UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL

ECUADOR

FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA

TRABAJO DE FONOLOGIA

ESTEFANIA ANALUISA

THE VOWEL INVENTORY

The picture below show the mouth cavity and it is equivalent grid in which the tonge is moved up-

down or back to utter the vowel sound

backcentra

lFront

roundedneutr

alsprea

d

VOWELS

Is a speech sound produced by human

beings when the breath flows out throught

vowels are characterized by the

relative height/ frontness of the tonge and relaativerounding

of the lips

A diphthong starts in one position and moves to another position or

viceversa.

When vowels occur in combinations, they are

called diphthongs,

DIPHTHONGS VOWEL PRODUCTION

The aspects consederer to determine the vowel features are as follows:

Every vowel is voiced in both languages; vowel quality are clssified as simple and complex.

Other is tongue position: high middle

low.Area these are front

central or back

/i/ /u/

/e/

/o/

/a/

front central back

low

mid

hig

h

roundedneutralSpread

area

Lip shape

Tonge position

tense

SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT

/iy/ /I/

/uw/

/ʊ/

/ey/ /ɛ/

/ə/ /ow/

/æ/ /a/

/ɔ/

FRONTCENTRA

LBACK

HIG H

MID

LO

W

SPREADNEUTR

ALROUND

ED

TENSE

LAX

TONGE POSITION

AREA

MUSCLE TENTION

LIP SHAPE

FRENCH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT

/i/

/e/

/y/

/ø/

/u/

/o/

/ə/

/ɛ/ /ɛ$$/

/œ/ /œ/

/ã/ /∝/

/ɔ/ /ɔ/

AIGUE-ANTÉRIEURE

CENTRALISÉE

GRAVE-POSTÉRIUERE

FRONTCENTRA

LBACK

AREA

NA ANEUT

RENA A

SPREADNEUTR

ALROUND

ED

Lip shape

TENDUE

RELACHÉ

muscle tention

FERME

MO

YEN

NE

MI-OUVERTE

MI-FERM

E

OUVERTE

HIG H

MID

LO

W

Tonge position

Phonemic and phonetic vowel

contrast

Contrastis the difference in

pronunciation which is used by the apeaker to

distingish different

utterances in a language

by the apeaker to distingish different

utterances in a language

monophthongs

Is a single vowel articulated without change in a quality

throughout the course of a syllable

Spanish /i/

The fronto section of the

tongue rises to make contact

both sides of the upper lateral

teeth

both sides of the upper lateral

teeth

English /IY/

Tonge is positioned

forward and high in the oral cavity with the sides in

contact

with the teeth laterally and the

tip positioned behind the lower

teeth

English /I/

The tonge is positined forward

and slightly lower, with the sides in contact with the teeth

laterally

and the tip positineed behind the lower teeth.

SPANISH /e/ with ENGLISH /ey/ and /ɛ/

Spanish /e/English /ɛ/

English /ey/

The dorso section of the tonge reaches the

borders of the hard palatal

making a groove between the

tongue and the palatal.

The tonge is positioned forward and high in the oral

cavity with it is sides in contact with the

lateral teeth. The lips are spread and

retracted.

The tonge is positioned forward and high in the oral

cavity with the sides in contact with the lateral

teeth and the tip placed behind the lower teeth. The

lips are spread and retracted.

Spanish /a/

English / æ/

English /a/

The dorso section of the tongue moves

upwards gently to the

central area of the oral cavity

the tongue remains

moveless.

The tongue positioned slightly forward and low in the oral cavity with

the apex positioned behind the lower teeth.

The tonge is slightly back and

low in the oral cavity with the tip of the tonge placing behind the lower front

teeth.

SPANISH /a/ with ENGLISH /a/ and /æ/

ENGLISH /ə/

The schwa is the common vowel in

spoken english ant it is a quite short vowel sound in many ligtly

pronounced unstressed syllables

inmultisyllabic words.

Occurs in english but it does not in spanish.

The tonge is positioned in the middle of the oral

cavity

The schwa happens mostly as part of unstressed

syllables

Spanish /o/

English /ɔ/

English /ow/

The tonge is retracted backwards the oral cavity. The postdorso section of

the tongue moves up towards the soft palatale.

Lips are rounded

The tongue is positioned

back in a low-med position with respect

to the height.

The dorso section of the tongue is

moved backwards. The lips are rounded and protruded.

Spanish /o/ with english /ɔ/And /ow/

DIPHTHONGS

A diphthong is a

phonological group

consisting of a vowel sound followed by a non-

adjacent glide within

the same

syllable

ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS

A diphthong is a complex vowel, made of two components; a

diphthong begins as one vowel and finishes as another.

Usually, the two components can be referred to as a nucleus

and an off-glide.

Happen in inital-diphthong position,

they are semiconsonants, but when they occur in

final-diphthong position, they are

semivowels

/iy/ /uw/

/a/ /ɔ/

frontcentra

lback

low

mid

high

rounded

neutral

spread

ten

se

areaTongue position

Muscle tention Lip shape

/a

y/

/ɔy/ a

w

ENGLISH DIPHTHONG CHART

SPANISH DIPHTHONGS

The vowels in spanish can be classified as either weak, <i.u> or strong more ann the classificaton can determine when combinations of two or more

vowels are considered to form a separated syllable

/a/

/e/

/o/

/y//

w//o/

/e/

/a/falling

Glide

off

Risin

g

Glide on

SPANISH DIPHTHONG CHART

/i/ /u/

/e/

/o/

/a/

frontcentra

lback

high

mid

low

spread

neutral

rounded

ten

se

areaTongue position

Lip shape

Muscle tention

ENGLISH AND SPANISH DIPHTHONGS

English and spanish diphthong /aw/

English and spanish diphthong /ay/

This diphthong production is similar in both languages.

The picture sequence show the tongue moves from the low-central position to the high-back position. The lip change their shape from

neutra to rounded during this diphthong production.

This diphthong production is pretty similar in both

languages. The picture sequence show how the

tongue moves from the low-front central position to the high-front position. The lips

change their shape from neutral to spread during this

diphthong production

ENGLISH AND

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /oy/ / /ɔy/

English /ɔy/

Spanish /oy/

The tongue moves from

mid-low back

position to high front

position. The lips are rounded become spread.

the tongue moves from

the mid backposition to the high

front.lips are rounded and

become spread.

SPANISH RISING DIPHTHONGS

/ya/

/yo/

/yw//

wa//

we//

wy//

wo/

/ye/

Is voiced,complex non adjancent glide, high front becoming low central tense spread

becoming neutral

Voiced complex-adjacent glide high front becoming low front tense spreads

Voiced. Complex-non adjacent glide high front becoming mid back tense spread bocoming

rounded Voiced complex-non adjacent glide high front bocoming mid back tense spread becoming

rounded.Voiced complex-non adjacent glide high back

becoming low central tense rounded becoming neutral

Voiced complex-non adjacent glide high back becoming mid front tense rounded becoming

spread. Voiced complex non adjacent glide high back becoming high front tense rounded becoming

spread.

Voiced complex adjacent glide high back becoming mid tense rounded.

THE CONSONANT INVENTORY

Used primarily for breathing and eating secondarily for speaking constrcting airflow in the mouth at various points, we make the distinctive sounds for human

speech. The vocal tract has active and passive articulators. They are also know as articulators and

points articulation.

ARTICULATORY BASIS

Four principal dimiensions are considered when regarding “consonant articulation” voicing

articulator and point of the articulation cavity and manner.

VOICING

Voiced consonant

s.

voiceless

It directly deals with the sound

quality produced by the vocal cords. When vocal cords

vibrated, it is said to be

voiced; otherwise, it is

siad to be voiceless

A simple explanation of

voiced consonants is that they used

the voice. This is easy to test by

putting your finger on your

throat.

Voiceless consonants do not used the voice. They are percussive

and hard sounds. You can test if a

consonant is voiceless by putting your finger

on your throat

ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATION

The articulat

or

Point the articulati

on

cavity

Manner of

articulation

Is the doer of

the articulation and moves freely

enough to be

active in the

apeech. It is also

known as Major Active

Articulator

Is any part of

the mouth that can

be reached by the

articulator. It is also known as

Major passive

articulator

It concern

s the place where

air goes through. It can be the mouth

or nasal cavity.

It refers to the way how air flows out during the

production of a sound. The sound might

be stop fricative nasal lateral vibrant affricateor a continuant. The manner

of consonants

The puff of air creates a variation of the basic phoneme in English . To prove this, say “ tip” the aspiration will be felt or move the paper slip. If /p/,/t or /k// are pronounced in the middle or end of a word, that aspiration will not be there..

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC

CONSONANT CONTRAST

STOP OR PLOSIVE

The active articulator touches the passive

articuator and completely the

airflow through the mouth

English and Spanish stops include: /p/. /b/

/p/. /d/,/k/. /g/.If /p/, /t/. or/k/ are pronounced at

the beginning of an English word, a strong

puff of breath will be felt it is called aspiration

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONSONANT CONTRAST.

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND

SPANISH STOPS

STOP OR PLOSIVE

The active articulator touches the passive articulator and completely

cuts of the airflow through the mouth.

English and spanish stops include: /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/. If /p/ /t/

or /k/ are pronounced at the beginning of an english words a

strong puff of breath will be felt. It is called aspiration

HOMORGANIC SOUNDS This refers to sounds made at

the same place of articulation literally, with the same organ.

HOMORGANIC SOUND

In phonetic, this refers to sound

made at the same place of

articulation, literally with the same or organ

even though the lower lip also

porduces homorganic sound

, but with most sound the organ is ten tongue so in these cases it refers to which point in the oral

cavity the tongue is touching

/P/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC DISTRIBUTION

English Position

/p/ [ph ] [p] [pˈ] [p-]

I X X X

M X X X

F X X

The /p/ phonemic distribution is: total The /p/ phonetic distribution is : partial, complementary and free variation.

/p-b/PRODUCTION PICTURE

There are in fact several degrees of aspiration in english it is quite strong in initial position before a stressed vowel as in “pen” and some what less strong in medial position

As it is perceptible speakers d not aspirate any voiceless stop sound in word initial position in English furthermore this/p/ sound in word- final position tends to be pronounced like the voiceless

there are several way to demonstrate aspiration of the

voiceless stops/P/ b// /t/ in teaching the proper

pronunciation.

English and Spanish /p/ /b/ use the same organ to be uttered. The dimension that makes them sound

differently is voicing

Spanish spelling:<p> patron/ pa'tron , capa /'kapa/English spelling <p> pick / pick/ happy /hæpIy/

/t-d/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/t/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/d/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/t/, THE CONSONANT QUALITY DIFFERS DUE TO THE POINT OF ARTICULATION. THUS,

SPANISH /t/ IS VOICELESS, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL, STOP. THIS PHONEME PRESENTS JUST ONE ALLOPHONE: [t] IS VOICELESS, APICO-

ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP AND HAS SEVEN VARIANTS: [tʰ-] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, STRONGLY ASPIRATED, [-t-] VOICELESS, APICO-

ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, UNASPIRATED, [- ɾ-] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, FLAP. /t/

IS BETWEEN VOWELS AND THE STRESS ISPLACED ON A PREVIOUS SYLLABLE, [- ʔ-]

VOICELESS, GLOTTAL, STOP, NASAL, RELEASED WHICH OCCURS IN FINAL-WORD

POSITION BETWEEN A VOWEL AND AN <-n>, v [-t] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR,

NASALIZED, STOP, [-t'] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, UNRELEASED, AND [-t -C] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL,

STOP, RELEASED.

EXEMPLES:SPANISH: <resta> ['resta]ENGLISH: <hoped> [‘howpt]

BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH USE THE SAME PHONOLOGICAL

SYMBOL /d/. IT IS, IN SPANISH, VOICED, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL, STOP

AND HAS FOUR ALLOPHONES: [d] VOICED, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL,

STOP; [-δ-] VOICED, APICO-INTERDENTAL, ORAL, FRICATIVE

(OTHER SYMBOL IS [đ] WHICH IS UTTERED WHEN FOUND BETWEEN

VOWELS, AFTER THE FLAP SOUND /ɾ/ AND A VOICED CONSONANT SOUND;

[-θ] VOICELESS, APICO-INTERDENTAL, ORAL, FRICATIVE.. IN ENGLISH, THE /d/ SOUND IS VOICED, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP AND

THREE ALLOPHONES MIGHT BE FOUND: [d] VOICED, APICO-

ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP; [-ɾ-] VOICED, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL,

FLAP , (OTHER SOUND OCCURS JUST IN INTERVOCALIC POSITIONBEFORE UN UNSTRESSED SYLLABLE; r [-ʔ-] v VOICELESS, GLOTTAL, STOP, NASAL,

RELEASED).EXEMPLE:SPANISH: <d> andar /an'daɾ/ENGLISH: <d> date /‘deyt/

/P/ PHONETIC AND PHONEMIC DISTRIBUTION

Spanish and english voiceless, bilabial, oral,. Stop, however spanihs has just one allophone [p]voiceless, bilabial, oral, stop,

strongly aspirated [-p-] voiceless, bilabial, oral, stop unaspirated[-p’], voiceless, bilabial, oral, stop unreleased, [-p-] voiceless, bilabial, oral, stop released.

CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER ANALYSIS

In light of the fact that l2 pronunciation error are often caused by the transfer of well established sound systems, it is important to examine some of the characteristic phonological different between Spanish and English

Such observation of L2 pronunciation error above, in turn naturally suggestion the critical need for teachers to become more aware of the impact that learners

Although contrastive analysis has often been criticized for its inadequacy to predict the transfer error that learners will make in actual learning contexts

The fact that native of English can recognize foreign accent in ESL/EFL learners speech such as Spanish accent or any other ones is a clear.

Contrastive transfer assists languages learners and teachers to identify easily the sound to be learned, improved or emphasized in their production in order to have a more affective level of communication.

CONTEXTUALIZED PHONETIC

TRASCRIPTION

For student who have mastered the ipa phonetic transcriptions can improve their understanding of the importance

This manner of speaking greatly influences, and sometimes even changes, the pronunciation of single word.

These words have a strong and a weak form whose pronunciation will depend on some factors

However, when speaking to native speakers, student are often surprise ay how the phonetic traanscription

STRONG AND WEAK FORMS

In connected speech, many of the small words we use very frequently tend to take on a different shape from the one listed in the dictionary.

Function words are essentially closed class words, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc.

/B/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

Both Spanish and English /b/ sound is voiced, bilabial, oral, stop

[-β-]voiced bilabial oral, fricative, which ocurs after /i7, /r/ between vowels as well as between a vowel

[-b] or [-b-] are some arbitrary symbols that can be found in none official IPA notation

Spanish has two allophones: [b] voiced, bilabial, oral. Stop,

/t/PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

Despite the fact that Spanish and English use the same phonological symbols /t/ the consonant quality differs due to the point of articulation

English /t/ is voiceless, apico dental oral, stop and has seven variant [tʰ-] voiceless, apico alveolar, oral, stop, strongly aspirated

[-t-] voiceless apico alveolar , oral, stop unaspirated

This phonemes presents just one allophones [t] is voiceless, apico dental, oral, stop unaspirated.

[-ɾ-]] voiceless apico alveolar , oral, flap. ([t ][t [r])]I

/d/ PONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

BOTH SPANISH AND ENBLISH USE THE SAME PHONILOGICAL SYMBOLS/D7, Ts is in Spanish, voiced apico dental, oral, stop and has four allophones

Which is uttered when found between vowels, after the flap sound /r/, and between a vowel and voiced consonant sound.

[-φ] zero allophone which depending on the

dialect might occur in middle and or final word

position

[d] voiced, apico – dental, oral, stop, [-ð-]] voiced, apico – inerdental, oral, fricative

/k/PHONEMIC AND

PHONETIC FEATURES

The /k/ sound keeps the same features in

both languages: voiceless dorsovelar,

oral, stop

However, they differ in their phonetic analysis.

[-k-] voiceless dorso velar stop.

Strongly unaspirated

The Spanish /k/ has one allophone [k] voiceless, dorso- velar, oral, stop,

unaspirated.

The english /k/ has four allophones [Kʰ-] voiceless, dorso velar, oral, stop, strongly aspirated,

/g/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATUIRES

Both languages have phonemically the same /g/ sound: voiced, dorso- velar. Oral, stop

Spanish has three variations [g] voiced dorso- velar, oral, stop; [-ɤ-] voiced dorso- velar oral, fricative ([ ])which ɡMoccurs between vowel sound after /ɾ/ and /I/.

And between a vowel sound and a voiced consonant; [φzero allophones. English has one allophone: voiced dorso velar, oral, stop

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH FRICATIVES

When fricative souds are produced, the

articulator partially touches the point of articulation and gets

close enough

Spanish has a wide dialectal variation,

consequently speakers

of different dialects may face different

pronounciation problems

Although the letter <v> is part of the

Spanish alphabet, it is pronounced like the stop [b] or fricative

the airflow through the opening becomes

turbulent.

REMINDER: Many english.nouns ending in/f/ change inti /v/ went the plural ending is added. This process is known as a

morphophonemic change.

. .

.f/voiceless, labiodental, oral,

fricative; /φ/ voiceless, bilabial, oraal, fricative which is used in

free variation

f/ voiceless, bilabial, oral, fricative.

/f/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

S P A N I S HHas two allophones

E N G L I S HHas one allophone

.

/s/ PRODUCTION

/s/ voiceless, apico-alveolar, oral, fricative.

/s/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

Both languages have the /s/ sound which is voiceless, apico-alveolar,oral, fricative.

English variants:[s] [-s+ -]

/z/ PRODUCTION

/z/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

Both languages have the /s/ sound which is voiceless, apico-

alveolar,oral

fricative.In Spanish the [z] sound occurs

before a voiced consonant sound

because of its positional variation and it is an

allophone.

English has one allophone: [z]

/z/ voiced, apico-alveolar, oral,

fricative

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC

FEATURES/Ө/

The voiceless, apico-interdental, oral,

fricative, / Ө /, exists in both languages

with the distinction than in Spanish it is an

allophone while in English it is a

phoneme

The English / Ө / sound has no phonetic

variation. Consequently, its

allophene

[Ө] is voceless, apico-interdental, oral,

fricative

/ʃ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

This /ʃ/ sound occurs

exclusively in English has one allophone [ʃ]

Examples:

English

Propulsion /pɹə‘pəlʃən/

Permission /pəɹ'mɪʃən/

/ʒ /PRODUCTION

/ʒ/ Sound occurs in English only middle and final position

, groove, fricative, and has an allophone

allophone which keeps the same features as it´s

phoneme.

The English /ʒ / sounds features

are voiced, fronto-palatal, oral

ExamplesGarage /gə'ɹaʒ/

<si>ocacion /ə‘keyʒən/<s>measure /mɛʒəɹ/

<g> regime /ɹeyɪ'ʒiym/<z> azure /'æʒəɹ

/x /SPANISH PRODUCTION

Fricative

Examples

<j>jarabe /xa'ɾabe/<g>girasol /xiɾa‘sol/<x>Xavier /xa'byeɾ/

[x] voiceless, dorso-velar,oral,fricative.

[h] voiceless, glottal,oral,fricative.[Ø] zero allophone

Voiceless

Oral Dorso velar

/x /Is a sound which exists particularly in

Spanish.This phoneme has three allophones

which may occur in free variation regarding the

position. This are

/h / PRODUCTIONENGLISH-SPANISH

Spanish /h /has an allophone of [x] used by people front the

coastal region.

This phoneme in English has two

allophones. This are

[h] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative.

[-ɦ-] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative, and happens just

between voiced sounds

OralGlotta

FricativeVoiceless

Those consonants have the same or similar places of articulation.

ENGLISH AFFRICATES /tʃ/ [tʃ] [dʒ]

SPANISH AFFRICATES

/tʃ/ [tʃ]

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH AFFRICATES

/dʒ/ PRODUCTIONENGLISH-SPANISH

Spanish spellings: /ʤ/ does not exist as a phoneme

In english its occurs as phoneme and allophone /ʤ/voiced, apico alveolar, lamino, fronto palatal, oral affricate

Examples of English <jam> /ʤæm/

<larger> /laɹʤəɹ/

<large> /laɹʤ

E

Articulator and point articulation

bilabial Apicoalveolar

Dorso velar

Dorso palatal

/m/ /n/ /ŋ/ -

S /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /ɲ/

vd vd vd vd

ALL OF THEM ARE VOICED, OCCLUSIVE, CONTINUANT

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH, SPANISH AND FRENCH NASALS

When we pronounce this consonants, the air to flow out through the nasal cavity.Contrastive nasal sound chart

/m/ PRODUCTIONENGLISH-SPANISH

The /m/sounds is similar in both languages:[m]

voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant

ENGLISH.

The /m/ phoneme has three allophones:

[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant

[-ɱ-] voiced, labiodental, nasal, occlusive,

continuant which occurs before the voiceless labiodental fricative.

SPANISH

The /m/ phoneme has one allophone:

[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant

/ŋ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

Both language

s have the /ŋ/

sound. It voiced, is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal ,

occlusive, continuan

t

In Spanish, /

ŋ/ is allophone

of /n/.

In english, /

ŋ/ is a phoneme.

The english

/ŋ/ has to possible

allophones

[ŋ] is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal ,

occlusive, continuan

t.

[-ņ-] is voiced,

dorso-velar, nasal ,

occlusive, continuant.

Syllabic which

happens just in

contextual speech

between 2 any dorso

velar sound, /k-g-x/

REMINDERThe

spanish [ŋ] occurs

in free vatiation in final-

word position

/ɲ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

The /ɲ/ sound belong particulary to Spanish. Both the phoneme and its allopone keep the

same features:

/ɲ/ is voiced, dorso-palatal, nasal ,

occlusive, continuant.

REMINDER

• The /ɲ/ sound occurs in spanish, french and Italian.

• English speakers have the tendency to tendency to pronunce/ny/ due to its absence in the english consonant inventory

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH

AND SPANISH LATERALS

When an /l/ is formed, the tongue tip

touches the alveolar ridge (or maybe the upper teeth)

Sounds like this with

airflow along the sides of the tongue are called

lateral

English lateral only incluides /l/.

Spanish laterals

includes /l/ and /ʎ/

/l/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES•English and spanish have the /l/ sound which is voiced,

apico-alveolar , oral, lateral•English has more allophones than spanish

Spanish variants•[l] voiced, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral•[˛l] voiceless, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral•[ lb ] ] voiced, apico-dental , oral, lateral, which occurs

before a dental sound /t-d/

English allophones are:•[l] voiced, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral•[˛l] voiceless, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral•[-ɫ] voiced, dorso-velar, oral, dark, lateral•[-˛ɫ] voiced, dorso-velar, oral, dark, lateral, syllabic,

which occurs in final-word position

/ʎ/ PHONEMIC

AND PHONETIC FEATURES

The /ʎ/ sound belong

particulary to spanish.

It is voiced, fronto-palatal,

oral, lateral.

In Ecuador and some other

countries of Latin America some variants many happen: [ʎ]

voiced, fronto-palatal, oral,

lateral [y] voiced, fronto-

palatal, oral, groove, frcative

These may happen in free

variation

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH R-

SOUNDS

The /ɹ/sound of english is called a retroflex

Retroflex sounds are made with the tongue tip curled

back

Yetthe symbol for it appears in the IPA chart in the dental-alveolar-palatalveolar mega-

column

The english R-sound certainly count as an apico-postalveolar and has a legitimate claim on

the symbol even without a retracted diacritic.

ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATION

Apico post alveolar

Apico alveolar

Apico alveolar

english /ɹ/ [ɾ] - oral

spanish - /ɾ/ /r/ oral

retroflex

flap trill

vd vd vd

voicing

CONTRASTIVE R-SOUNDS CHART

•Despite the fact we may refer to r-sounds in both languages, Spanish and English use different phonological symbols which implies different manners of producing them in spanish and english

•SPAINISH /ɾ/ is voiced,apico-alveolar,oral,flap or tap.it has the following variants: [ɾ] voiced,apico-alveolar,oral,flap;[ŗ] voiceless, apico-alveolar,oral,flap; [ŗ] voiced, apico-dental.oral.fap.

•ENGLISH, it /ɹ/ is voiced, apico postalveolar,oral,approximant,reflex and it has the following possibilities: [ɹ] voiced, apico-postalveolar,oral,retroflex, semiconsonant,[ɹ] voiceless, apico-postalveolar,oral,retroflex.

R-PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

TONGUE TWISTERS• SPANISH: /r/ • Guerra tenia una parra, y

parra tenía una parra, y la perra de Parra mordió a la parra de Guerra:-dígame usted, señor Guerra ¿Por qué le a pagado con la porra a la parra ?- porque si la parra de Parra no hubiese mordido a `la parra de Guerra, Guerra no le hubiese pagado con la porra a la perra.

The /w/ approximant sound occurs in both languages. It is voiced, bilavial-dorso-velar, oral, appoximant.

In spanish, there following variants spacially as part of a diphong: [w-] voiced, bilabial-dorso-velar,oral semiconsonant; [-u] voiced, bilabial-dorso-velar.oral semi vowel :[w]voiced,bilabial-dorso-velar,oral semiconsonant.[g] color.

English as well as in spanish, the following allophones are part of diphongs or glided sounds:

[w-] voiced.bilabial-dorso-velar. Oral,semiconsonat; [-u] voiced, bilabial-dorso-velar, oral, semivowel.

/W/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN CONNECTED

SPEECH

The phonetic processes in

connected speech have to do with the changes in

pronunciaion that ocur within and between words

due to juxtaposition with

neighboring sounds

Why teaching the different proceses

which occur in connected speesc? Because learners of foreign languages try to pronounce

each single word so clrearly that they fail to blend words

this cause the languege to be

chopped.

Some rules concerning

connected speech are common to both spanish and english

even though few other heppen only in

one of these two languages due to their syntactic,

morphlogical, and phonological

structure natura.