etnography of writing by using PAS theory

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

Discourse analysis is concern with the study of relationship between language uses in

context. In discourse we can study language in use written form of all kinds and spoken

data by conversation. Moreover discourse analyze can be defined as the study of how

sentence in written language form larger meaningful unit such as statement in one

paragraph, or statement in one sentence. According to Halliday (1985b) writing emerged in

societies result of culture change which created new communicative need. There needs

could not be readily met by the spoken language. Writing language perform a similar

ranger of broad function to those performed by spoken language that used to get things

done, to provide information and to entertain. Example written language is used to

communicate with other who are removed in time and space or for those occasions on

which a permanent or semi permanent record in require.

Sometime written language used for action like public signs, share product, paper, and

so on. Giving information like advertisement in Facebook, message that send by email orpoetry in Twitter. These different purpose will be reflected in the characteristic of the text

themselves like advertisement in Facebook has different characteristic with advertisement

in the Road, and so on. The differences between spoken and written modes are not absolute

and the characteristic that tend to associate with written language can sometimes occur in

spoken language and vice versa. It means that some spoken will be more like written than

others while some written will be more like spoken than others.

1.2. Problem of study

Base on the background of study above, I can analysis about ethnography of writing by

using Facebook.

1.3. Purpose of study

Based on problem of study above, the purpose of study such as:

a. To know about ethnography of writing by using Facebook.


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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1. Theory of ethnography of writing.

At the one time very little attention was given to the character of ethnographic of

writing. The assumption was that writing up research is relatively straight forward, a matter

of general writing skills. In this context interest in ethnography of writing has greatly

increased. Not only are there now but there is also growing how the people write about

something. According to developed a valuable model to assist the identification and labeling

of components of linguistic interaction that was driven by his view that, in to speak a

language correctly, one needs not only to learn it vocabulary and grammar, but also the

context in which words are used.

The model had sixteen components that can be applied to many sorts of discourse such

as message form, message content, setting, scene, speaker / sender, addressor, hearer /

receiver / audience, addressee, purpose (outcome), purposes (goal)), key, channels, forms of

speech, norms of interpretation and genres. Hymes constructed the acronym SPEAKING

which grouped the sixteen components within eight divisions:

Means

Situation (Setting and

Scene)

Setting refers to the time and place of speech act and to the

physical circumstances. Example: the living room in the

grandparents might be a setting for a family story.

Scene is the psychological setting or cultural definition of a scene,including characteristic such as range of formality and sense of

play or seriousness. Example: the family story maybe told at a

reunion celebrating the grandparents anniversary. At times, the

family would be festive and playful, at other times, serious and

commemorative.

Participant (speaker,

addresser, hearer,

addressee)

Speaker and audience. In linguists will make distinctions within

these categories. Example: the audience can be distinguished as

addresses and other hearers. At the family reunion, an aunt might


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tell a story to the young female relatives, but males, although not

addressed, might also hear the narrative.

Ends (purpose, goals

and outcomes)

End including the purpose and results to be sorted for the purpose

of the event said in light of the culture and objective of each

participant. For example: the aunt may tell a story about the

grandmother to entertain the audience, teach the young women

and honor the grandmother.

Act Sequence

(message form

message context)

Form and order of the event. Example: the aunts story might

begin as a response to a toast to the grandmother. The storys plot

and development would have a sequence structured by the aunt.

Possibly there would be a collaborative interruption during the

telling. Finally, the group might applaud the tale and move to

other subject or activity.

Key Clues that establish the tone, manner or spirit of the speech act.

Example: the aunt might imitate the grandmothers voice and

gestures in a playful way, or she might address the group in a

serious voice emphasizing the sincerity and respect of the praise

the story expresses.

Instrument (channel,

form of speech)

Forms and styles of speech like when the aunt might speak in a

casual register with many dialect features or might use a more

formal register and careful grammatically.

Norms (norm of

interaction and norm

of interpretation)

Social rules governing the event and the participants actions and

reaction. In a playful story by the aunt, the norms might allow

many audience interruptions and collaboration or possibly those

interruptions might be limited to participation by older females. A

serious, formal story by the aunt might call for attention to her and

no interruptions as norms.

Genre The kind of speech act or event. For example used the kind of

story. The aunt might tell a character anecdote about the

grandmother for entertainment or as moral instruction. Different

discipline develop terms for kinds of speech acts and speech

communities sometimes have their own terms for types.


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Based on Dell Hymes theory about speaking, Erving Goffman make simpler the

theory of him into PAS if you want to analyze ethnography of writing such as:

Participant Someone who write something and read something. For example: the

participants are Pratiwi making status in FB and Gina is comment aboutPratiwis status.

Act Sequence It means that is when the conversation happens. Example: Pratiwi asks that

when her cloth that she book will ready. The sequence are 5 of May 2012 at

5 pm for Pratiwi, 5 of May 2012 at 5.30 pm for Gina.

2.2. Finding

Here is given a conversation with its analysis which maybe involving indirect speech

(means by message in FB). There is some participant such as:

1


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2

4

3


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5

6


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2.3. Discussion

No Participant Act Sequence

1. Dex Girii

Partika Belapati

as status maker.

AydiTt G

Bastiant, Agung

Joni and Thara

Jipa as

I analyze that the act is Dex Giri wrote in his wall of FB

that love is not like soap because it cannot be gone after use

it. The sequence are:

19 of June at 9:58 am from Giri Partika.

19 of June at 9:59 from AydiTt G Bastiant and wrotethat she want to know Giris blackberry pin.

9

10


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commentator

although that

comment is not

related with Dex

Giris status.

19 of June at 10.am from Giri Partika and wrote

27BB9825.

19 of June at 10.39 am from Agung Joni and wrote

that he want Giri to invite his blackberry pin

21 of June at 8.07 pm from Thara Jipa and wrote that

she was giggled when read Giris status.

2. Kartika Dewi

Pertiwi as status

maker.

Adhekz Sadhu

as commentator

of Kartikas

status.

In that situation, Kartika wrote in Facebook that she arrived

at home, after that want to sleep. The sequence are:

21 of June at 7:42 pm from Adhekz Sadhu and wrote

Mih are you to return from campus?

22 of June at 11:22 pm from Kartika Dewi Pertiwi

and wrote yes, sister.

3. Dex Girii

Partika Belapati

as status maker

Agung Joni and13 others like

his status

Devi Si

BlackDevils as

commentator.

In that situation, Giri wrote in Facebook that he say thanks

with someone that accompany him but he think he did not

fitting with her and want to separated. The sequence are:

Saturday at 10:15 pm from Dex Giri Partika Belapati

Saturday at 10:26 pm from Devi Si BlackDevils and

she wrote nice to meet you too, (laugh)

4. Gexz UchieXs

as status maker

Singaraja Grosir

Baju as

commentator

In that situation Gexz UchieXs wrote in Singaraja Grosir

Bajus wall that when her clothe will be ready? The

sequence are:

Monday at 5.38 pm from Gexz UchieXs

Monday at 5: 48 from Singaraja Grosir Baju and

comment that she should be patient, and Singarja

Grosir will give information if her cloth already.

Monday at 6:13 pm from Gexz UchieXs and wrote

okay


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5. Wie

Undergrown as

status maker.

Dwi Pramana,

Antoius Vikiss

and 4 other like

her status.

In this situation Wie Undergrown wrote that give statement:

X-boyfriend is x-boyfriend. She want to help his because of

her solidarity as friend, so dont feel proud of it and sorry if

her statement make his miffed. The sequence are:

Saturday from Wie Undergrown

Sunday at 9:24 am from Wie Undergrown too and

wrote she say thanks for the liker who like her status.

6. Sri Wisma Jayanti

as status maker.

Ceby Tatok

Windawati and 6

other like her

status.

Gede Endra

Krisna,

Arimbawa Peace,

Dewa Adri, and

Gading Swardana

as commentator.

In that situation Sri wrote in her wall that she unaware that

something small fall down from her eyes. The sequence are:

22 of June at 10:47 pm from Sri Wisma Jayanti

22 of June at 10:49 from Gede Endra Krisna and

comment Wahits like in TV news that jewel fall

down from eyes

22 of June at 10:49 pm from Arimbawa Peace and

comment what happened, Miss?

22 of June at 10:51 pm from Dewa Adri and

comment that what kind of grain, Wis?

22 of June at 10:56 pm from Sri Wisma Jayanti (as

status maker) comment for Endra and Dewa, said

dust grain, hehehe

Sunday at 4:00 pm from Gading Swardana and

comment ya I hope that because of want to

marry

7. Sri Wisma Jayanti

as status maker.

Douglas

Penataran as

commentator.

In that situation Wisma wrote that Happy Pagerwesi day;

wish that we get harmony and peacefulness. The sequence

are:

20 of June at 6:46 am from Sri Wisma Jayanti.

20 of June at 7:32 am from Douglas Penataran and

wrote that Happy Pagerwesi too and cosign for the

God in Karang Buncings merajan.


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21 of June at 9:15 am from Sri Wisma Jayanti and

replied that regarding too from the God in sanggah.

21 of June at 9:26 am from Douglas Penataran.

8. Pampink F Sas as

status maker.

Mame Tripittaka,

Pampink F Sas

and 3 others like

his status.

Teddy KiddRock

as commentator.

In that situation, Pampink F Sas wrote status that say good

bye for his fowl because of his fowl was die and he so

apologize because not care with it. The sequence are:

18 of June from Pampink F Sas that wrote status.

18 of June at 12:44 pm from Teddy KiddRock that

give comment my fowl

18 of June at 2:56 pm from Pampink F Sas thatrespond Teddys comment.

9. Suargecko Luph

Dewie as status

maker.

Wie Undergrown

as commentator.

In that situation, Suargecko Luph Dewie ask that is it still

exist that group? And the sequence are:

29 of March at 12:43 pm from Suargecko Luph

Dewie

3 of April at 11:23 am from Wie Undergrown and

responded that the group still exist.

10. Giri Sea Crab as

status maker and

replied Wies

comment.

Wie Undergrown

as commentator

In that situation, Giri Sea Crab wrote that he need someone

and the sequence are:

15 minutes ago from Giri Sea Crab as wrote status.

10 minutes from Wie Undergrown that respond

Giris status, said she need him too and asked why

he didnt sleep?

10 minutes from Giri Sea Crab again that respond

Dwis question that he answer he did not sleep

because remember her.

8 minutes from Wie Undergrown that she asked Giri

should sleep now because of he should go to

Singaraja.

6 minutes from Giri Sea Crab that he agree with


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Dwis command and said nice too meet you, baby. I

love you

4 minutes from Wie Undergrown that she said nice

too meet you too and use P language.


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CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

3.1. Conclusion

In this paper, I conclude that Facebook is one of tool that uses to communicate with

other people. Facebook has same function with email or yahoo messager, but Facebook more

variation than other. In Facebook, we can write something like write announcement, feeling,

argument or something in your mind. After that there are some participant will read and

comment your status. Sometimes that situation has changed dramatically because sometimes

the commentator will comment inappropriate with our status.

When we want to analyze ethnography of writing, we can use PAS theory because in

writing form just available such as the participant (someone write or read something or

comment something or a person who takes part in or becomes involves in a particular

activity) and Act Sequence (the time, date and series of related things or event)

Moreover Ethnography comes from the word ethos: which is the nation or tribe and

graphein: the writing or description. Then Discourse analysis was originally a study of

linguistics, which studies language usage by the speakers with the focus of analyzing the

functions of language with its forms, both written language and the spoken language.


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REFERENCES

http//www. facebook.com

Bauman, Richard. 2011. Theory of Speaking. www. blogspot. com. accesed on 05 May 2012

Duranti, Alessandro. Sociocultural Dimensions of Discourse.www.ebook.com accesed on 10 May

2012

Nunan, David. (1993).Introducing Discourse Analysis . Pinguin Group.

Rachman, Azhariah. 2010.Dell Hymes Theory. www. blogspot. com. accesed on 01 May 2012


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Appendix

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etnography of writing by using PAS theory

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