EthnicityEthnicity

El Burrito Mercado—St. Paul’s District del SolEl Burrito Mercado—St. Paul’s District del Sol

Change in Land Tenure / UsageChange in Land Tenure / UsageAztecs: Southern Mexico (most fertile)Aztecs: Southern Mexico (most fertile)

–Terraced fieldsTerraced fields–IrrigationIrrigation–Chinampas: “floating gardens” Chinampas: “floating gardens” (maize, beans)(maize, beans)

• Reed-based, staked down / eventually rootedReed-based, staked down / eventually rooted• On main water sourceOn main water source• Always being replenishedAlways being replenished• No fallow!No fallow!• ExtremelyExtremely fertile fertile• Fed TenochtitlanFed Tenochtitlan• CommunalCommunal

Modern ChinampasModern Chinampas

Natives: Encomiendas• Economic / Legal system to exploit Natives• Lands placed in “trust” (no ownership)• Natives worked in agriculture, mining; little $• Spanish imposed:

– Taxes– Indentured servitude (~feudalism)

• Spanish offered:– “Protection”– Salvation / Christianity

• Native lands today still in “trust!”• “Checkerboarding”

Latifundia

• PrivatePrivate, HUGE farms / plantations:, HUGE farms / plantations:

haciendas haciendas oror fazendas fazendas• Plots of land (w/ people) granted from Spanish / Plots of land (w/ people) granted from Spanish /

Portuguese throne / governmentPortuguese throne / government• HacenderoHacendero / / FazendeiroFazendeiro (owner) = The Law! (owner) = The Law!• Peons (~slaves) work the landPeons (~slaves) work the land• Beginnings of environmental change / dependencyBeginnings of environmental change / dependency• Destroyed prior methods of food productionDestroyed prior methods of food production

Engenhos:Engenhos:• Sugar Mill• Land• Buildings• Slaves• etc.

Sugar Cane: Sugar Cane: From India, through Europe, to the AmericasFrom India, through Europe, to the Americas

“Old World” ahead in animal domestication:

•Brought disease and transportation to Americas

COLUMBIAN “EXCHANGE”COLUMBIAN “EXCHANGE”

““New World” ahead in crops:New World” ahead in crops:

•Brought greater nutrition to Brought greater nutrition to European & African populationsEuropean & African populations

““NEW”NEW”

TurkeyTurkey

CornCorn

TomatoTomato

BeansBeans

VanillaVanilla

SquashSquash

“OLD”

Cattle

Pigs

Horses

Sugar

Tea

Coffee

Seed CropsSeed Crops TubersTubers1. Maize (corn)1. Maize (corn) Yucca / Manioc / Cassava2. Beans2. Beans Sweet Potato

Jícama

Companion Planting: stalk / shade, NCompanion Planting: stalk / shade, N22, mulch, mulch

FruitsFruits VeggiesVeggies OtherOtherAvocado 3. Squash3. Squash AgaveGuava Pumpkin Cotton*Cotton*Papaya Tomato

Peppers* Two different species concurrent in both hemispheres: * Two different species concurrent in both hemispheres: • India, Mexico (Asian evidence is older)India, Mexico (Asian evidence is older)

Native Plant DomesticationNative Plant Domestication

Companion Planting or

“Intertillage”

Animal Domestication:• Generally one-way street (from Europe):Generally one-way street (from Europe):

– Pigs, sheep, horses, cattle Pigs, sheep, horses, cattle – Buffalo too aggressive for domesticationBuffalo too aggressive for domestication

• Indigenous animals: Indigenous animals: – Turkey, BuffaloTurkey, Buffalo– Andean highlands: Llama, Alpaca, Guinea PigAndean highlands: Llama, Alpaca, Guinea Pig

• European animals brought many diseasesEuropean animals brought many diseases– Measles, TB, various poxes, parasitesMeasles, TB, various poxes, parasites

• Introduction of Introduction of exotic species exotic species into new into new ecosystems (don’t forget humans)ecosystems (don’t forget humans)

• ““New World” as virgin soil for germs; New World” as virgin soil for germs; biological expansion of Europebiological expansion of Europe

• Native species lack of natural resistance: Native species lack of natural resistance: Still true today!Still true today!

• Early European fishermen brought disease, Early European fishermen brought disease, worsened with introduction of pigs, dogs, worsened with introduction of pigs, dogs, other animalsother animals

Ecological ImperialismEcological Imperialism

Deaths due to Disease*Deaths due to Disease*(1492-1532)(1492-1532)

* Depends on which population figures used

• South America:South America: <90% decline

• Mexico:Mexico: >90% decline

• Central America:Central America: ~95% decline

• Caribbean:Caribbean: virtually 100% decline

Indigenous Populations

About 30 million natives live in Latin

Americatoday

• Smallpox• Measles• Flu• Plague• Typhus• Cholera• Chicken Pox• Malaria

Disease EpidemicsDisease Epidemics

Europeans contained own epidemics via quarantine, but did not quarantine them from natives.

What about What about American American diseases?diseases?

Question:Question:

??Why didn’t the Natives “contaminate” Why didn’t the Natives “contaminate” the Europeans with “American” diseasesthe Europeans with “American” diseases—the spread of diseases was generally a —the spread of diseases was generally a

“one-way” street?“one-way” street?

“ “Geography as Destiny”Geography as Destiny”(Jared Diamond)(Jared Diamond)

• Eurasian species are more fit to survive because of the necessity of having to develop better survival skills due to a larger East-West land mass

• In Eurasia:– Wider land mass along parallels– Same latitude = Same climate– More competition on every latitude– More competition = More fit for survival

• In the Americas:– Less E/W land mass– Fewer “survival skills” learned / necessary for survival– Eurasian plants / animals / diseases dominate

““Wider Land Mass Along Parallels”Wider Land Mass Along Parallels”

Lunch!Lunch!

• Soup or SaladSoup or Salad

• EntréeEntrée

• Side DishSide Dish

• Condiment / SpiceCondiment / Spice

• SnackSnack

• DrinkDrink

• Fruit or DessertFruit or Dessert

Lunch?Lunch?Beef, Pork, Chicken, Tofu Guinea Pig / Turkey / WalleyeTilapia / Salmon / Tuna Squash, Potatoes, QuinoaGrains, Pasta, Rice, Yams Corn, Yucca, JícamaMost Fruits / Banana / Mango Papaya, Guava, Avocado, Cola / Coffee / Tea / Milk Pineapple, GrapefruitMost Condiments / Sugar Salsa / Ketchup / BBQ SauceDairy Products / Jell-o / Yogurt Chocolate, VanillaBroccoli, Cauliflower, Okra, Tomatoes, Peppers, Beans Beets, Rutabagas, LentilsMost Spices / Salad Items Tapioca, Sassafras, AllspiceNUTS / SEEDS:NUTS / SEEDS:Wal-, Chest-, Hazel-, Almond, Pea-, Brazil, Cashew, PecanPistachio Sunflower, Pumpkin

OUT: Water, Salt, Seafood, Mint, Kiwi, Coconut, Macadamias, Raspberries

EURASIANEURASIAN AMERICANAMERICAN

• 1532: First slave traded to the Americas1532: First slave traded to the Americas

Brazil:Brazil: Largest % of Largest % of any single countryany single country

Caribbean: Caribbean: Largest % Largest % of any destinationof any destination

AfricanAfricanDiasporaDiasporaMortality

rate of natives meant

importing slave labor

from elsewhere!

But why?But why?

MiningMiningMostly Mostly SilverSilver at first at first

Taxco Taxco (1531)(1531)

••D.F.D.F.

ZacatecasZacatecas

GuanajuatoGuanajuato

PotosPotosí, Boliviaí, Bolivia

… …and Gold!and Gold!

Pizarro: PeruAtahualpa, Inca

Cortés: MexicoMontezuma, Aztec

Brazil Gold: Later (1631)

…then AgricultureAgriculture: Caribbean, Brazil, GuianasCaribbean, Brazil, Guianas

• Sugar plantations / engenhosSugar plantations / engenhos– Tropics: islands, humid, flat lands– Brazil, Jamaica and Haiti

Dutch West India Trading Company Dutch West India Trading Company (1621)• Originally started (1608) Originally started (1608)

as the Dutch East India as the Dutch East India Company (SW Asia)Company (SW Asia)

• Caribbean first, then Caribbean first, then all over Americasall over Americas

The JourneyThe Journey• Would take anywhere from 30 – 90 days

(West Africa to Brazil)…

• Or 60 – 180 days (Africa to Caribbean)

• Longer journey = more deaths en route (50%)

• Caribbean death rate:

8 million : 4 million

Distance makesDistance makesa differencea difference

Luanda, Angola toLuanda, Angola toSanto Domingo, DRSanto Domingo, DR

~6,000 miles~6,000 miles

Monrovia, AfricaMonrovia, Africato Recife, Brazilto Recife, Brazil

~2,000 miles~2,000 miles

••

••

••

••

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

• 22ndnd (“middle”) leg of (“middle”) leg of “Triangle Trade:” “Triangle Trade:” Generally long routeGenerally long route• ““Middle” of EarthMiddle” of Earth• Sailing routes followed clockwise flow of currents, windsSailing routes followed clockwise flow of currents, winds

Triangle Triangle TradeTrade

3. Gulf3. GulfStreamStream

1. Canary1. Canary CurrentCurrent

2. NorthEquatorial

Current

ITCZITCZ(virtually no wind)(virtually no wind)

Could add Could add

MONTHSMONTHS to journeyto journey

Doldrums Doldrums (and Horse (and Horse Latitudes)Latitudes)

Slave Trade MapSlave Trade Map

Recife, PernambucoRecife, Pernambuco

• RecifeRecife

Pernambuco Slave MarketPernambuco Slave Market

Recife:Recife:• NativeNative• PortuguesePortuguese• AfricanAfrican• DutchDutch• JewishJewish• SpanishSpanish• FrenchFrench• EnglishEnglish• ““Brazilian”Brazilian”

How do How do wewe categorize people? categorize people?

• EthnicityEthnicity– Shared culture, i.e.:Shared culture, i.e.:

• Region (country, city, etc.)Region (country, city, etc.)• Language, writing, art, music, danceLanguage, writing, art, music, dance• ReligionReligion• Food and clothingFood and clothing

• RaceRace– Appearance, i.e.Appearance, i.e.

• Skin, Noses, etc.Skin, Noses, etc.• Often used for class distinctionOften used for class distinction

Ethnicity is Cultural.Race is Artificial.

Color spots from Anime

tutorial website

• Native?• Latino?

MiscegenationMiscegenation

• The “Mixing” of PeopleThe “Mixing” of People• Virtually no European females initiallyVirtually no European females initially• Far more African-Americans than Euros!Far more African-Americans than Euros!• Lineage / “Purity” = Wealth, Power, LandLineage / “Purity” = Wealth, Power, Land• Caste System: Caste System:

Higher % Spanish = Higher StatusHigher % Spanish = Higher Status

“ “Race” and Class DistinctionRace” and Class Distinction

1.1. Españoles / Peninsulares Españoles / Peninsulares (Spaniard)• Controlled / Part of Spanish Government ($$$)

2.2. CreolesCreoles (American born of Spanish lineage)• Land owners, 2nd class, few political rights

3.3. Mestizos Mestizos (Mix of native and Spanish)• No rights, but not usually slaves (servants)

4.4. Mulattos Mulattos (Mix of black and Spanish)• No rights, but not usually slaves (servants)

5. Black, Native, or ZambosZambos (Mix of native and black)• Nothing (Slavery)

The Caste System in Colonial MexicoThe Caste System in Colonial Mexico1. Spanish + Indian = Mestizo1. Spanish + Indian = Mestizo2. Spanish + Mestizo = Castizo2. Spanish + Mestizo = Castizo3. Spanish + Castizo = 3. Spanish + Castizo =

EspomoloEspomolo4. Spanish + Black = Mulatto4. Spanish + Black = Mulatto5. Spanish + Mulatto + = 5. Spanish + Mulatto + =

Morisco (Moor)Morisco (Moor)6. Spanish + Morisco = Albino6. Spanish + Morisco = Albino8. Spanish + Albino (Chino) = 8. Spanish + Albino (Chino) =

ThrowbackThrowback9. Throwback + Indian = Wolf 9. Throwback + Indian = Wolf

(Zambo)(Zambo)10. Wolf + Indian = Zambaigo10. Wolf + Indian = Zambaigo

11. Zambaigo + Indian = Cambujo

12. Cambujo + Mulatto = Alvarazado

13. Alvarazado + Mulatto = Borquino

14. Borquino + Mulatto = Coyote

15. Coyote + Mulatto = Chamizo

16. Chamizo + Mestizo = Cachimboreta

17. Cachimboreta + Mulatto = Barcino

18. Barcino + Wolf = Coyote

Ethnicity of Middle AmericaEthnicity of Middle America

Ethnicity of Ethnicity of South AmericaSouth America

Zambo*

European

Andean Indian

Other Indian

Mestizo

* Legacy of slave trade* Legacy of slave trade (ports of entry)(ports of entry)

What does “black” mean?

• No such thing as “African-Latin Americans”– Latino: Latino: Cultural, not racial– Hispanic: Hispanic: “part Spanish”– Chicano: Chicano: Mexican-American– ““La Raza:”La Raza:” Recognition of the

ethnic mix that IS Latin America– Afro-Cuban, Afro-Caribbean?– Garífuna (Hond, Guat, Belize)– Maroons (Jamaica, Amazonia)

• Escaped slaves• Created own culture PelPeléé

• In the U.S., “one drop” of “black blood” means one is black: Not in Latin America

Other Non-European Other Non-European PopulationsPopulations

Guianas:Guianas: French Guiana: 3.2% Chinese

1.5% HmongSuriname: 37% East Indian

15% Indonesian10% “Maroons”

Guyana: 51% East Indian

Ethnicity = Religion?Ethnicity = Religion?COUNTRYCOUNTRY PART SPANISH PART SPANISH CATHOLIC CATHOLIC• ArgentinaArgentina 97%97% 92%92%• ChileChile 95%95% 89%89%• ColombiaColombia 92%92% 90%90%• DRDR 89%89% 95%95%• El SalvadorEl Salvador 99%99% 83%83%• GuatemalaGuatemala60%60% 60%60%• HondurasHonduras 91%91% 97%97%• MexicoMexico 69%69% 89%89%• NicaraguaNicaragua 86%86% 73%73%• PanamaPanama 84%84% 85%85%• ParaguayParaguay 95%95% 90%90%• Puerto RicoPuerto Rico 91%91% 85%85%

So what does Latin So what does Latin America believe?America believe?

Approximately of Approximately of Latin America is Latin America is “Catholic”“Catholic”

80%80%

Brazil: Colonial InfluencesBrazil: Colonial InfluencesCOUNTRY ETHNICITY RELIGION

Brazil Brazil European: 54%European: 54% Catholic: 74% Catholic: 74% Mulatto: 39%Mulatto: 39% Protestant: Protestant:

15%15%

Black: 6%Black: 6% None: 7%None: 7%Others: <5%Others: <5%

PortuguesePortuguese

Other Colonial InfluencesOther Colonial InfluencesCOUNTRY ETHNICITY RELIGION• Suriname Suriname Hindustani: 37%Hindustani: 37% Hindu: 27%Hindu: 27%

Creole (B/W): 31%Creole (B/W): 31% Protestant: 25%Protestant: 25%Javanese:15%Javanese:15% Catholic: 23%Catholic: 23%Maroons: 10%Maroons: 10% Muslim: 20%Muslim: 20%

• BarbadosBarbados Black: 90%Black: 90% Anglican: 40%Anglican: 40%• Cayman IslandsCayman Islands Mixed: 40%Mixed: 40% None dominantNone dominant• GuyanaGuyana East Indian: 50%East Indian: 50% Christian: 50%Christian: 50%

Black: 36%Black: 36% Hindu: 35%Hindu: 35%• TNTTNT Indian: 40%Indian: 40% Catholic: 26%Catholic: 26%

Black: 38%Black: 38% Hindu: 23%Hindu: 23%• GuadeloupeGuadeloupe Black: 90%Black: 90% Catholic: 95%Catholic: 95%• HaitiHaiti Black: 95%Black: 95% Catholic: 80%*Catholic: 80%*

Santeria: Santeria: 100%*100%*

• MartiniqueMartinique Mixed: 90%Mixed: 90% Catholic: 85%Catholic: 85%

DutchDutch

FrenchFrench

BritsBrits

And the others?And the others?• Native religionsNative religions

– Mostly in South AmericaMostly in South America

• African diasporatic religionsAfrican diasporatic religions– Yoruban (West African) basedYoruban (West African) based– Vodoun (“Voodoo”)Vodoun (“Voodoo”)– Mostly in / around Caribbean and Mostly in / around Caribbean and

BrazilBrazil

Voodoo!Voodoo!

VodounVodoun(voodoo)(voodoo)

• Arguably the world’s oldest religion• Came with slaves from (old) Guinea Coast• Slaves prohibited from practicing their

religions, hid vodoun among Catholic rituals, beliefs, ceremonies

• Voodoo in the Americas is a combination of Catholicism and African Spiritism-Animism (syncretism)

• Haitians had voodoo ceremony in 1791 for independence: 13 years later…

Geography of SyncretismGeography of Syncretism• Most frequently found in CaribbeanMost frequently found in Caribbean

–Some say up to 60 million worldwideSome say up to 60 million worldwide–Haiti: 7.5 million (“everyone”)Haiti: 7.5 million (“everyone”)–Cuba: 3 millionCuba: 3 million–Brazil: 1 millionBrazil: 1 million–U.S.: 800,000 U.S.: 800,000 ((New Orleans, NYC, New Orleans, NYC,

MiamiMiami—wherever there has been —wherever there has been major Caribbean influence)major Caribbean influence)

–Also on rimland, Caribbean South Also on rimland, Caribbean South AmericaAmerica

Many, many forms…Many, many forms…Belize = ChugúBelize = Chugú

Brazil = CandombléBrazil = Candomblé

Cuba = Cuba = LukumíLukumí

Cuba = Cuba = SanterSanteríaía

Jamaica = ObeahJamaica = Obeah

Rio / S.P = MacumbaRio / S.P = Macumba

Suriname = WintíSuriname = Wintí

TNT = Shango, OrisaTNT = Shango, Orisa

Important and Real to FollowersImportant and Real to FollowersApril 10, 2003

Haiti Officially Sanctions Voodoo as a ReligionPORT-AU-PRINCE (CNN) - Haiti's government has officially sanctioned voodoo as a religion, allowing practitioners to begin performing ceremonies from baptisms to marriages with legal authority. Many who practice voodoo praised the move, but said much remains to be done to make up for centuries of ridicule and persecution in the Caribbean country and abroad.

December 24, 2010

Officials: 45 people lynched in Haiti amid cholera fearsPORT-AU-PRINCE (CNN) - At least 45 people, most of them voodoo priests, have been lynched in Haiti since the beginning of the cholera epidemic by angry mobs blaming them for the spread of the disease, officials said. "People who practice voodoo have nothing to do with the cholera epidemic," said Max Beauvoir, the head of a voodoo organization in the Caribbean country.Some of the victims were killed with machetes, others were burned alive by mobs that added tires and gasoline to stoke the fires. The victims have been targeted because of "misinformation" that had been circulating in the community that voodoo practitioners were spreading cholera by using witchcraft, according to communications Minister Marie-Laurence Lassegue.

February 11, 2006

Voodoo head found in air luggage U.S. immigration officials have arrested a Haitian woman after baggage screeners found a human head in her luggage at a Florida airport. Myrlene Severe, 30, has been charged with failing to declare the head on a customs form and transporting "hazardous material". She arrived at Florida's Fort Lauderdale airport on Thursday on a flight from Cap Haitien in north Haiti. Ms. Severe said that the head was to ward off evil spirits, officials said. "Severe stated that she had obtained the package, which contained a human head, from a male in Haiti for use as part of her voodoo beliefs," the US Attorney's Office said in a statement.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMlzzymawC0

Jonestown, Jonestown, Guyana Guyana ••

• There may be There may be living languages in living languages in Latin America!!Latin America!!

• All languages are part All languages are part of a of a Language FamilyLanguage Family– Spanish, English, Spanish, English,

Dutch, etc. all part Dutch, etc. all part of of Indo-EuropeanIndo-European language familylanguage family

• Many native languages Many native languages yet to be classified! yet to be classified!

• Major disagreementsMajor disagreements

LanguageLanguage1,0001,000

Aguano, Aikaná, Alagüilac, Algic, Andaquí, Andoque, Andoquero, Arauan, Arutani-Sape, Aushiri, Aymaran, Baenan, Barbacoan, Betoi, Bororoan,

Botocudoan, Cahuapanan, Camsá, Candoshi, Canichana, Carabayo, Cariban, Catacaoan, Cayubaba, Chapacura-Wanham, Charruan, Chibchan, Chimuan,

Chipaya-Uru, Chiquitano, Choco, Cholonan, Chon, Coahuilteco, Coeruna, Cofán, Comecrudan, Cotoname, Cueva, Cuitlatec, Culle, Cunza, Esmeraldeño, Fulnió, Gamela, Gorgotoqui, Guaicurian, Guajiboan, Guamo, Guató, Harakmbut, Hodï,

Huamoé, Huaorani, Huarpe, Huave, Huetar, Irantxe, Itonama, Jabutian, Je, Jeikó, Jicaquean, Jirajaran, Jivaroan, Kaimbe, Kaliana, Kamakanan, Kapixaná, Karajá,

Karirí, Katembrí, Katukinan, Kawésqar, Koayá, Kukurá, Leco, Lencan, Lule, Maipurean, Macu, Malibú, Mapudungu, Maratino, Mascoyan, Matacoan, Matanawí,

Maxakalían, Mayan, Misumalpan, Mixe-Zoquean, Mocana, Mochita, Mosetenan, Movima, Munichi, Muran, Mutú, Muzo, Nambiquaran, Naolan, Natú, Nonuya, Ofayé,

Old Catío-Nutabe, Omurano, Otí, Otomacoan, Oto-Manguean, Paez, Pakarara, Palta, Panche, Pankararú, Pano-Tacanan, Pantagora, Panzaleo, Patagón, Peba-Yaguan, Pijao, Puelche, Puquina, Puinavean, P'urhépecha, Purian, Quechuan,

Quinigua, Resígaro, Rikbaktsá, Saliban, Salumã, Sechura, Seri, Solano,Tairona,Tarairiú, Taruma, Taushiro, Tequiraca, Tequistlatecan, Teushen,

Ticuna, Timotean, Tiniguan, Totonacan, Trumai, Tucanoan, Tupian, Tuxá, Urarina, Urarina, Vilela, Wakona, Warao, Wayuu, Witotoan, Xincan, Xokó, Xukurú, Yaghan,

Yanomaman, Yaruro, Yuman-Cochimí, Yuracare, Yuri, Yurumanguí, Zamucoan, Zaparoan

Native Language Families?Native Language Families?

1. Spanish1. Spanish2. Itzá2. Itzá3. Kekchí3. Kekchí4. Mopán4. Mopán5. Jacalteca5. Jacalteca6. Chuj6. Chuj7. Acateco7. Acateco8. Kanjobal8. Kanjobal9. Garifuna9. Garifuna10. Mam10. Mam11. Tectiteco11. Tectiteco12. Ixil12. Ixil13. Xinca13. Xinca

14. Pocomchí14. Pocomchí15. Aguacateca15. Aguacateca

16. Sacapulteco16. Sacapulteco17. Uspantecá17. Uspantecá

18. Quiché18. Quiché19. Achí19. Achí

20. Cakchiquel20. Cakchiquel21. Sipakapense21. Sipakapense

22. Tz’utujil22. Tz’utujil23. Pokomám23. Pokomám

24. Chortí24. Chortí25. Lacandón25. Lacandón26. Yucateco26. Yucateco

Mayan Mayan LanguagesLanguages

(Dutch))

• Colonial Legacy Colonial Legacy • Influx of Indo-European LanguagesInflux of Indo-European Languages• Loss of Native LanguagesLoss of Native Languages

Since 1492…Since 1492…

Portuguese Brazil

Suriname

Colonial Languages Colonial Languages of Latin Americaof Latin America

So how did all So how did all these cultural these cultural

groups get groups get here?here?

Many, many ways…Many, many ways…