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15, and Togo was classified as Urgent Concern. Recommendations to Togo include providing information on species’ status and management of ranched animals within 90 days and conducting a status assessment and establishing revised export quotas within two years (AC27 WG1 Doc.1) Togo published an export quota for 2500 ranched and 500 wild-taken specimens for 2012.

B/II Tupinambis merianae

(Argentine Black and White Tegu)

- Overall decrease Wild-sourced imports in 2012 principally comprised 24 507 wild-sourced skins imported for commercial purposes, of which the vast majority (>99%) were imported from Argentina and the remainder from Paraguay. Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased over the ten-year period overall but increased by 13% between 2011 and 2012 (Figure 3.2).

The SRG formed a positive opinion for Argentina on 27/03/2007. A positive opinion for existing legally acquired stocks of Tupinambis spp. skins was formed for Paraguay on 02/12/2011 (in accordance with CITES Notification 2011/011), with a no opinion i) formed for other Tupinambis spp. imports from Paraguay.

B/II Varanus salvator

(Water Monitor)

- High volume 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports principally comprised 43 567 skins imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia (78%) and Malaysia (22%). EU imports of wild-sourced skins in 2012 remained at similar levels to those reported in 2011.

The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and populations from China, India and Singapore were reviewed for SRG 54. Positive opinions were confirmed for Indonesia on 29/02/2008 and for Malaysia on 02/12/2011. In 2012 Indonesia published an export quota for 432 000 'skins and skin products/live' while Malaysia published an export quota for 15 000 specimens (all terms) from Sabah.

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Ptyas mucosus

(Oriental Rat Snake)

- Sharp increase Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised 23 300 skins imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes. Trade in this species during the ten years 2003-2012 has been highly variable; no imports of wild-sourced skins were reported in 2010 or 2011 (Figure 3.2).

The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 55, following which a positive opinion was formed on 20/06/2011. P. mucosus was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Indonesia was removed from the process (AC26 summary record); Lao PDR was classified as Possible Concern, and Cambodia as Least Concern (AC27 WG1 Doc. 1).

B/II Naja kaouthia

(Monocled Cobra)

- Sharp increase 2010 Wild-sourced trade comprised 2300 skins imported from Thailand for commercial purposes. No trade in wild-sourced skins was reported 2003-2007; imports in 2012 more than doubled relative to 2011 but were comparable to 2010 levels (Figure 3.2).

The population from Thailand was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a positive opinion was formed on 07/12/2012. In 2012, Thailand published an export quota for 2000 skins and bodies; a permit analysis showed that of the 2300 skins imported by the EU in 2012, 1400 were exported on permits issued in the previous year.

B/II Python regius

(Royal Python)

- High volume 2010, 2011 EU imports in 2012 predominantly comprised live, ranched snakes traded for commercial purposes (25 194 snakes), the majority of which were imported from Ghana (51%) and Togo (48%). In addition, 163 wild-sourced live snakes were imported from Ghana. Imports of wild-sourced and ranched live snakes decreased by 23% in 2012 compared with 2011.

The population from Ghana was reviewed for SRG 66, following which a negative opinion was formed for wild specimens on 06/12/2013 and confirmed for ranched specimens on 27/02/2014. Ranched P. regius from Togo was reviewed for SRG 68, following which the positive opinion for ranched specimens was confirmed and a positive opinion for specimens born in captivity (F1 and subsequent) was formed on 28/05/2014. A positive opinion for wild specimens from Togo was confirmed on 15/09/2008. In 2012, Ghana published export quotas for live, ranched (60 000) and wild-taken (7000) animals, while Togo also published export quotas for ranched (62 500) and wild-taken (1500) specimens.


29 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Python reticulatus

(Reticulated Python)

- High volume♦ 2010, 2011♦ In 2012, wild-sourced imports of P. reticulatus mainly comprised 53 193 skins and 22 280 small leather products (including a small number reported without a source code). All the skins and the vast majority (>99%) of the small leather products were imported from Indonesia for commercial purposes. EU imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 13% in 2012 relative to 2011, but remained higher than any other year 2003 onwards.

The population from Indonesia and Viet Nam was reviewed for SRG 62, following which a negative opinion was formed for wild specimens from Viet Nam on 07/12/2012 and confirmed on 28/05/2014; the positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia was removed on 07/12/2012, but re-formed on 28/05/2013. The species, including populations from Indonesia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Lao PDR was categorised as Possible Concern whereas Indonesia and Viet Nam were categorised as Least Concern. Recommendations to Lao PDR include providing information on captive breeding and any control measures to differentiate between ranched and wild exports (AC27 WG1 Doc.1). In 2012, Indonesia published an export quota for 162 000 'skins and skin products/live' of which imports of skins and small leather products to the EU accounted for 47%.

B/II

Chelonoidis denticulata

(Brazilian Giant Tortoise)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports of C. denticulata consisted of 80 live individuals imported for commercial purposes from Suriname (80%) and Guyana (20%). Live, wild-sourced imports decreased by 9% between 2011 and 2012, continuing a downward trend in imports following a peak in 2007.

Populations from Guyana and Suriname were reviewed for SRG 59 and positive opinions were formed for both countries on 23/02/2012. In 2012, Guyana and Suriname published export quotas for 704 and 692 live, wild-sourced tortoises respectively.

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Kinixys homeana

(Home's Hinge-back Tortoise)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, the EU imported 124 live, ranched tortoises for commercial purposes from Togo. Imports of live, ranched tortoises in 2012 represented a 60% decrease compared to 2011, following two consecutive years in which imports declined.

Populations from Benin and Togo were reviewed for SRG 35. Following the negative opinions for wild-sourced specimens and ranched specimens with a snout-vent length >8 cm being confirmed for Ghana and Togo, respectively, on 02/12/2011, a suspension was put in place for wild-sourced specimens from Ghana and Togo, and ranched specimens with a straight carapace length >8 cm from Togo, on 10/09/2012 and remains valid. A no opinion for ranched specimens from Ghana was formed on 15/09/2008.

The species, including populations from Togo, was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Togo was categorised as Possible Concern. Recommendations to Togo included providing information on status, distribution (including extent in protected areas), confirmation that quotas will not be increased, details of non-detriment findings for wild and ranched exports, details of ranching facilities and control measures to differentiate between ranched and wild exports (AC27 WG1 Doc.1). Togo published an export quota for 2000 ranched animals in 2012.


31 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Testudo horsfieldii

(Afghan Tortoise)

VU High volume (GT), Overall increase

2010, 2011 EU imports in 2012 comprised 42 594 live individuals imported from Uzbekistan for commercial purposes, of which 60% were ranched and the remainder were wild-sourced. Between 2011 and 2012, imports of ranched, live tortoises increased by 27%, while wild-sourced live imports showed a decrease of 5%; however imports of both sources showed an overall increasing trend 2003-2012.

The population from Uzbekistan was reviewed for SRG 45 and 53. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Uzbekistan on 26/09/2006; this was confirmed for wild and ranched specimens on 14/09/2010. There is a no opinion i) for specimens from Uzbekistan born in captivity (F1 and subsequent) with carapace length 6-8 cm, formed on 27/02/2014. The species was selected under the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 2008. At the 25th meeting of the Animals Committee, Uzbekistan was categorised as of Possible Concern; following information provided by Uzbekistan, this species-country combination was removed from the process. Only Tajikistan has been retained in the process (AC27 Doc. 12.3). In 2012, Uzbekistan published export quotas for live, ranched (30 000) and wild-sourced (42 100) individuals, of which imports by the EU represented 85% and 41%, respectively.

ANNEX B: AMPHIBIANS

B/II Mantella madagascariensis

(Madagascar Golden Frog)

VU Sharp increase In 2012, 21 live, wild-sourced M. madagascariensis were imported by the EU from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Thirty-three live, wild-sourced animals were imported in 2011; no other wild-sourced imports (other than for scientific purposes) were reported 2003-2011.

The species was reviewed for SRG 49, following which a positive opinion for Madagascar was formed on 11/09/2009. The species was included within the Review of Significant Trade (following CoP13), categorised as Least Concern and eliminated (AC23 Summary Record).

ANNEX B: FISH

B/II Polyodon spathula

(Paddlefish)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports of P. spathula in 2012 comprised 864 kg of caviar imported from the United States for commercial purposes. Although EU imports of wild-sourced caviar in 2012 continued to meet the high volume criterion, imports decreased by 38% between 2011 and 2012, maintaining a year-on-year decrease since 2006, to their lowest level over the period 2003-2012.

The species was reviewed for SRG 44 and a positive opinion was re-confirmed for the United States on 12/03/2009. The conservation and trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the Animals Committee in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



ANNEX B: INVERTEBRATES (NON CORAL)

B/II Hirudo medicinalis

(Medicinal Leech)

NT High volume (GT), Overall decrease

2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports to the EU predominantly comprised live leeches imported for commercial purposes from Turkey (250 kg). In addition, medicine reported without a source or purpose code was imported from the Russian Federation (45 484 units). No other imports of medicine were reported in the ten-year period 2003-2012. Imports of live leeches decreased by 44% between 2011 and 2012 to their lowest level over the period 2003-2012.

The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51; a positive opinion for Turkey was reconfirmed on 11/03/2011. (Hirudo verbana split from H. medicinalis following CITES CoP15.) H. medicinalis (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).

B/II Ornithoptera croesus

(Wallace's Golden Birdwing)

EN High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, 1181 ranched bodies were imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia; imports of ranched bodies increased by 91% in 2012 compared to 2011, reaching their highest level over the period 2003-2012, although were comparable to those reported in 2009 (1039 bodies).

The species was reviewed for SRG 50 and 66; a negative opinion for ranched specimens from Indonesia was confirmed on 28/05/2014. There is a 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia, last confirmed on 11/07/2013. O. croesus (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).

B/II Ornithoptera rothschildi

(Rothschild's Birdwing)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, the EU imported 577 ranched bodies from Indonesia, the majority for commercial purposes (99%). Imports of ranched bodies increased by 95% between 2011 and 2012 to their highest level over the period 2003-2012.

The Indonesian population was reviewed for SRG 60 and 66; a no opinion i) for ranched specimens from Indonesia was re-confirmed on 28/05/2014. O. rothschildi (all range States) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (AC27 WG1 Doc.1).

B/II Strombus gigas

(Queen Conch)

- High volume 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 principally comprised meat imported from Jamaica for commercial purposes (384 008 kg). Imports of wild-sourced meat have remained relatively constant since 2007.

The population from Jamaica was reviewed for SRG 46 and S. gigas from range states with long-standing positive opinions was reviewed for SRG 63. A positive opinion for Jamaica was confirmed on 30/06/2009. In 2012 Jamaica published an export quota for 500 000 kg wild-sourced meat; imports by the EU represented 77% of this quota.

B/II Tridacna maxima

(Small Giant Clam)

NT High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, the majority of wild-sourced imports consisted of live specimens imported from French Polynesia for commercial purposes (2050 individuals). The only other EU imports of this species from French Polynesia during 2003-2012 were 2220 live specimens imported in 2011.

The species was reviewed for SRG 61, following which a positive opinion for French Polynesia was confirmed on 11/09/2012. The species was reviewed for SRG 61, following which a positive opinion for French Polynesia was confirmed on 11/09/2012. Note that trade data available for the SRG61 report indicated sporadic and generally lower levels of trade than in recent years; a report from a CITES capacity-building workshop also indicated the intention by 2012 to export clams from aquaculture only.


33 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



ANNEX B: CORALS

B/II Acropora hyacinthus NT Overall decrease In 2012, A. hyacinthus met the criteria for ‘overall decrease’ based on imports of wild-sourced live corals, with imports decreasing from just under 5000 corals in 2003 to only five in 2012 (Figure 3.2). The principal exporter of live corals during this period was Indonesia. A further 214 wild-sourced, raw corals were imported from the Solomon Islands for commercial purposes in 2012; imports of raw corals decreased by 37% compared to 2011.However, this taxon may be traded at the genus level in accordance with Notification No. 2013/035.

The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 40, following which a positive opinion was formed on 14/09/2007. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Acropora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable (CITES Notification No. 2013/035).

B/II Catalaphyllia jardinei

(Elegant Coral)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 mainly comprised live corals imported for commercial purposes (39 031 corals), of which more than 99% were imported from Australia. Wild-sourced imports of live coral increased by 12% in 2012 compared to 2011, reaching their highest level over the period 2003-2012.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens originating in Australia on 03/12/2010; the Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and the positive opinion was reconfirmed on 20/06/2011.

B/II Euphyllia ancora

(Anchor Coral)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, EU imports of wild-sourced E. ancora principally consisted of live corals imported for commercial purposes (10 964 corals), the majority originating in Indonesia (66%), followed by Australia (33%). Imports of wild-sourced, live corals decreased by 32% between 2011 and 2012.

The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 48 and Australia for SRG 55. A positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia on 30/06/2009 and formed for Australia on 20/06/2011. Indonesia published an export quota in 2012 for 24 00 live wild-sourced pieces, of which imports to the EU accounted for 30%.

B/II Acanthastrea lordhowensis

NT Sharp increase, Overall increase

2011 Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 primarily comprised live corals imported for commercial purposes from Australia (2749 corals). Imports of wild-sourced, live coral increased by 16% between 2011 and 2012; imports reported in 2012 were their highest over the ten-year period 2003-2012.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Acanthastrea is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable.

B/II Acanthophyllia deshayesiana

NT Sharp increase 2011 All wild-sourced imports of A. deshayesiana by the EU in 2012 were live corals imported from Australia for commercial purposes (2450). While trade met the criteria for ‘sharp increase’ due to low levels of trade prior to 2011, imports in 2012 represented a decrease of 32% compared to 2011.

Note uncertain distribution in Australia.

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Australomussa rowleyensis

NT Sharp increase 2011 Wild-sourced imports of A. rowleyensis in 2012 comprised 2228 live corals imported from Australia for commercial purposes. Although the species was selected on the basis of a ‘sharp increase’ in trade due to low levels of trade prior to 2011, imports reported in 2012 decreased slightly compared to 2011.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).

B/II Blastomussa merleti

(Branched Cup Coral)

- High variability 2011 Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 consisted of 1389 live corals from Australia traded for commercial purposes. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased between 2008 and 2011 but declined by 72% between 2011 and 2012.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Blastomussa is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable.

B/II Scolymia australis

(Button Coral)

- Overall increase 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports principally comprised live corals imported from Australia for commercial purposes (6070 corals). Imports of live, wild-sourced corals decreased by 29% in 2012 compared to 2011, following five consecutive years in which trade increased.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Scolymia is one of the coral taxa where trade at the genus level is acceptable; Scolymia vitiensis also occurs in Australia.

B/II Mycedium elephantotus

- Sharp increase 2011 The majority of wild-sourced imports by the EU in 2012 were live corals imported for commercial purposes (2208 corals), the majority of which originated in Australia (94%) and the remainder in Fiji. Live, wild-sourced imports in 2012 decreased by 22% compared to 2011, following six consecutive years in which trade increased.

Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).

B/II Seriatopora hystrix

(Needle Coral)

- Sharp increase This coral species met the criteria for ‘sharp increase’ based on imports of wild-sourced raw corals, with 1632 raw corals imported in 2012 compared with 790 in 2010 (Figure 3.2). A further 2611 live, wild-sourced corals were also imported in 2012; imports of live corals decreased by 31% between 2011 and 2012. The vast majority of the raw corals imported in 2012 originated in the Solomon Islands, while the live corals primarily originated in Australia (63%). All imports of live and raw corals in 2012 were for commercial purposes.

The species was reviewed for SRG 64, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Australia and a no opinion ii) was formed for Fiji on 28/05/2013. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Seriatopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable.


35 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Goniopora stokesi

(Flowerpot Coral)

NT High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 primarily comprised live corals imported for commercial purposes (16 389 corals), the majority of which were imported from Indonesia (82%) and the remainder from Australia. Live, wild-sourced imports increased by 5% between 2011 and 2012. Imports reported in 2012 were their highest over the ten-year period 2003-2012.

The population from Indonesia was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Indonesia on 16/02/2010. As per CITES Notification No. 2013/035, Goniopora is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable. In 2012, Indonesia published an export quota for 45 000 live, wild-sourced pieces, of which imports by the EU represented 82%.

B/II Trachyphyllia geoffroyi

(Crater Coral)

NT High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports primarily consisted of live corals for commercial purposes (10 531), the majority of which originated in Australia (99%). Imports of live, wild-sourced coral decreased by 46% in 2012 compared to 2011, but remained higher than in any other year 2003 onwards.

The Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and a positive opinion was formed on 20/06/2011. T. geoffroyi was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Only Singapore and the Solomon Islands were retained in the review (AC27 Doc.12.4 (Rev.1))

ANNEX B: PLANTS (NON-TIMBER SPECIES)

B/II Euphorbia antisyphilitica

(Candelilla)

- High volume 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports of E. antisyphilitica comprised wax (596 600 kg) and extract (20 000 kg) imported from Mexico for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced wax increased by 7% between 2011 and 2012, but were lower than in 2010. Imports of extract in 2012 were the highest over the period 2003-2012.

The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and 44, following which a positive opinion was confirmed for Mexico on 26/05/2008.

B/II Euphorbia hedyotoides

EN Sharp increase In 2012, 55 wild-sourced live plants were imported by the EU from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Prior to 2012, no wild-sourced imports were reported since 2005 (Figure 3.2).

A no opinion was formed for Madagascar on 12/06/2006.

B/II Euphorbia itremensis VU Sharp increase One hundred live, wild-sourced E. itremensis were imported by the EU from Madagascar for commercial purposes in 2012, as in 2011. Prior to 2011, no wild-sourced imports were reported since 2005 (Figure 3.2).

A no opinion was formed for Madagascar on 12/06/2006. E. itremensis was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP14 and categorised as Least Concern at the 19th Plants Committee (PC 19 summary record). It was also selected following CoP15 and Madagascar was categorised as Possible Concern at PC21; Madagascar is required to report on its methodology for making NDFs and establish a conservative export quota within 6 months (PC21 WG2 Doc.1).

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Euphorbia pedilanthoides

NT Sharp increase Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised 50 live plants imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Prior to 2012, no wild-sourced imports of this species were reported since 2006 (Figure 3.2).

B/II Euphorbia primulifolia VU High volume (GT), Sharp increase

2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports of E. primulifolia comprised 350 live plants imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes, representing a 17% increase in trade compared to 2011. Prior to 2011, no wild-sourced trade was reported since 2008.

The species was discussed at SRG 68, following which a no opinion iii) was formed for Madagascar on 28/05/2014. E. primulifolia (Madagascar) was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP14 and categorised as Urgent Concern at the 19th meeting of the Plants Committee (PC19 summary record). Madagascar was removed from the review (PC21 Doc 12.2 (Rev. 1)).

B/II Euphorbia sakarahaensis

VU Sharp increase EU imports of wild-sourced E. sakarahaensis in 2012 consisted of 50 live plants imported from Madagascar for commercial purposes. Prior to 2012, no wild-sourced imports were reported since 2006 (Figure 3.2).

B/II Galanthus elwesii

(Greater Snowdrop)

- High volume 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 comprised 3 589 246 live plants imported for commercial purposes from Turkey; imports of wild-sourced live plants decreased by 17% between 2011 and 2012.

The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. G. elwesii was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4).

B/II Galanthus woronowii

(Green Snowdrop)

- High volume 2010, 2011 In 2012, wild-sourced imports by the EU consisted of 5 412 270 live G. woronowii for commercial purposes, the majority of which originated in Georgia (74%) and the remainder in Turkey. Live, wild-sourced imports in 2012 represented a 21% decrease compared to levels reported in 2011.

The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010. A positive opinion for Georgia was confirmed on 30/06/2009 (with a quota of 15 million bulbs).

B/II Aloe ferox

(Aloe)

- High volume 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports by the EU in 2012 primarily comprised extract (118 774 kg, 75l and 515 units), the vast majority of which was imported from South Africa for commercial purposes. Imports of extract reported by weight in 2012 decreased by 13% compared to 2011. Notable quantities of wild-sourced leaves were also imported by the EU from South Africa in 2012 (43 455 leaves).

The population from South Africa was reviewed for SRG 59, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 23/02/2012.


37 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Cyclamen cilicium - Overall decrease 2010 In 2012, wild-sourced imports by the EU comprised 36 010 live plants, all of which were imported from Turkey for commercial purposes. Although imports of wild-sourced live plants more than doubled between 2011 and 2012, imports decreased by 86% over the period 2003-2012 overall (Figure 3.2).

The species was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion for Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010.

B/II Cyclamen coum - High volume 2010 In 2012, wild-sourced imports comprised 117 465 live plants imported from Turkey for commercial purposes. Trade was variable over the ten-year period; live imports fell by half between 2011 and 2012, reaching their second lowest level over the ten-year period 2003-2012 (Figure 3.2).

The population from Turkey was reviewed for SRG 51, following which a positive opinion was confirmed on 16/02/2010.

ANNEX B: TIMBER SPECIES

B/II Pericopsis elata

(African Teak)

EN High volume (GT), Sharp increase

2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports of P. elata in 2012 comprised timber imported for commercial purposes (11 493 m3 and 136 units of timber), the majority originating in the DRC (54%) and Cameroon (46%). Imports of timber reported by volume in 2012 represented a nine per cent increase compared to 2011.

The species has been reviewed at numerous SRGs and was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process following CoP14; Cameroon was categorised as Least Concern and DRC as Possible Concern at the 19th meeting of the Plants Committee. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for Cameroon on 12/03/2009. The population from DRC was discussed at SRG 66 and 67, following which a no opinion ii) was confirmed on 27/02/2014. In 2012 DRC published an export quota for 25 000 m3 logs, sawn wood and veneer sheets.

B/II Gonystylus bancanus

(Ramin)

VU High volume (GT), High variability

2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 consisted of 448 m3 timber imported for commercial purposes from Indonesia and Malaysia (82% and 18%, respectively). In addition, 120 m3 of wild-sourced carvings were imported from Malaysia for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced timber in 2012 represented a 31% decrease compared to 2011, following a steady decrease from 2008 onwards.

The genus was reviewed for SRG 47, following which a positive opinion for Gonystylus spp. from Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak) was confirmed and a no opinion iii) for Gonystylus spp. from Indonesia was formed on 12/03/2009. Indonesia published an export quota in 2012 for 4431.7m3 of 'finished products: moulding, dowels, door leaf, plywood etc.'. Malaysia published an export quota of 3178 m3 of parts and derivative from Sarawak in 2012.

B/II Gonystylus spp. - High volume Wild-sourced imports reported at the genus level (Gonystylus spp.) in 2012 mainly consisted of timber traded for commercial purposes from Malaysia (562 m3); the volume of timber imports in 2012 decreased by 64% relative to 2011.

As above

Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



B/II Prunus africana

(African Cherry)

VU High volume (GT) 2010, 2011 Wild-sourced imports of P. africana in 2012 comprised 525 521 kg bark traded for commercial purposes, of which 66% originated from Cameroon and the remainder from Uganda. Imports of wild-sourced bark declined by 17% between 2011 and 2012.

P. africana has been discussed at numerous SRGs including SRG 65-67. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Uganda on 02/12/2008, which was reconfirmed on 23/02/2012, for a quota of 176 179 kg of dry bark. The SRG formed a negative opinion for specimens from Cameroon on 14/09/2007, which was reconfirmed on 30/11/2009. Trade from Cameroon was reviewed at SRG 55 on 11/03/2011 and a positive opinion was agreed for a quota of 150 000 kg for 2010 and 2011, subject to clear identification of origin from the north-west region. This positive opinion for bark from Cameroon has been reconfirmed several times, most recently on 25/06/2014, for a total annual quota of 974 853 kg of dry bark (divided between specific geographic regions, subject to clear indication of the origin in the export permit); the negative opinion for Cameroon formed on 30/11/2009 remains valid for trade other than that which meets these conditions. P. africana was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4). In 2012 Cameroon published an export quota for 658 674 kg of dry bark, and Uganda published a quota for 176 179 kg dry bark, of which imports by the EU accounted for 53% and 100%, respectively.

B/II Bulnesia sarmientoi

(Holy Wood)

NT High volume (GT) EU imports of wild-sourced B. sarmientoi in 2012 principally comprised oil (26 181 kg) and extract (19 000 kg) imported from Paraguay for commercial purposes. This species was listed in Annex C (Argentina) in 2008, and in Appendix II and Annex B in 2010. Trade in wild-sourced oil and extract to the EU was first reported in 2009, peaked in 2011, and decreased by 62% between 2011 and 2012 (Figure 3.2).

The species was reviewed for SRG 56 and has been discussed at numerous SRG meetings including SRG 65, 66 and 67; a positive opinion for Paraguay was confirmed on 28/05/2014. B. sarmientoi was included in the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP16 (PC21 WG2 Doc.1 and PC21 Sum.4).

B/II Guaiacum coulteri NT Sharp increase Wild-sourced EU imports in 2012 comprised 17.73m3 timber imported from Mexico for commercial purposes. The only other wild-sourced imports reported over the period 2003-2012 were in 2004 and 2007 (Figure 3.2).


39 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List

status



ANNEX C: MAMMALS

C/III Antilope cervicapra

(Blackbuck)

NT High volume (GT) 2011 Wild-sourced imports in 2012 comprised 82 trophy items (72 trophies, four skins, five skulls and one body), the majority of which (99%) originated in Argentina. Combined imports of trophy items (trophies, bodies, skins and skulls) increased by 8% between 2011 and 2012, following a decrease in every year 2007-2011 from a peak of 292 trophy items in 2006.

ANNEX C: REPTILES

C/III Graptemys ouachitensis

(Ouachita Map Turtle)

- Sharp increase 2011 Aside from imports for scientific purposes, the EU imported 7140 live individuals of wild, unknown, or undeclared source from the United States, the majority for commercial purposes (75%). Live, wild-sourced imports decreased by 25% between 2011 and 2012; the only other wild-sourced imports reported 2003-2012 were 2500 live individuals imported in 2008.

C/III Mauremys reevesii

(Reeve's Turtle)


2011 All imports of M. reevesii reported since the species was listed in Appendix III (China) in 2005 have been reported with an unknown source or a source not specified. In 2012, 14 500 live individuals reported without a source specified were imported from China for commercial purposes. This represents a more than four-fold increase compared to live imports reported in 2011. China reported all exports of this species to the EU in 2012 as source ‘C’.

C/III Mauremys sinensis

(Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle)


2010, 2011 The majority of imports of M. sinensis reported since the species was listed in Appendix III (China) in 2005 have been reported with an unknown source or a source not specified. In 2012, 17 000 live individuals were imported from China, all reported without a source or purpose specified. Imports of live animals have fluctuated since 2005; live imports in 2012 were more than double levels reported in 2011. China reported all exports of this species to the EU in 2012 as source ‘C’.

Whilst listed in Annex C (hence SRG opinions are not applicable), the species was reviewed for SRG 62 to assess whether it might merit listing in Annex B.

Key: Within the ‘IUCN Red List status’ column, ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘EN’ = Endangered, ‘VU’= Vulnerable, ‘NT’= Near Threatened and ‘-’= not evaluated. Within the column ‘Selection criteria’, ‘High volume (GT)’ = ‘High volume (globally threatened)’, ◊ = met the criteria based on candidate countries' trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries' trade. *’No opinion (i)’ = no significant trade anticipated; ‘No opinion (ii)’ = decision deferred; ‘No opinion (iii)’ = referral to the SRG.

Table 3.4. Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of candidate country-reported direct imports from wild, ranched, unknown and unspecified sources in 2012 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade, overall increase or decrease in trade, and high variability in trade. Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List status

Selection criteria Previously selected Summary of trade

ANNEX B: MAMMALS

B/II Lycalopex griseus

(South American Grey Fox)

- High volume♦ 2010♦, 2011♦ Wild-sourced imports of L. griseus in 2012 comprised skins imported by Turkey from Argentina for commercial purposes (48 830). Between 2011 and 2012 imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 58%, reaching their highest level since 2008. However, trade remained lower than the quantities reported in each year 2006-2008.

B/II Lycalopex gymnocercus

(Pampa Fox)

- High volume 2011 In 2012, 36 930 wild-sourced skins were imported by Turkey from Argentina for commercial purposes. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by more than double between 2011 and 2012, reaching their highest levels over the period 2003-2012.

B/II Lynx canadensis

(Canada Lynx)

- Sharp increase♦ 2010◊, 2011◊ Wild-sourced imports of L. canadensis in 2012 comprised 322 skins imported by Turkey from Canada for commercial purposes. Smaller quantities of wild-sourced skins were imported by candidate countries in 2007 (three skins), 2009 (two skins) and 2011 (three skins).

B/II Lontra canadensis

(North American Otter)

- Sharp increase 2010◊, 2011♦ In 2012, wild-sourced imports of L. canadensis consisted of 2796 skins imported for commercial purposes by Turkey from the United States. Between 2011 and 2012 imports of skins increased by 8%; the only other wild-sourced trade in this species reported by candidate countries over the period 2003-2012 was the import of 177 skins in 2008.

B/II Arctocephalus pusillus

(Cape Fur Seal)

- High volume 2010, 2011 In 2012, Turkey reported the import of 22 023 wild-sourced skins from Namibia for commercial purposes. Candidate country imports of wild-sourced skins fell by 62% between 2011 and 2012.

ANNEX B: BIRDS

B/II Psittacus erithacus

(Grey Parrot)

VU High volume (GT) 2011 In 2012, Turkey reported the import of 3545 wild-sourced, live P. erithacus for commercial purposes. In addition, one bird of unknown source was imported by Croatia as a personal item. The majority of the wild birds originated in Congo (81%); smaller numbers originated in DRC (9%) and Mali (8%). Candidate country imports of live, wild-sourced P. erithacus more than doubled between 2011 and 2012, reaching their highest levels since 2008. This species was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade following CoP15. Benin, CAR, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda were retained in the review (AC27 Doc 12.4 (Rev.1)).

ANNEX B: REPTILES

A/B

/I/II

Caiman crocodilus

(Spectacled Caiman)

- Sharp increase♦ 2011◊ Turkey reported the import of 1700 wild-sourced C. crocodilus skins from Argentina in 2012, all of which were for commercial purposes. Wild-sourced candidate country imports prior to 2012 consisted of smaller quantities of live specimens (599) skins (157), and small leather products (14).


41 Annex/

App.

Taxon

(Common name)

IUCN Red List status

Selection criteria Previously selected Summary of trade

B Python reticulatus

(Reticulated Python)

- Sharp increase♦ 2010, 2011♦ Turkey reported the import of 8994 wild-sourced skins for commercial purposes in 2012, of which the majority originated in Malaysia (92%). Candidate country imports of wild-sourced skins increased every year since 2008 and increased by 24% between 2011 and 2012.

ANNEX B: FISH

B Anguilla anguilla

(Common Eel)

CR High volume (GT) 2010◊ In 2012, candidate country imports of A. anguilla consisted of live, ranched eels (800 kg) imported by FYR Macedonia from Greece for commercial purposes; similar quantities of live, ranched eels were imported in 2010 and 2011 (A. anguilla was listed in Appendix II and Annex B in 2009).

ANNEX B: CORALS

B Acropora humilis NT Sharp increase Wild-sourced imports reported by candidate countries in 2012 comprised 640 raw corals imported from the Solomon Islands for commercial purposes. The only other wild-sourced trade reported over the period 2003-2012 consisted of four raw corals imported in 2009.

Key: Within the ‘IUCN Red List status’ column, ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘VU’= Vulnerable, ‘NT’= Near Threatened and ‘-’= not evaluated. Within the column ‘Selection criteria’, ‘High volume (GT)’ = ‘High volume (globally threatened)’, ◊ = met the criteria based on EU trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries' trade.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. Im

po

rted

Acinonyx jubatus (wild-sourced bodies, skins, skulls and trophies)

0

1

2

3

4

5

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No.

Imp

ort

ed

Diceros bicornis (wild-sourced trophies and skins)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Qu

anti

ty im

po

rted

(k

g)

Lama guanico (wild-sourced meat)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. Im

po

rted

Caiman latirostris (ranched skins)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No. I

mp

ort

ed

Chamaeleo gracilis (live)

Wild-sourced Ranched

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. Im

po

rted

Ptyas mucosus (wild-sourced skins)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No. I

mp

ort

ed

Naja kaouthia (wild-sourced skins)

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No. I

mp

ort

ed

Tupinambis merianae (wild-sourced skins)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No.

Imp

ort

ed

Acropora hyacinthus (wild-sourced)

live raw corals

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. Im

po

rted

Seriatopora hystrix (wild-sourced)

live raw corals


43

Figure 3.2. EU-reported direct imports of selected species showing noteworthy patterns of trade (see Table 3.3), 2003-2012. Where a shorter year range is presented, no imports of the specified term/source were reported in the excluded years.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. im

po

rted

Euphorbia hedyotoides (wild-sourced, live)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No.

Imp

ort

ed

Euphorbia itremensis (wild-sourced, live)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No. i

mp

ort

ed

Euphorbia pedilanthoides (wild-sourced, live)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. im

po

rted

Euphorbia sakarahaensis (wild-sourced, live)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

2003 2004 2005 20062007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. im

po

rted

Cyclamen cilicium (wild-sourced, live)

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No.

Imp

ort

ed

Cyclamen coum (wild-sourced, live)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

2009 2010 2011 2012

Qu

an

tity

im

po

rted

(k

g)

Bulnesia sarmientoi (wild-sourced oil and extract)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Vo

lum

e im

po

rted

(m

3)

Guaiacum coulteri (wild-sourced timber)

Figure 4.1. Percentage of wild-sourced (re-)export transactions originating in the EU in 2012, as reported by the exporters, by purpose (n=225). ‘Other’ includes purposes ‘B’, ‘E’ and ‘N’.

4. Exports and re-exports This section provides an overview of EU and candidate countries’ reported exports and re-exports of CITES-listed species in 2012. Tridacna maxima was the species exported by the EU in the highest quantities from the wild; the majority of other wild-sourced exports were hunting trophies. Live sturgeon eggs, live plants and reptile skin pieces were the commodities exported at the highest volumes overall. The number of reptile taxa traded at high volumes increased from 19 in 2011 to 29 in 2012, mainly due to an increase in exports of snake skins and live tortoises.

Trade in artificially propagated Appendix-II plants and re-exports of manufactured articles have

been excluded from the analyses in this chapter. Throughout the chapter, ‘exports’ refers to both

direct exports and indirect exports (re-exports), unless otherwise specified.

EU Member States

Exports of wild-sourced species

This section focuses on wild-sourced trade

originating in the EU (including both direct

exports and re-exports where the origin is

within the EU). In 2012, Member States reported

225 export transactions involving wild-sourced

species originating in the EU; these transactions

were mainly recorded for scientific purposes

(57%; Figure 4.1). The remainder comprised

mainly commercial trade in live Tridacna

maxima10 and hunting trophies of Ursus arctos

(Table 4.1).

Wild-sourced exports for scientific purposes

involved 87 different taxa, including 61

Scleractinian corals and 14 mammals

(including Lynx pardinus, Canis lupus and

Ursus arctos, amongst others).

10 Reported by France; the top importer, the United States, reported the exporter as French Polynesia.

58%

19%

18%

4% 1%

Scientific and medical

Hunting trophies

Commercial trade

Personal

Other

Exports and re-exports

45 Table 4.1. Wild-sourced exports originating in the EU in 2012, as reported by the (re-)exporters. Trade for scientific purposes (purpose ‘S’) is excluded.

Taxon App./ Annex

Exporter (origin, if applicable) Importer Qty Term (unit) Purpose

Ma

mm

als

Ammotragus lervia II/B

Denmark (Spain) South Africa 2 trophies H

Canis lupus II/B Bulgaria United States 1 trophies H

Romania Switzerland 1 skulls H

Felis silvestris II/A Romania United States 1 skulls H

Lynx lynx II/A Sweden Norway 1 skins H

Ursus arctos II/A Bulgaria United States 1 trophies H

Estonia Argentina 1 trophies H

Romania Canada 1 skulls H

Romania FYR Macedonia 2 skulls H

Romania Mexico 1 skulls H

Romania Mexico 4 skulls P

Romania Norway 1 skulls H

Romania

Russian Federation 6 skulls H

Romania Serbia 1 skulls H

Romania Switzerland 6 skulls H

Romania Tanzania 1 skulls H

Romania Ukraine 7 skulls H

Romania

United Arab Emirates 1 skulls H

Romania United States 10 skulls H

Slovenia Norway 2 trophies H

Sweden China 2 skins P

Sweden Switzerland 2 bodies P

Sweden United States 1 skins H

Birds

Accipiter gentilis II/A Denmark Norway 1 bodies T

Aegypius monachus II/A Spain Switzerland 1 live B

Buteo buteo II/A United Kingdom United States 1 bodies T

Milvus milvus II/A United Kingdom Norway 1 bodies P

Falco tinnunculus II/B United Kingdom Norway 3 bodies T

Athene noctua II/A United Kingdom China 1 trophies T

United Kingdom United States 1 bodies T

Tyto alba II/A United Kingdom China 1 bodies T

Reptiles Lepidochelys kempii I/A Netherlands United States 1 live N

Fis

h

Anguilla anguilla II/B Sweden United States <1 specimens (kg) M

Hippocampus guttulatus II/B France Monaco 7 live E

Invert

ebra

tes Tridacna maxima II/B France Brazil 300 live T

France Canada 460 live T

France China 400 live T

France China 2 meat (kg) T

France Switzerland 100 live T

France United States 5941 live T

Pla

nts

Barlia robertiana II/B France Japan 1 derivatives T

Cyclamen purpurascens II/B

Germany (France) Switzerland <1 extract (l) T

Adonis vernalis II/B Germany (Romania) Switzerland <1 extract (l) T

High volume exports

This section focuses on the commodities (or taxon/term/unit combinations) exported at high

volumes by the EU. For the purposes of this analysis, trade volumes over 1000 units were

considered as ‘high volume’. Commodities exported by the EU at volumes exceeding this

threshold in 2012 are discussed below for each taxonomic group. Commodities met the ‘high

volume’ criterion on the basis of direct and indirect trade combined; however direct and indirect

exports are presented separately in the tables with direct exports first, followed by indirect

exports.

Overview High volume exports were recorded for 11 mammal, 16 bird, 29 reptile, 11 fish, five invertebrate, 15

plant (other than timber) and six timber taxa. In 2012 there was a notable increase in the number

of reptile taxa traded at high volumes, from 19 in 2011 to 29 in 2012, mainly due to an increase in

exports of snake skins and live tortoises. The following sections provide an overview of the high

volume trade by taxonomic group.

Mammals Eleven mammal taxa met the high volume criterion in 2012 on the basis of at least one term/unit

combination (Table 4.2). The top commodities exported directly from the EU by taxon were

garments derived from the species Lynx rufus and L. canadensis (all reported without a source or

purpose) and captive-bred specimens of Macaca fascicularis exported for medicinal purposes. The

top mammal commodities re-exported were hairs of Mustela sibirica, specimens of Macaca

fascicularis and skins of Arctocephalus pusillus. Notable quantities of pre-Convention carvings of

Loxodonta africana were reported in 2012 compared to previous years; this trade is discussed

further in Box 4.1.

Table 4.2. Mammal species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports (combined direct and indirect trade) exceeded 1000 units in 2012. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2011.

Taxon App./ Annex Qty Term

Main sources

Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]

Direct

export

s Lynx rufus II/B 6350 garments

No source reported Greece (100%)

Macaca fascicularis II/B 2511 specimens C Germany (78%)

Lynx canadensis II/B 1319 garments No source reported Greece (100%)

Elephas maximus I/A 47 carvings O Sweden (79%)

Loxodonta africana I/A; II/A 8 carvings O Greece (38%); Sweden (38%)

Macaca mulatta II/B 6 specimens C Germany (100%)

Indirect export

s

Mustela sibirica III/D 157 804 hair W United Kingdom (96%) [China]

Macaca fascicularis II/B 57 417 specimens F Germany (53%) [Mauritius]

Arctocephalus pusillus* II/B 9410 skins W

Germany (>99%) [Namibia]

Macaca mulatta II/B 6408 specimens C Germany (92%) [China]

Loxodonta africana I/A; II/B 5616 carvings O United Kingdom (88%) [Unknown]

Lynx rufus II/B 4889 skins W Germany (78%) [United States]

Pecari tajacu* II/B 3683 skins W Italy (96%) [Peru]

Tayassu pecari* II/B 2460 skin pieces W Italy (100%) [Peru]

Lycalopex griseus II/B 2293 skins W Germany (44%); Italy (43%) [Argentina]

Elephas maximus I/A 1999 carvings O United Kingdom (89%) [Unknown]

Lycalopex gymnocercus II/B 1300 skins W Germany (100%) [Argentina]


47

Birds Fifteen bird species and one hybrid met the high volume criterion in 2012 on the basis of at least

one term/unit combination (Table 4.3). Commodities meeting this threshold were primarily

direct commercial exports of live, captive-bred birds; the vast majority of the indirect exports

originated within the EU. The top commodities in trade by quantity were feathers of Cairina

moschata (kg), live Agapornis fischeri and live A. personatus.

Table 4.3. Bird species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2012. * Indicates taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2011.

Taxon App./ Annex Qty Term (unit)

Main source

Main (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]

Direct

export

s

Cairina moschata III/C 47 692 feathers (kg) C France (100%)

Agapornis fischeri II/B 39 684 live C Netherlands (81%)

Agapornis personatus II/B 26 010 live C Netherlands (79%)

Platycercus eximius II/B 12 339 live C Czech Republic (59%)

Psephotus haematonotus II/B 12 276 live C Czech Republic (43%)

Lonchura oryzivora II/B 9851 live C Netherlands (36%)

Gallus sonneratii II/B 7191 feathers C United Kingdom (100%)

Platycercus elegans II/B 5475 live C Czech Republic (54%)

Cyanoramphus auriceps* II/B 2365 live C Czech Republic (58%)

Pyrrhura molinae* II/B 1659 live C Netherlands (80%)

Myiopsitta monachus* II/B 1583 live C Netherlands (77%)

Falco hybrid I/A; II/B 1495 live C Spain (50%)

Bolborhynchus lineola* II/B 1440 live C Belgium (47%); Netherlands (47%)

Neopsephotus bourkii* II/B 1362 live C Belgium (56%)

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae I/A 1131 live C Belgium (40%); Czech Republic (49%)

Neophema pulchella* II/B 1128 live C Netherlands (41%)

Box 4.1. EU-reported exports of pre-Convention Loxodonta africana carvings.

A total of 5616 L. africana carvings recorded as pre-Convention (source ‘O’) were exported by the

EU in 2012, more than double the quantity reported in 2011 (Figure 4.2). Of these, 1248 carvings

were reported in sets of 52, and are therefore likely to be piano keys. All exports of carvings in

2012 were reported as Annex A, with 99% reported as re-exports from an unknown origin

country; the majority (75%) of trade was for commercial purposes. The United Kingdom

accounted for 88% of exports in 2012; the top trading partners were China (37%) and the United

States (28%).

Figure 4.2. EU-reported (re-)exports of pre-Convention Loxodonta africana carvings, 2003-2012.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. (re

-)ex

po

retd


Main source


Indirect export

s

Myiopsitta monachus* II/B 1634 live R Spain (98%) [Uruguay]

Platycercus eximius II/B 370 live C Bulgaria (54%) [Slovakia]

Falco hybrid I/A; II/B 320 live C Belgium (65%) [Germany]

Psephotus haematonotus II/B 236 live F Spain (83%) [Czech Republic]

Agapornis personatus II/B 152 live F Spain (99%) [Portugal]

Agapornis fischeri II/B 150 live F Spain (100%) [Portugal]

Platycercus elegans II/B 131 live F Spain (86%) [Czech Republic]

Lonchura oryzivora II/B 100 live F Spain (100%) [Portugal]

Gallus sonneratii II/B 95 feathers O Denmark (100%) [Unknown]

Cyanoramphus auriceps* II/B 50 live F Spain (100%) [Czech Republic]

Pyrrhura molinae* II/B 27 live F Spain (89%) [Portugal]

Neopsephotus bourkii* II/B 23 live F Spain (100%) [Netherlands]

Reptiles Twenty-nine reptile taxa met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit

combination in 2012 (Table 4.4). Direct exports from the EU were primarily live, captive-bred

specimens traded for commercial purposes; Chamaeleo calyptratus accounted for 48% of direct

exports of live reptiles in 2012. The principal importers of live reptiles were the United States

(30%) and Hong Kong, SAR (28%). Re-exports of taxa which met the high volume threshold

primarily comprised skins or skin pieces. Alligator mississippiensis accounted for 93% of re-

exports of skin pieces, of which the principal importer was Tunisia (42%), while the main EU re-

exporter was France (98%).

Table 4.4. Reptile species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2012. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2011.


Main source


Direct

export

s Chamaeleo calyptratus II/B 9867 live C Czech Republic (>99%)

Testudo hermanni II/A 4029 live C Slovenia (77%)

Geochelone sulcata* II/B 1861 live C Slovenia (97%)

Python bivittatus II/B 1412 live C Czech Republic (96%)

Python regius* II/B 486 live C Germany (80%)

Testudo horsfieldii* II/B 14 live C Germany (79%)

Indirect export

s

Alligator mississippiensis II/B 760 814 skin pieces W France (98%) [United States]

Cerberus rynchops* III/C 134 119 skins W Italy (100%) [Thailand]

Alligator mississippiensis II/B 64 724 skins W Italy (78%) [United States]

Atretium schistosum* III/C 55 599 skins O Spain (100%) [Unknown]

Daboia russelii III/C 50 047 extract F Germany (100%) [United States]

Tupinambis merianae II/B 48 567 skins W Italy (>99%) [Paraguay]

Python bivittatus II/B 33 092 skins C Italy (94%) [Viet Nam]

Daboia russelii III/C 31 713 derivatives F Germany (100%) [United States]

Python reticulatus II/B 30 792 skins C Italy (51%) [Viet Nam; Lao PDR]

Ptyas mucosus* II/B 26 710 skins W Italy (>99%) [Indonesia]

Caiman crocodilus fuscus II/B 20 635 skin pieces C Italy (72%) [Colombia]

18 369 skins C Spain (90%) [Colombia]

Tupinambis rufescens II/B 16 589 skins W Italy (98%) [Paraguay]

Varanus salvator II/B 14 404 skins W Spain (49%) [Indonesia]

Varanus niloticus II/B 12 612 skins W France (94%) [Mali]

11 563 skin pieces W France (95%) [Mali]

Caiman crocodilus* II/B 10 088 tails W Spain (55%) [Bolivia]

Tupinambis teguixin* II/B 8791 skins W Italy (100%) [Argentina]

Python reticulatus II/B 8119 skin pieces C Italy (61%) [Lao PDR]

Crocodylus niloticus I/A; I/B 6084 skins C France (53%) [Zimbabwe]


49 Taxon App./ Annex Qty Term (unit)

Main source


Indirect export

s (

cont.)

Eunectes notaeus* II/B 4167 skins W Italy (100%) [Argentina]

Crocodylus niloticus I/A; I/B 4125 skin pieces C Italy (58%) [Zimbabwe]

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus II/B 3980 skin pieces C Italy (>99%) [Colombia]

Python brongersmai II/B 3934 skins W Italy (74%) [Indonesia]

Naja naja* II/B 3511 skins W Italy (100%) [Thailand]

Caiman crocodilus* II/B 3246 skin pieces W Italy (100%) [Bolivia]

Varanus salvator II/B 2573 skin pieces W France (84%) [Indonesia]

Naja sputatrix* II/B 2102 skins W Italy (100%) [Indonesia]

Crocodylus porosus I/A; I/B 1967 skin pieces W Italy (54%) [Australia]

Caiman crocodilus* II/B 1711 skins W Italy (100%) [Bolivia]

Daboia russelii III/C 1698 skins W Italy (100%) [Indonesia]

Alligator mississippiensis II/B 1649 skin pieces (kg) W Italy (100%) [United States]

Tupinambis spp. II/B 1577 skins W Italy (>99%) [Paraguay]

Testudo horsfieldii* II/B 1341 live W Netherlands (71%) [Uzbekistan]

Crocodylus siamensis* I/A 1340 leather products (small) D Italy (92%) [Thailand]

Python bivittatus II/B 1333 skin pieces C Italy (77%) [Viet Nam]

Crocodylus porosus I/A; I/B 1260 skins C France (69%) [Australia]

Tupinambis merianae II/B 1259 skin pieces W Italy (98%) [Argentina]

Crocodylus niloticus I/A; I/B 1123 meat (kg) C Belgium (100%) [Zimbabwe]

Crocodylus acutus* I/A; I/B 1109 leather products (small) D Italy (100%) [Colombia]

Python regius* II/B 889 live R France (63%) [Togo]

Geochelone sulcata* II/B 677 live C Germany (85%) [Italy]

Chamaeleo calyptratus II/B 446 live F France (45%) [Czech Republic]

Testudo hermanni II/A 59 live C Germany (98%) [France]

Python bivittatus II/B 10 live C Germany (60%) [Switzerland]

Amphibians No individual species exceeded the 1000 unit threshold; the principal species exported were

Dendrobates tinctorius (508 live animals; 25%) and Ambystoma mexicanum (360 live animals;

18%), of which the majority were captive-bred and exported for commercial purposes. The

majority (94%) of live amphibian exports from the EU were direct; the top EU exporter was the

Netherlands (58%), while the principal importer was Japan (44%).

Fish Eight fish species and three hybrids met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one

term/unit combination (Table 4.5). The vast majority of high volume direct exports involved

sturgeon commodities from captive sources, exported for commercial purposes; live eggs were the

top commodities exported by quantity. Acipenser baerii was the top species exported as live eggs,

representing 84% of the trade in this commodity; all were directly exported from France to China.

Table 4.5. Fish species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2012. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2011.


Main source


Direct

export

s

Acipenser baerii II/B 3 765 000 live eggs C France (98%)

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 336 000 live eggs C Hungary (78%)

Acipenser ruthenus II/B 294 000 live eggs C Hungary (100%)

Acipenser baerii II/B 123 650 live (kg) C France (66%)

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 94 889 meat (kg) C Italy (54%)

Acipenser baerii II/B 85 749 meat (kg) C Italy (46%); Germany (45%)

Acipenser transmontanus II/B 58 215 meat (kg) C Italy (100%)

Acipenser baerii II/B 55 054 bodies (kg) C France (93%)

Acipenser baerii II/B 50 352 live C Estonia (89%)

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 20 672 live C Italy (97%)

Acipenser baerii x naccarii II/B 14 208 meat (kg) C Italy (100%)

Acipenser baerii II/B 11 598 caviar (kg) C France (58%)

Acipenser transmontanus II/B 6640 caviar (kg) C Italy (100%)

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 5643 caviar (kg) C Bulgaria (45%)

II/B 5000 bodies (kg) C Poland (100%)

Acipenser baerii II/B 2736 extract C France (99%)

II/B 2080 bodies C France (100%)

II/B 1894 extract (kg) C France (100%)

Huso huso II/B 1500 meat (kg) C Bulgaria (100%)

Acipenser ruthenus II/B 1389 meat (kg) C Germany (100%)

Huso dauricus x acipenser schrenckii* II/B 2 caviar (kg)

unspec-ified Latvia (100%)

Indirect export

s

Anguilla anguilla II/B 245 000 meat (kg) O Denmark (100%) [France]

Acipenser hybrid II/B 32 699 meat (kg) C Germany (100%) [Italy]

Acipenser baerii II/B 2100 extract (kg) C France (99%) [Italy]

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 1842 caviar (kg) C France (89%) [Bulgaria]

Acipenser baerii II/B 1279 caviar (kg) C France (46%) [Italy]

Huso dauricus x acipenser schrenckii* II/B 1042 caviar (kg) C France (62%) [China]

Acipenser transmontanus II/B 945 caviar (kg) F France (79%) [United States]

Acipenser baerii II/B 62 extract C Germany (100%) [France]

Invertebrates Five invertebrate taxa met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit

combination in 2012 (Table 4.6). Hirudo medicinalis accounted for 80% of exports of live

invertebrates reported by number, all of which were captive-bred and exported directly from the

EU for commercial purposes; the top EU exporter was France (81%), while the principal importer

was the United States (72%).

Table 4.6. Invertebrate species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2012. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2011.


Main source


Direct

export

s Hirudo medicinalis II/B 129 375 live C France (81%)

Hirudo verbana II/B 8943 live C Germany (56%)

Tridacna maxima II/B 7201 live W France (100%)

Hirudo verbana II/B 2223 live (kg) F United Kingdom (100%)

Indirect

export

s

Hirudo verbana II/B 16 524 live W Germany (100%) [Serbia]

Scleractinia spp.

6070 raw corals (kg) W Germany (95%) [Fiji]

Ornithoptera priamus* II/B 1603 bodies R France (>99%) [Indonesia]

Strombus gigas* II/B 1031 shells W Italy (99%) [Turks & Caicos Islands]

Tridacna maxima II/B 34 live W United Kingdom (59%) [Australia]


51 Plants (non-timber species) An overview of the 15 plant taxa that met the high volume criterion is provided in Table 4.7. Taxa

directly exported at high volumes in 2012 primarily comprised Appendix I cacti exported as

artificially propagated seeds for commercial purposes; the majority (90%) were exported from

Malta to China. Wild-sourced Galanthus elwesii accounted for 92% of live plant re-exports from

the EU in 2012, all of which originated in Turkey and were re-exported via the Netherlands; the

principal trading partner was Japan (88%).

Table 4.7. Non-timber plant species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2012. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2011.


Main source


Direct

export

s

Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus* I/A 15 650 seeds D Malta (98%)

Turbinicarpus alonsoi* I/A 4410 seeds D Malta (>99%)

Turbinicarpus hoferi* I/A 4400 seeds D Malta (100%)

Paphiopedilum hybrid* I/A 3720 live D Germany (100%)

Turbinicarpus beguinii* I/A 2200 seeds D Malta (100%)

Turbinicarpus bonatzii* I/A 2200 seeds D Malta (100%)

Astrophytum asterias* I/A 1950 seeds D Germany (100%)

Turbinicarpus saueri* I/A 1850 seeds D Malta (95%)

Indirect export

s

Galanthus elwesii II/B 1 032 615 live W Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]

Euphorbia antisyphilitica II/B 120 648 wax (kg) W Germany (86%) [Mexico]

Galanthus woronowii II/B 76 700 live W Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]

Aloe ferox II/B 44 112 extract (kg) W Germany (57%) [South Africa]

Euphorbia antisyphilitica II/B 20 872 extract (kg) W France (>99%) [Mexico]

Aloe ferox II/B 12 686 extract W Italy (100%) [South Africa]

Saussurea costus I/A 3009 powder (kg) D Germany (100%) [China]

Cyclamen coum II/B 2010 live W Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]

Cyclamen hederifolium II/B 1150 live W Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]

Timber species Six individual timber species met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit

combination in 2012 (Table 4.8); the majority of this trade was wild-sourced. Prunus africana

accounted for all of the trade in bark, the majority of which (90%) originated in Cameroon and

was re-exported via France to Madagascar. Araucaria araucana was the only timber species

exported at high volumes from the EU in 2012 for which a proportion of the trade was direct; the

majority of the direct exports (all live specimens) originated in Italy (52%), while the top importer

was Switzerland (69%).

Table 4.8. Timber species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2012. * Indicates species that did not meet the high volume criterion in 2011.

Taxon

App./ Annex Qty Term (unit)

Main source

Main (re-)exporter (100%) [Main origin, if applicable]

Direct exports Araucaria araucana* I/A 162 live D Italy (52%)

Indirect export

s

Prunus africana II/B 99 520 bark (kg) W France (>99%) [Cameroon]

II/B 10 155 powder (kg) W France (60%) [Cameroon]

Pericopsis elata II/B 8299 veneer (m2) W Germany (100%) [DRC]

Bulnesia sarmientoi II/B 7480 extract (kg) W Germany (>99%) [Paraguay]

II/B 5656 oil (kg) W France (48%); Spain (45%) [Paraguay]

Prunus africana II/B 4449 extract (kg) W Spain (85%) [Cameroon]

Caesalpinia echinata* II/B 1529 timber O Germany (100%) [Brazil]

Pericopsis elata II/B 1263 timber (m3) W Portugal (62%) [DRC]

Araucaria araucana* I/A 1084 live D Netherlands (87%) [Chile]

Swietenia macrophylla* II/B 1084 veneer (kg) W Germany (100%) [Mexico]

Candidate countries

Exports of wild-sourced species

Candidate countries reported 133 direct export

transactions of wild-sourced species in 2012, the

majority for commercial purposes (53%;

Figure 4.3). Wild-sourced exports for purposes

other than “scientific” involved 10 taxa, including

three Annex A species (Table 4.9). Trade in wild-

sourced scientific specimens involved three

species: live Bubo bubo (one individual) and

specimens of Monachus monachus (12) and

Ursus arctos (six). Figure 4.3. Proportion of wild-sourced direct export transactions reported by candidate countries in 2012, by purpose (n=133). Iceland's annual report for 2012 has not yet been received.

Table 4.9. Wild-sourced direct exports reported by candidate countries in 2012. Trade for scientific purposes (purpose ‘S’) is excluded. Iceland's annual report for 2012 has not yet been received.

Taxon App./

Annex Exporter Importer Qty Term (Unit) Purpose

Ma

mm

als

Canis aureus III/C Croatia United States 1 trophies H

Canis lupus II/A Croatia Austria 1 trophies H

Italy 1 trophies H

Slovakia 1 skins H

FYR Macedonia Belgium 2 trophies P

Hungary 1 trophies P

Italy 1 trophies P

Spain 9 trophies P

United States 4 trophies P

54%23%

11%

12%

Commercial trade

Hunting trophies

Scientific and medical

Personal


53 Taxon App./

Annex Exporter Importer Qty Term (Unit) Purpose

Ma

mm

als

(cont.)

Ursus arctos II/A Croatia Austria 4 trophies H

Czech Republic 6 trophies H

Italy 9 trophies H

Poland 1 trophies H

Slovakia 2 skins H

4 trophies H

Switzerland 2 trophies H

Tursiops truncatus II/A Turkey United Kingdom 340 specimens M

Fish Anguilla anguilla II/B Turkey Taiwan, PoC 290 meat (kg) T

Invert

ebra

tes

Hirudo verbana II/B FYR Macedonia Israel 20 live (kg) T

Montenegro Germany 100 live (kg) T

Turkey France 250 live (kg) T

Germany 374 live (kg) T

Netherlands 20 live (kg) T

Republic of Korea 28 live (kg) T

Switzerland 11 live (kg) T

United Kingdom 101 live (kg) T

Uzbekistan 180 live (kg) T

Pla

nts

Galanthus elwesii II/B Turkey Netherlands 5 250 000 live T

Galanthus woronowii II/B Turkey Netherlands 3 000 000 live T

Cyclamen cilicium II/B Turkey Netherlands 41 350 live T

Cyclamen coum II/B Turkey Netherlands 286 657 live T

High volume exports

Candidate countries exported ten species at volumes exceeding 1000 units in 2012 (Table 4.10),

with the majority of trade for commercial purposes.

Table 4.10. Species/term/unit combinations for which candidate countries’ reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2012. * Indicates species which did not meet the high volume threshold in 2011. Iceland's annual report for 2012 has not yet been received.

Taxon

App./ Annex

Qty Term (Unit) Main

source Main (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]

Direct

export

s

Galanthus elwesii II/B 5 250 000 live W Turkey (100%)

Galanthus woronowii II/B 300 000 live W Turkey (100%)

Cyclamen coum II/B 286 657 live W Turkey (100%)

Cyclamen cilicium II/B 41 350 live W Turkey (100%)

Testudo hermanni II/A 8671 live C FYR Macedonia (91%)

Testudo graeca II/A 3530 live C Turkey (100%)

Hirudo verbana II/B 1084 live (kg) W Turkey (89%)

Indirect

export

s

Galanthus woronowii II/B 10 755 315 live W Turkey (100%) [Georgia]

Arctocephalus pusillus*

II/B 4122 skins W Turkey (100%) [Namibia]

Python reticulatus* II/B 2419 skins W; C Turkey (100%) [Viet Nam/Indonesia]

Lycalopex griseus II/B 2000 skins W Turkey (100%) [Argentina]

High volume direct exports from candidate countries, in addition to the wild-sourced trade in

plants described in Table 4.9, primarily comprised live, captive-bred tortoises for commercial

purposes; the principal importer was the United Kingdom (37%). Other than live

Galanthus woronowii, the majority of high volume re-exports by candidate countries comprised

skins, the majority of which were wild-sourced and all traded for commercial purposes; the top

importers of the taxa re-exported at high volumes as skins were China (24%), Russia (23%) and

Spain (23%).

54 5. Species valuation Estimating the economic value of trade in CITES species can strengthen the case for incentive driven management and sustainable use by making the contribution to national economies and livelihoods more explicit. The monetary value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species is estimated in this section. To calculate the value of relevant 2012 imports to the EU, we use a methodology first developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2010 Analysis and also used for the 2011 Analysis. In this year’s analysis, the same methodology was used for the first time to estimate the economic value of exports and re-exports of CITES-listed animals by the EU.

The value of EU imports of CITES-listed animals in 2012 (excluding caviar extract) was estimated at USD727 million (~EUR537 million), whereas the value of EU exports (including re-exports) was estimated to be 70% higher at approximately USD1.2 billion (~EUR0.89 billion). The most valuable import commodities were leather products and skins; luxury items also made up a high proportion of export value, including leather products, garments and caviar. In the CITES context, trade in wild and ranched CITES-listed animals to the EU in 2012 was likely to be economically important for the top ten exporters by value (estimated to be over USD4 million each). Six of these countries are “megadiversity” countries; however, aside from Indonesia and Australia (both of which exported >100 taxa in 2012), the estimated economic value for other top exporting countries was derived from relatively few taxa.

To estimate the value of EU trade in CITES-listed animals, species-specific values in United States

dollars (USD) that are included in the United States annual report to CITES (as transmitted by

the United States Fish and Wildlife Service)11 were used for calculations. The median value for

each family/term/unit/source combination, corrected for inflation, was multiplied by the

corresponding EU-reported trade volume (as recorded in the CITES Trade Database) to obtain a

total value for CITES-listed EU imports and exports in 2012. In cases where there was an

insufficient sample size to calculate a reliable value for the family/term/unit/source combination,

a suitable proxy was used (e.g. order instead of family, or an alternative term or source); in cases

where no suitable proxy could be found, the data were excluded.

Whilst the exclusion of some trade records will reduce the overall estimated value of EU trade,

other median values that are high but are based on a lower number of records (e.g. five to ten)

may have the effect of exaggerating the value importance of certain taxa. Overall figures should

therefore be interpreted with some caution. Further details of the methodology, along with

caveats to this approach, are found in Annex E.

Results are initially presented exclusive of caviar extract as value estimates for this commodity

may be inflated. Whilst prices for caviar extract are based on a high number of records in the

United States dataset, it is unclear if the quantities reported in trade accurately represent the

amount of CITES-listed extract within finished skincare products.

A comprehensive valuation of EU plant imports was not undertaken as no value dataset with

adequate taxonomic coverage was available at the time of analysis.

11 Reflecting the amounts reported by traders via USFWS 3-177 forms.

Species valuation

55 Value of EU imports

Total import value, excluding caviar extract

The monetary value of EU reported CITES-listed animal imports in 2012, excluding caviar extract,

is estimated to be approximately USD727 million (USD726 700 768 or ~EUR537 million12). The

value of this trade appears to be increasing annually when compared to estimates for 2010 and 2011

(USD424.3 million and USD675.7 million, respectively)13. As in previous years, the value was

dominated by reptile commodities, with trade in reptiles accounting for 73% of the value of EU

animal imports in 2012, reflecting the relatively high volume of EU imports of this group

(Figure 5.1).

Figure 5.1. Proportion of EU value (2012 USD) of imports of animals by class in 2012.

Trade in wild and ranched CITES-listed animals to the EU in 2012 accounted for USD424.7 million

(~EUR313.8 million) or 58% of total estimated value, with captive-produced imports worth over

USD275 million (~EUR203 million, or 38% of value).

Key commodities imported by the EU by value

Leather products and skins were the top two commodities imported by value when excluding

caviar extract, representing 42% and 31% of the overall estimated value, respectively. This mirrors

findings from 2010 and 2011 and approximately reflects trade volumes, with skins and leather

items the commodities imported to the EU in the largest volumes (36% and 28% of the trade

recorded as number of items, i.e. without a unit, respectively). The value of the key commodities

imported by the EU in 2012 is summarised in Figure 5.2. A brief overview of each of the top five

commodities based on value is provided below.

12 All Euro equivalent values throughout this section are based on an exchange rate of 0.738 EUR to 1 USD from http://www.xe.com/ on 17 July 2014. 13 When comparisons to 2011 prices are used, these reflect values published in the 2011 EU Analysis of Annual Reports that are based on the same methodology used here, but use the median 2011 USD equivalent value from 2007-2011, as opposed to the 2012 USD value derived from the median of 2008-2012 United States price data. Similarly, 2010 prices are based on median values using the 2006-2010 United States price data. Annual figures for 2010 and 2011 have been corrected for inflation.

8%

73%

14%

2%1.5% 1%

Mammalia

Reptilia

Actinopterygii

Anthozoa

Gastropoda

Other

http://www.xe.com/

56

Figure 5.2. Value (2012 USD) of trade in the top five commodities imported by the EU in 2012 by quantity (excluding caviar extract), with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“other”).

Leather products

Leather products (encompassing both small and large leather products) were the top commodity

imported by the EU quantity in 2012, and represented the most valuable commodity imported

into the EU in 2012 (excluding caviar extract) with an estimated value of USD306 million

(~EUR226 million). Correcting for inflation, this represents an increase in value of around 9.6%

compared with 2011 and 47% compared to 2010.

The predominant families in trade by economic value were reptilian. Alligatoridae accounted for

67% of the EU imports of this commodity by value; Crocodylidae (14%) and Pythonidae (11%) also

represented a notable proportion of estimated economic value. Three additional reptile families

were imported in notable quantities exceeding USD1 million: Varanidae (6%), Colubridae (1%)

and Teiidae (<1%). Wild-sourced leather products accounted for almost three quarters (74%;

USD226.3 million or ~EUR167.2 million) of the total value of leather products, again primarily

comprising the family Alligatoridae (83% of all wild-sourced leather products).

Skins

Skins were the second highest commodity imported by volume and value into the EU in 2012

(excluding caviar extract). This trade was estimated to be worth over USD226 million

(~EUR167 million), with reptiles representing the majority of the estimated value (92%) and

mammals comprising virtually all of the remainder. The estimated value of skin imports in 2012

was around 7% higher than the value estimated for 2011 skin imports, corrected for inflation. The

trade in skin pieces was estimated to be worth an additional USD0.79 million (~EUR0.58 million).

The three most important reptile families by estimated economic value for the skin trade in 2012

were: Alligatoridae (40%), Pythonidae (34%) and Crocodylidae (16%). Over 77% of the reptile skin

trade by value was dominated by only five species, in order of importance: Alligator

mississippiensis, Python reticulatus, P. bivittatus, Crocodylus niloticus and C. porosus.

Over half (51%) of all reptile skin imports by value were wild-sourced, and worth an estimated

USD106.5 million (~EUR78.6 million), mainly comprising Alligatoridae. A similar proportion

(43%) were from captive sources (comprising Pythonidae and Crocodylidae) and were estimated

to be worth USD91 million (~EUR67million), with ranched skins (virtually all Crocodylidae) worth

approximately USD10 million (~EUR7.4 million). The price of skins in trade was affected by the

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

leather products

skins caviar carvings live other

Val

ue

(mil

lio

ns

of

US

D)

Species valuation

57 source of the specimens; the median value for wild-sourced Alligatoridae skins (USD236) was over

three times the value of captive-produced skins (USD66) and almost six times the value of

ranched skins (USD41). These prices were based on a high number of trade records for wild-

sourced, captive-sourced and ranched skins (1723, 920 and 75 respectively).

The value of mammal skin imports to the EU in 2012 was estimated at USD18.5 million

(~EUR13.7 million). The three most important families by economic value were Felidae (42%),

Canidae (34%) and Tayassuidae (20%).

Caviar

Caviar was the third most important commodity by value imported in 2012, and compared to 2010

and 2011, was ranked more valuable than the trade in live animals for the first time. Imports of

caviar into the EU were estimated to be worth over USD102 million (~EUR75.4 million) in 2012,

with over 99% of the value of caviar derived from aquaculture (sources C and F) specimens. This

reflects trade volumes, with over 95% of caviar (reported in kg) originating from captive sources.

The main captive-bred taxa in trade by value were Acipenser baerii (85%), Huso dauricus x

Acipenser schrenckii (4%) and Acipenser transmontanus (4%).

Caviar is a very low volume but high value product. The median values for captive-bred caviar for

combined species of the family Aciperseridae have been comparable for the three years 2010, 2011

and 2012 in which valuation analysis has been undertaken; USD935/kg, USD936/kg and

USD899/kg respectively. Comparatively, the median family value for wild-sourced caviar has

declined over the equivalent years; USD1080/kg, USD882/kg and USD695 respectively. This

decline may be attributed to a change in wild-sourced species imported into the EU over these

years, with Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus and Huso huso imported in 2010 but not in

subsequent years. Only wild-sourced caviar of Scaphirhynchus platorynchus was imported in 2011,

with S. platorynchus and Polyodon spathula imported in 2012.

Carvings

Carvings (including trade reported in all units) was included in the “top five” commodities

imported to the EU by value for the first time in 2012, and comprised 4.5% of the total estimated

value of EU imports in 2012 (USD32.7 million or ~EUR24.2 million). Corallidae represented 39% of

the value of carvings, with the majority reported as pre-Convention. The median value for pre-

Convention carvings of Corallidae was USD1693 (based on 70 trade records); this is relatively high

compared to the estimated value for captive-sourced carvings (USD375, based on 55 records).

One species, Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Minke Whale), accounted for almost 30% of the

estimated value for this commodity, all of which was wild-sourced from Greenland. The

predominance of whale carvings in the 2012 valuation of EU trade is largely due to the fact that

the median value for carvings of wild-sourced Balaenopteridae is very high (over USD400 000,

based on 5 trade records). As a comparison, the median value for pre-Convention carvings of

Balaenopteridae was approximately USD15 000, although only two price records are available from

the United States dataset.

Live animals

Live animals represented the fifth most valuable commodity and were the third highest

commodity imported by quantity in 2012 (reported in number of units) with over one million

individual animals imported. The total estimated value of live animal imports into the EU in 2012

58 was over USD24 million (~EUR17.7 million). Estimated figures for the economic value of this trade

indicate a decrease compared to 2011 estimates of over USD36.5 million, but are more comparable

to 2010 figures of USD20 million (corrected for inflation).

Whilst Anthozoa, Reptilia and Hirudinoidea dominated EU live imports (reported in number) by

quantity, live mammals accounted for the highest proportion (47%) by value (Figure 5.3). The

approximate average value for a live mammal imported in 2012 (based on estimated family median

values14) was approximately USD2500, compared to around USD4-5 for a live animal of the

families Hirudinoidea and Anthozoa, or USD27 for Reptilia (Table 5.2).

As in 2010 and 2011, Cercopithecidae was the predominant mammal family by value, accounting

for 95% of the value attributed to live mammals (or USD10.7 million, ~EUR7.9 million). Trade was

dominated by one species: Macaca fascicularis, mainly for biomedical purposes (92%). The

majority of the economic value of live mammals was derived from captive-bred specimens

(>99%).

Figure 5.3. Proportion of EU value (2012 USD) of imports of live animals by class in 2012. (‘Other’ includes Amphibia, Actinopterygii, Bivalvia, Arachnida, Insecta and Hydrozoa.)

Trade in live reptiles accounted for 28% of live imports by value in 2012, and was valued at

USD7.8 million (~EUR5.8 million). The key reptile families in trade, in order of estimated value,

were: Geoemydidae (27%), Pythonidae (23%), Testudinidae (19%), and Emydidae (15%). The

majority of trade in Geoemydidae was in two species: Mauremys reevesii and M. sinensis. The

majority of the economic value in live reptiles was derived from captive-bred specimens (81%).

Although the relative value of an individual live bird imported to the EU appears to be

comparatively high (Table 5.1), trade volumes are low. The overall value of live bird imports in

2012 accounted for USD0.9 million (~EUR0.67 million) or around 3% of the estimated value of EU

imports of live animals. The majority of the value can be attributed to birds from captive sources

(88%), with only 11% of the value derived from wild-sourced birds. Over 40% of the estimated

value of live bird imports in 2012 could be attributed to Falco rusticolus, all of which was captive-

bred.

The total value of EU imports of live invertebrates (USD7.9 million or ~EUR5.8 million) was

dominated by the species of the class Hirudinoidea (USD4.7 million; 60% of the value of live

invertebrates), all due to trade in Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbena. Corals of the class Anthozoa

were also worth an estimated USD2.9 million or ~EUR2.1 million (37% of the value of live

14 Total 2012 import value based on family median value by class, divided by the number of animals imported in 2012 by class.

40%

3%28%

17%

10% 2%

Mammalia

Aves

Reptilia

Hirudinoidea

Anthozoa

Other

Species valuation

59 invertebrates). The majority of the value for live corals and leeches was derived from wild-sourced

specimens (62% of the Anthozoa value and 88% of the Hirudinoidea value).

Table 5.1. Average value of live animals imported by the EU in 2012, by class (nearest USD).

Value of caviar extract

As in 2010 and 2011, caviar extract represented the main commodity in trade by value in 2012,

amounting to USD3.8 billion15 (~EUR2.8 billion). This commodity is imported in very small

quantities, and is used in cosmetics, luxury moisturising creams and skincare preparations for its

purported anti-aging properties. According to the United States Customs data, the estimated

value of one kilogram of caviar extract is USD22 million (~EUR16.2 million) or USD22 000 per

gram. This is based on the median value of 432 records within the United States Customs dataset,

spanning five years (2008-2012) and involving both United States imports and exports. It is

unclear whether the declared prices in the United States dataset represent the actual price for the

extract in its natural form or whether this value represents the luxury commodity that contains

the extract; however, caviar extract is known to be traded internationally in both forms.

In total, nearly 171 kg of extract were imported by the EU in 2012 from a variety of sturgeon species

and hybrids (Table 5.2). Virtually all extract (99.8%) originated from captive-bred or captive-born

sources, with the remainder ranched or of unreported source. Switzerland was the main EU

trading partner accounting for 98% of EU imports; however the majority of this extract originated

from two EU countries; France (56%) and Italy (43%).

Table 5.2. Quantity and estimated value of caviar extract (in kg) imported by the EU in 2012 (rounded to two decimal places, where applicable).

Taxon Quantity (kg) Estimated Value (Millions of USD,

rounded to the nearest million) % of extract value

Acipenser baerii 99.86 2222 57.9%

Acipenser hybrid 39.70 892 23.2%

Acipenser naccarii 31.16 700 18.3%

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii 0.85 17 0.46%

Acipenser baerii x naccarii 0.07 1.5 0.04%

Total 170.64 USD3833

Therefore, when caviar extract is included, the total value of CITES-listed animals and animal

products imported by the EU in 2012 was estimated at USD4.5 billion (USD4 559 978 422 or

15 “Billion” in this report is used to refer to 109.

Class Average value in USD of live animals (reported in number)

by class (using estimated median family values)

Approximate EUR

equivalent (nearest EUR)

Mammalia 2581 1905

Aves 1125 830

Sarcopterygii 89 66

Reptilia 27 20

Amphibia 22 16

Bivalvia 9 7

Anthozoa 5 4

Hirudinoidea 5 4

Hydrozoa 3 2

Actinopterygii 3 2

Insecta 2 1

Arachnida 1 1

60 ~EUR3.3 billion). Corrected for inflation, this is an increase of 23% compared with the equivalent

2011 estimate.

Live plants

For the majority of plant species, the United States dataset did not have any value information

that was comparable to the animal value data applied and there is no existing centralised dataset

for global plant price data. Where data is available, it is possible to complete ad hoc analyses for

trade in individual species using the same methodology as described for the United States dataset.

For example, based on price data acquired by Guatemalan customs and provided by the CITES

Management Authority for the years 2009-2013, the value of live imports of Cycas revoluta (all of

which was artificially propagated) to the EU in 2012 was estimated at USD1.85 million (~EUR1.37

million). This was the fifth highest taxon imported by the EU in 2012 by value, and comprised 3%

of the volume of all live plant imports as reported by number.

Analyses of only a very limited selection of timber parts and derivatives have previously been

possible (see 2011 Analysis). The value of CITES-listed timber to the EU is likely to be high given,

for example, the median value for Swietenia spp. (USD1856/m3 in 2011 or USD1894/m3 in 2012,

correcting for inflation). Considering that 70 000 kg and 71 000 m3 of timber (all species) was

imported to the EU in 2012, in addition to over 74 million live plants, 1.3 million kg of wax, almost

600 000 kg of bark, and almost 330 000 kg of extract, the overall value of EU plant imports is likely

to be substantial. Efforts continue to acquire more comprehensive price data for CITES-listed

plants.

Value by trading partner

Based on importer-reported trade volumes and estimated commodity values, Switzerland was

considered the main trading partner by economic value in 2012, with imports from the country

estimated to be worth approximately USD235 million or ~EUR174 million (animal commodities

only, excluding caviar extract). Trade with a further eight countries was estimated to be worth

USD15 million-USD75 million each (Figure 5.4), with the overall import value from all other

individual trading partners being worth less than 2% each.

Figure 5.4. Estimated value (2012 USD) of EU imports from the top trading partners by value in 2012, with an indication of the combined value of imports from the remaining 122 trading partners (“Other”).

0

50

100

150

200

250

Val

ue

(mil

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Species valuation

61 Considering the live animal trade only, the key trading partners by value were Mauritius (24%),

Turkey (15%) and China (10%). This is in contrast to the live animal trade by volume, where

Indonesia, Australia and the Russian Federation are the main EU trading partners.

Of the wild-sourced and ranched trade imported directly to the EU in 2012 (totalling USD424.7

million), ten export countries accounted for 91% of the estimated overall value of imports (Figure

5.5). In the CITES context, this trade is likely to be economically important to these countries. Six

of these countries are one of the 17 “megadiversity” countries16, three of which have over 1000

CITES-listed animal species; United States (1097), Indonesia (1460) and Australia (1061).

Figure 5.5. Estimated value (2012 USD) of wild-sourced and ranched EU imports in 2012 (*= “megadiversity country”).

However, whilst the EU imported over 100 different taxa from coral-rich Indonesia and Australia

(with corals representing 8% and 10% of CITES-listed animal taxa within these countries

respectively), estimated total values from the remaining “top ten” countries could be attributed to

≤ 20 taxa. Bolivia, China, Jamaica and Venezuela each exported only one wild-sourced or ranched

species to the EU in 2012 (representing <1% of the CITES-listed animal species in each country).

Whilst Greenland has relatively few CITES-listed animal species (35), over 30% of these were

imported by the EU in 2012.

Half of the estimated overall value of captive-bred trade imported directly by the EU in 2012 was

from Switzerland; 97 taxa were imported from the country but over 99% of the value was derived

from trade in Acipenser baerii. Other notable trading partners for captive-bred imports by value

were Viet Nam (9% of captive-sourced value), China (8%), Zimbabwe (7%) and South Africa (6%).

Relatively few taxa accounted for this value from China (15), Viet Nam (7), and Zimbabwe (1);

whilst EU imports of 51 taxa originated in South Africa, almost 98% of estimated value was

derived from Crocodylus niloticus.

Value of EU exports

This section analyses the value of both direct and indirect exports; hereafter, ‘exports’ refers to

both direct exports and re-exports, unless otherwise specified.

16 Mittermeier, R.A., Gil P.R. and Mittermeier, C.G. (1997) Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. Conservation International, Cemex.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Val

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(mil

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D)

62 Total export value, excluding caviar extract

The monetary value of EU-reported CITES-listed animal exports in 2012, excluding caviar extract,

is estimated to be approximately USD1.2 billion (USD1 236 904 240 or ~ EUR913 million). This is

around 70% higher than the estimated value of EU imports in the same year. Reflecting high

volumes of reptile exports in 2012, this group accounted for 84% of the overall value of exports

(over USD1 billion; Figure 5.6). Whilst the estimated economic value of birds imported into the

EU is relatively small (Figure 5.1), the value of exports of birds and their parts and derivatives was

worth over USD78.5 million (~EUR58 million) in 2012. EU exports of wild-sourced and ranched

CITES-listed animals accounted for USD666 million (or ~EUR492 million; 54% of total estimated

value), with captive-produced exports worth over USD527 million (~EUR364 million, or 43%).

Figure 5.6. Proportion of EU value (2012 USD) of (re-)exports of animal products by class in 2012.

Key commodities exported by the EU by value

The proportional value of key commodities exported by the EU in 2012 is summarised in Figure

5.7. As for EU imports, leather products (encompassing both small and large leather products)

were the top commodity exported. The overall value of exports was largely comprised of luxury

items: leather products (76%), garments (6%) and caviar (3%). The main destinations for EU

exports by overall value were: Switzerland (36%), United States (16%) and China (13%). A brief

overview of the top two export commodities is provided below.

Figure 5.7. Value (2012 USD) of trade for the top five commodities (re-)exported by the EU in 2012 (excluding caviar extract), with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“other”).

5%6%

84%

3% 2%

Mammalia

Aves

Reptilia

Actinopterygii

Other

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

leather

products

live garments skins caviar other

Val

ue

(mil

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D)

Species valuation

63 Leather products

Leather products were the most valuable commodities exported by the EU in 2012, worth an

estimated USD935 million (~EUR690 million). As a comparison, exports of leather products were

worth three times the value of imports of this commodity, and over four times the value of skins

imported in 2012.

The EU leather industry creates high-added-value products in the fashion, furniture and

automotive sectors. The EU itself is the main consumer of the leather it produces, absorbing two-

thirds of leather sales17. The total annual export value of CITES-listed leather products

manufactured in the EU is therefore likely to be substantially higher than USD935 million. The

main EU exporters of CITES-listed leather products by estimated value were Italy (52%) and

France (30%). The top import destinations (according to highest estimated value) were

Switzerland (45%), United States (15%) and China (15%).

Live animals

Live animals were the second most valuable

commodity exported from the EU in 2012,

accounting for 7% of export value, worth an

estimated USD89 million (~EUR65.7

million). Compared with the volume and

value of EU live animals imported (one

million animals, worth around USD24

million), export volumes were much lower

(just under 400 000 animals), but overall

value was estimated to be over three times

higher (USD78.6 million, ~EUR58 million).

In contrast to EU live animal imports,

export value was dominated by birds, with

83% of the overall value being attributed to this group (Figure 5.8). Live exports of Hirudinoidea

(all Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbana) were worth an estimated USD11.6million (~EUR8.6

million).

Over 130 000 live birds were exported from the EU in 2012. The approximate average value of a live

bird (based on estimated family median values18) was USD555 (Table 5.3). Virtually all of the value

(>99%) involved captive-bred birds, with the main genera involved being: Agapornis (42%), Falco

(14%) and Platycercus (13%). Both Agapornis spp. and Platcercus spp. are non-native to the EU.

The Netherlands was the main exporter of live birds by overall estimated value in 2012 (48%). The

top importers by value were: Indonesia (39% or USD31 million), which was the main destination

for Agapornis spp.; United Arab Emirates (17% or USD13 million), being the key importer for Falco

spp.; and Kuwait, Jordan and Pakistan, each accounting for around 4%.

Live mammal exports were estimated to be worth USD2.1 million (~EUR1.6 million) in 2012. The

families Cercopithecidae and Cebidae represented the most valuable live mammal exports in 2012,

representing 33% and 29% of the overall value of this group, respectively. Virtually all were

captive-bred. Whilst there were 53 importers of live mammals from the EU, the main trading

partners by estimated economic value were the United States (15%) and China (14%).

17 Cotance, 2012. Social and Environmental Report – the European leather industry. 18 Total 2012 (re-)export value by class, divided by the number of animals (re-)exported in 2012, by class.

2%

83%

2%

13%Mammalia

Aves

Reptilia

Hirudinoidea

Figure 5.8. Proportion of EU value (2012 USD) of (re-)exports of live animals by class in 2012.

64 Exports of live reptiles from the EU in 2012 was estimated to be worth USD1.5 million (~EUR1.1

million). The key reptile families in order of estimated value were: Testudinidae (31%),

Chamaeleonidae (27%) and Pythonidae (26%). The majority of the economic value in exported

live reptiles was derived from captive-bred specimens (97%). The main EU trading partners by

economic value were Hong Kong, SAR (22%), United States (21%) and Japan (16%).

Table 5.3. Average value of live animals (re-)exported by the EU in 2012 by class

(nearest USD).

Class Average value in USD of live animals (reported in

number) by class (using estimated median family values)

Approximate EUR

equivalent

Mammalia 2065 1524

Aves 555 410

Reptilia 56 41

Amphibia 29 21

Hydrozoa 5 4

Hirudinoidea 5 4

Arachnida 4 3

Anthozoa 4 3

Bivalvia 3 2

Actinopterygii 1 1

Garments, skins, and caviar

EU exports of garments in 2012 were worth an estimated USD77.8 million (~EUR57.5 million),

with 62% derived from reptiles and the remainder mammals. Skin exports were estimated to be

worth USD41.5 million; over 85% of the value of skins exported from the EU (around

USD35.9 million or ~EUR26.5 million) were also reptilian, mainly Alligatoridae and Pythonidae.

Caviar exports were worth an estimated USD30 million (~EUR22 million), with over 98% being

from captive sources.

Value of caviar extract

As for imports, caviar extract was also the main commodity exported from the EU by value in

2012, amounting to USD91.6 billion19 (~EUR68 billion). Over 4100kg of this commodity was

exported from the EU in 2012, which is estimated to be worth USD22 million per kilogram

according to United States Customs data. Virtually all was captive-bred (>99.9%) and mainly

originated in Italy (51%) and France (46%), with virtually all exported by France. The United

States and Switzerland were the main importers by value (68% and 20% respectively). Over 97%

of the value of the exported caviar extract was derived from Acipenser baerii. This species is native

to China, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.

Value by EU exporter

Whilst all 27 Member States exported animal commodities in 2012, eight countries accounted for

over 95% of the overall estimated export value, excluding caviar extract. These were, in order of

estimated economic importance: Italy, France, Austria, Portugal, the United Kingdom, Germany,

Netherlands and Spain. Trade in live animals was the most valuable commodity exported by the

Netherlands and the United Kingdom, whereas leather products accounted for the main value for

the remaining six countries.

19 Billion” in this report is used to refer to 109.

65 6. Non-CITES trade Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 provides for the control of trade in certain species that are not listed in the Appendices to CITES; such species may be listed in Annexes A, B or D. Monitoring of trade in these species is entirely dependent on reporting by EU Member States; this chapter provides an overview of this trade20 in 2012.

EU imports of non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes in 2012 principally comprised Annex D reptile skins, dried plants and plant derivatives. Imports of particular note include Elaphe carinata skins, Harpagophytum spp. derivatives and live Pterapogon kauderni. The top non-CITES species exported by the EU in 2012 was Columba livia.

Imports

Seven non-CITES Annex A or B taxa were imported by Member States in 2012, compared to only

three in 2011. As in 2011, a major proportion of the trade consisted of live Trachemys scripta

elegans imported for scientific purposes, the majority of which were wild-sourced (Table 6.1). One

live T. scripta elegans was imported for personal purposes; this species was subject to an import

suspension under Article 4.6 (d) of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 as an invasive species, although

Article 71 of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 provides for an exemption for household articles.

Imports of live specimens of this species increased by 15% between 2011 and 2012, reaching their

highest level over the period 2003 onwards.

Table 6.1. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex A and B taxa in 2012. All trade was direct. Annex Taxon Importer Exporter Source Purpose Quantity Term

Mammals A Hystrix cristata Denmark Central African Republic

W H 1 trophy

France Central African Republic

W P 1 trophy

Germany Guinea W S 1 body

Liberia W S 2 bodies

Senegal W S 15 bodies

B Sciurus carolinensis Germany United States W T 75 tails

Birds A Ciconia stormi Germany United States F B 2 live

Leptoptilos dubius United Kingdom

Cambodia W S 1 body

Reptiles B Trachemys scripta elegans Denmark United States W M 150 live

S 150 live

Germany Turkey F P 1 live

United States F S 42 live

Chrysemys picta Germany United States F S 75 live

Amphibians B Lithobates catesbeianus Germany United States C S 40 bodies

EU imports of Annex D animal taxa principally comprised reptile skins, the majority of which

were reported without a source or purpose specified; as in 2011, the primary reptile species in

trade were Homalopsis buccata, Elaphe carinata and E. radiata (Table 6.2). Imports of E. carinata

skins exceeded 100 000 skins in each year 2009-2012, following considerably lower levels of trade

in previous years; imports increased by 22% between 2011 and 2012. The vast majority of skins

20 Trade in artificially propagated Annex B plants and re-exports of manufactured articles were excluded from the analysis.

66 imported in 2012 were imported directly from China. Live Pterapogon kauderni were also

imported at notable levels in 2012, with imports increasing over four-fold compared to 2011; all

were of unknown or unspecified source. The majority (59%) originated in Indonesia, where the

species is endemic and classified as Endangered and in decline according the IUCN Red List21.

Large volumes of Annex D dried plants and plant derivatives were also imported, all of which

were either wild-sourced or reported without a source specified (Table 6.2). The principal plant

taxa in trade were Harpagophytum spp. (including Harpagophytum procumbens), the majority

originating in Namibia, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, which primarily originated in the Russian

Federation. Trade in these taxa was higher in 2012 than in the previous nine years. Trade in plants

was all for commercial purposes or reported without a purpose specified.

Table 6.2. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex D species in 2012. Group Taxon Quantity Term (Unit)

Mammals Dendrolagus goodfellowi 1 live

Birds Gallicolumba criniger 1 live

Cryptospiza reichenovii 6 live

Hypargos niveoguttatus 16 live

Cosmopsarus regius 8 live

Reptiles Physignathus cocincinus 9364 live

850 skins

Rhacodactylus auriculatus 2 live

Rhacodactylus ciliatus 2988 live

Rhacodactylus leachianus 13 live

Rhacodactylus spp. 4 live

Teratoscincus scincus 907 live

Ctenosaura quinquecarinata 62 live

Tribolonotus gracilis 336 live

Tribolonotus novaeguineae 97 live

Elaphe carinata 25 leather products (large)

49 leather products (small)

15 live

7683 plates

122 549 skins

Elaphe radiata 3012 leather products (small)

50 live

361 plates (m2)

7735 plates

84 960 skins

Enhydris bocourti 3948 skins

Homalopsis buccata 769 leather products (small)

13 500 live

1018 plates

343 842 skins

Lapemis curtus 20 leather products (small)

1100 plates

2786 skins

Amphibians Phyllomedusa sauvagii 35 live

Paramesotriton chinensis 128 live

Paramesotriton labiatus 187 live

Tylototriton asperrimus 120 live

Tylototriton kweichowensis 308 live

Tylototriton verrucosus 100 live

Fish Pterapogon kauderni 23 537 live

Invertebrates Baronia brevicornis 50 bodies

Haliotis midae 320 live

11 421 shells

Plants Arisaema erubescens 2000 live

Arisaema galeatum 200 live

Arisaema sikokianum 2339 live

Arisaema thunbergii var. urashima 300 live

Arisaema tortuosum 1850 live

21 http://www.iucnredlist.org/

http://www.iucnredlist.org/

Non-CITES trade

67 Group Taxon Quantity Term (Unit)

Plants (cont.)

Arnica montana 3774 leaves (kg)

Trillium pusillum 2000 live

Trillium sessile 2500 live

200 roots

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 36 440 dried plants (kg)

63 853 leaves (kg)

320 leaves

Gentiana lutea 1 dried plants (kg)

14 301 roots (kg)

Cetraria islandica 8231 leaves (kg)

Dasylirion longissimum 95 live

Lycopodium clavatum 3000 dried plants (kg)

37 920 dried plants

4620 leaves (kg)

Harpagophytum procumbens 119 400 roots (kg)

58 000 roots

Harpagophytum spp. 17 934 dried plants (kg)

9216 leaves (kg)

25 medicine (kg)

194 256 roots (kg)

Selaginella lepidophylla 5000 leaves (kg)

Exports

This section covers both direct and indirect exports; hereafter, ‘exports’ refers to both direct

exports and re-exports, unless otherwise specified.

EU Member States reported the export of four non-CITES taxa listed in Annex A or B (Table 6.3).

The majority of trade comprised live, captive-bred Columba livia (Rock Dove) directly exported

for commercial purposes: 6027 birds were exported in 2011, a considerable decrease compared to

the 23 595 exported in 2011.

Table 6.3. EU-reported (re-)exports of non-CITES Annex A and B species in 2012. Group Annex Taxon Origin (Re-exporter) Source Purpose Total Term

Birds A Ardea alba Unknown (France) O T <1 carvings

A Egretta garzetta Belgium (Netherlands) C T 3 live

Germany (Netherlands) C T 3 live

Netherlands C P 10 live

A Columba livia Spain C P 20 live

C T 5989 live

United Kingdom C B 18 live

Reptiles B Trachemys scripta elegans Netherlands O P 1 live

Although EU Member States are not required to report on exports of Annex D specimens, Italy

reported the re-export of specimens of two Annex D reptile species in 2012, Homalopsis buccata

and Lapemis curtus (20 small leather products and 14 skins, respectively); all of which originated

in Thailand and were wild-sourced and traded for commercial purposes.

Annex A: Conversion factors Converted from Converted to

Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg)

Millilitres Litres (l)

Centimetres Metres (m)

Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items]

Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin]

Timber (including logs, sawn wood, veneer etc) in kilograms

Cubic meters (m3) [calculated using the mid-point of the range of specific weights provided in the CITES Identification Manual (Vales et al., 199922)].

Annex B: Glossary Term Definition

Annex A/B/C/D species Species listed in the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations

Appendix I/II/III species Species listed in the CITES Appendices

Article Refers to an article in the CITES Convention text

Captive-produced Refers collectively to source codes ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘F’ (a full list of sources is provided in Annex D)

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CITES-listed Species listed in one of the Appendices to CITES

Commodity Item in trade (for example, “live animals”)

EU European Union

Exporter Country of export

Importer Country of import

Member States The 27 countries that were Member States of the European Union in 2012

Species For simplicity, the term “species” may be used to refer to a list of species and sub-species

Term The description of a particular item in trade, as reported in CITES annual reports (for example, “live” or “meat”), in accordance with Annex VII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006

Wildlife Trade Regulations European Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent updates

Annex C: Country/territory name abbreviations Full name Abbreviated name

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Venezuela

Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC

Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Hong Kong, SAR

Lao People’s Democratic Republic Lao PDR

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FYR Macedonia

Plurinational State of Bolivia Bolivia

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom

United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania

United States of America United States

22 Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. (1999) Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora.

CITES Secretariat, Switzerland.

Annexes

69 Annex D: Purpose and source codes Table 1. Codes for purpose of trade

Code Description

B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation

E Educational

G Botanical gardens

H Hunting trophies

L Law enforcement/judicial/forensic

M Medical (including biomedical research)

N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild

P Personal

Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions

S Scientific

T Commercial / Trade

Z Zoos

Table 2. Codes for source of specimens in trade

Code Description

A Annex A plants artificially propagated for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

C Annex A animals bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C animals bred in captivity in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

D Annex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

F Animals born in captivity, but for which the criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

I Confiscated or seized specimens23

O Pre-Convention specimens1

R Specimens originating from a ranching operation

U Source unknown (must be justified)

W Specimens taken from the wild

23 To be used only in conjunction with another source code.

Annex E: Coral taxa selected on the basis of trade reported at the higher taxonomic level Annex Taxon Selection criteria Previously selected

B Scleractinia spp. High volume 2010, 2011

B Montipora spp. High variability -

B Tubastraea spp. Sharp increase 2010

B Goniastrea spp. Sharp increase 2011

B Leptastrea spp. Sharp increase 2011

B Lobophyllia spp. Overall increase 2011

B Scolymia spp. Overall increase 2010, 2011

B Oxypora spp. Sharp increase 2011

Annexes

71 Annex F: Valuation methodology overview On the basis of the species coverage, level of detail, consistency of the dataset and probable comparability to EU prices, the “Declared U.S. Dollar Value” data included in the United States CITES annual reports were used as the basis for calculations of the value of EU imports and (re-)exports of CITES-listed species. The United States is a major importer and exporter of CITES-listed species and therefore Customs data included price data for a high number of CITES species in trade. Using EU-reported trade data derived from the CITES Trade Database, the United States price data were extrapolated to calculate the value of EU-reported trade in CITES-listed animals.

United States price data The “Declared U.S. Dollar Value” is the amount in United States dollars declared by the trader at

the point of export from or import to the United States. The Declared U.S. Dollar Value data for

cleared items (Status = “CL”) provided in the United States CITES annual reports24 for the years

2008-2012 were used. Both import and export price data were included in the analysis.

On account of limited price data, plants were excluded from the overall analysis; it is hoped that

plant price datasets can be improved in the future to address this issue.

Data for animals were standardised to comply with CITES accepted codes25. Units and source

codes were converted or grouped (in the cases of some sources) to allow for more meaningful

analysis. All sources and purposes were included in the analysis.

Price per taxon per year (2008-2012) was corrected for inflation by using a conversion factor26 to

express prices as estimates of U.S. dollars in 2012.

The median USD price for each family/unit/source/term combination was calculated. Family-

level price data were used so that median prices would be based on a higher number of records,

thus providing a more robust price estimate. Furthermore, calculations done at the family level

provided value data for a higher proportion of trade records in EU importer data.

EU-reported trade data Trade data were extracted from the CITES Trade Database on 9th May 2014 to determine trade

volumes as reported by EU importers and (re-)exporters in 2012. All terms, sources and purposes

were included.

Calculating the value of EU imports and (re-)exports To estimate the monetary value of EU imports and (re-)exports of CITES-listed animal species,

the median price value for each family/unit/source/term combination was multiplied by the EU

reported trade volume.

24 As transmitted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and reflecting the amounts reported by traders via USFWS 3-177 forms. 25 See CITES Notification No. 2011/019. 26 http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/.

http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/

72 Where the family median was based on a small number of records within the United States price

dataset (<5 records) or where price data were unavailable for a family/unit/source/term

combination (e.g. because the United States had not traded in the taxon in question), proxy

values were used. An example of typical proxy would be using the median price for the

order/source/unit/term combination or the same family/unit/term combination but for trade in a

similar but different source. For those commodities where a suitable proxy could not be found

(i.e. there was no comparable proxy with sufficient price records to be valid), the trade was

excluded.

The price dataset initially included 529 112 relevant price records for animal species. Median price

values were subsequently calculated for 1654 family/unit/source/term combinations. The final EU

importer data used included 102 124 trade records, with 2178 records with no price data available.

The final EU (re-)exporter data used included 247 083 trade records, with 1187 records with no

price data available. Family median values were calculated for 98% of both import and (re-)export

records.

Considerations A number of assumptions were made in order to undertake the calculations for this report:

Only price data from United States “cleared” imports and exports were used, which were

then extrapolated to estimate the value of EU trade. However, in reality there will be

price differences between countries for the same species and there will be differences in

the quality of products, leading to price differences. There may also be incentives for

traders to under-value trade on USFWS 3-177 forms in some cases. However, it is

important to note that the estimate of economic value of EU trade in CITES-listed

animals is only an approximation of the actual earnings at one stage in the market chain.

The calculations focus only on animals, as no comprehensive price data were available for

plants. Furthermore, records were excluded if no price data were available or if no

adequate proxy could be identified. Therefore, calculations are likely to be an

underestimate of the total value of EU trade in CITES-listed species.

Family-level price data and proxy data used for price calculations may not always reflect

the true price of a species.

The price for any given species/commodity may vary according to size of animal,

shipment size, variety (e.g. rare breeds) – such detail is not captured in the CITES trade

data. To account for these differences, a median price was used. An initial analysis of the

data used in this report indicated that median shipment sizes were comparable between

the United States and EU datasets.

In future, it is intended to refine the methodology to further verify the assumptions used and to

identify a suitable price dataset and methodology for plants.

EU wildlife trade 2012 - World Conservation Monitoring...

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