A Guide to Supporting Effective Programs for Mentoring Young People Jul07 DPCDw
Ethnograph 10 Jul07
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Transcript of Ethnograph 10 Jul07
Introduction of a computer based research tool
Group members :Clara KwanLucile LeungPhoebe LeungEliza Yu
Qualitative research data collection
Data collection of qualitative research :– Field notes– Observation– Interviews– Audio/Video recordings– Journal notes, memos– Diaries
Qualitative research data analysis
Stages of data analysis1. Coding 2. Grouping into clusters, groups, patterns3. Establishing relationship4. Making speculative inferences5. Summarizing6. Seeking negative cases7. Theory generation
Where Ethnograph
V5.0 can help
Work to be done by
researcher himself
Examples of a interview report with handwritten codes
• There are a lot of remarks/code made by researcher
• Sometimes the data (interviews) maybe in hundreds, difficult for researchers to analyze if not organized systematically
• e.g. a trend is echoed by many subjects or there are many overlapping points in a points in one interview
What is Ethnograph v5.0 ?
A kind of Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) software
helps researcher to compile, organize and manipulate data
facilitates researcher analytic process
Steps for Data Entry (1 to 6)
1. Creating projects2. Entering Qualitative Data (manually)3. Importing Qualitative Data (from
outside sources)4. Coding the data 5. Edit the code definition and code
family tree6. Applying the code for other data files
1. Creating projects
Project : is a list of data files that you want to treat as a group
Child project : is entirely optional
To create a project (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt1.wmv
2. Entering qualitative data (e.g. interviews)
the text editor allows researcher to type in text manually
It also automatically imports, numbers and adds the data file to the project
To create a data file using the text Editor (1 min 30 sec)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt2.wmv
3. Entering qualitative data (cont’d)
To create a data file using the Word Processor (e.g. MS-word) (2 mins)
another method is to import from frequently used sources, e.g. ms-word files the software can re-format to suit Ethnograph’s use
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt3.wmv
4. Two ways of Coding/Classifying
Quick codes and Code SetsTo Enter the Code words using code sets & quick codes (2 mins) researcher makes
subjective judgment of coding keyword for future analysis – input from researcher at early stage
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt4.wmv
Coding by hand to coding by Ethnograph
5. Editing code book definition
and family tree
researcher can define the code words and view the entire relationship of the code book family tree (establishing relationship)
Editing the Code book & creating a code family tree (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt5.wmv
6. Applying the coding for other data files
Two ways to enter codes : use either Master List or Family Tree to Enter Codes (3 mins)
Researcher can use both master list or family tree to enter codes for parts of interview clippings
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt6.wmv
Steps for data analysis (7 – 12)
7. Conducting a single or multiple code searches
8. Creating memos 9. Creating face sheets 10.Use face sheets as search filters 11.Creating Identifier sheets 12.Use Identifier sheets as search filters
7. Conducting a single code and multiple code searches
Researcher can use one single/multiple code/key word/filters to search for data files containing the segment/paragraphs where the code words appear, this is helpful when there are large amount of qualitative data
How to start a single and multiple searches with “Search” (1min 30 sec)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session3/chpt7.wmv
Searching for single code
Searching for multiple codes
• This multiple code search is to search for code words that are overlapping each other.
• Important sometimes for researcher to do a Boolean “AND” search on two code words
Results generated- Extract of the content of segment where the
code word appears- Total number of segments where the code word
appears and display on screen- Which data file does the code word belong to
(e.g. interview with Group1, pointed out by subject, e.g. a female student studying Geology)
- Whether the code word has been marked previously for future reference
- Also indicates the line of code words on the data files and whether there are nested segments
8. Creating memos
To record their thoughts into the data file (2 mins)• Researcher can
input memo when he came across ideas associated with the interview
• Memo could be attached to segment
• attached to file• attached to a search
outputhttp://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt8.wmv
9. Creating Search Filters - Face Sheets
Create a Face Template, enter variables
Enter Face Sheet values for different groups of subject
Face Sheet is about an entire data file (e.g. background of a group of students)
How to create Face Sheet template (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt9.wmv
Entering face sheet values for different groups
Group 1 belongs to public school and had not changed subject major
Group 2 belongs to private school students and had changed subject major 2 times
10. Using Face Sheets as Search Filters
Enter Face Sheet conditions, e.g. from Public school, has not changed subject major
Enter code words, e.g. DARWIN
Answer the question of “Do students who come from public school and has not changed subject major has different attitudes towards the Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest”
How to use Face Sheet as Search Filters (1 min)
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt11.wmv
11. Creating search filters - Identifier Sheets
How to create Identifier Sheet Template (1 min)
Create a Identifier Sheet Template, enter variables
Enter values for different individuals
Id sheet is a set of information about particular sections or subjects within a file
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt10.wmv
Entering identifier sheet values for different subjects
Group 1 M2 subject whose parents income is $10,000 per month and the education level is not high
Group2 M1 subject whose parents income is $67,000 per month and the education level is not high
12. Using Id Sheets as Search Filters
How to Use Identifier Sheets as Search Filters(1 min)
Enter Id Sheet conditions, e.g. parents’ income (between $35,000 and $999999 and level of education = “college” as the parameters
Enter search code words, e.g. DARWIN
Answer the question of “Study the effect of how parents’ income and educational level affect students attitude to Darwin’s survival of fittest theory”
Ethnograph will search all files to yield result
http://iln.cite.hku.hk/com/1391/users/mhckwan/session4/chpt12.wmv
Results generated
• Results generated may be no match
• Depends on the search filter/criteria of the researcher and the match with the interview subject
Comments about Ethnograph v5.0Pros
comprehensive and easy to learn within short period of time
Generates results from large sets of data files Helps researchers to organize points, group clusters,
count frequencies, pull out patterns, establish relationships within groups or individuals
some steps/format need to be followed, yet this is common for all other QDA tools
Only finishes the first 3 stages of data analysisCons
could not help researchers to think/analyze still rely on human intelligence to generate the search
queries/establish relationships and theories generation (the last 4 stages of data analysis)
References
• http://www.qualisresearch.com/• Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P.
(2006). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall
• Cohen, L., Mansion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education. London. RoutledgeFalmer