ECOLOGY ANDENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE

Essentials of

S.V.S. Rana

Fifth Edition

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Contents

Preface xiiiPreface to the First Edition xvAcknowledgements xvii

CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION, SCOPE AND HISTORY OFECOLOGY 1–23What is Ecology? 1What is Environmental Science? 1History of Ecology 2Ecology Today 3Scope of Ecology 4The Subdivisions of Ecology 6Models in Ecology 7Fundamental Concepts 9Ecology and Ethology 13Environmentalism 16Environmental Ethics 17Conservation Ethics 17Gaia Hypothesis 21Review Questions 22Suggested Further Readings 22

CHAPTER 2 ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 24–35Biosphere 24Changing Faces of the Earth 24Development of the Biosphere 25Speciation and Environment 26Heredity and Environment 31Artificial Selection 32Co-evolution 32Group Selection 32Evolution of Biosphere and Human Ecology 33Review Questions 35Suggested Further Readings 35

CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATIONS 36–51Kinds of Adaptations 36Secondary Aquatic Adaptations 38Pelagic Adaptations 39Deep Sea Adaptations 43

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vi CONTENTS

Desert Adaptations 44Cave Adaptations 44Flight Adaptations 45Cursorial Adaptations 45Arboreal Adaptations 46Fossorial and Subterranean Adaptations 46Parasitic Adaptations 47Adaptations for Defence 48Mimicry 49Review Questions 50Suggested Further Readings 51

CHAPTER 4 CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERE 52–86Origin of Atmosphere 52Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 53Ecological Significance of Air 55Horizontal Motion of Atmosphere (Wind) 55Vertical Movements 57Upper Air Circulation (Jet Streams) 61Air Masses 62Important Properties of the Atmosphere 64Acid Rain and Deposition 71Causes of Acid Rain 73SOx 73NOx 74Precipitation Chemistry 75Regulation 85Review Questions 86Suggested Further Readings 86

CHAPTER 5 EARTH AND LITHOSPHERE 87–111Zonal Structure of the Earth 87The Geologic Cycle 92Minerals and Rocks 96Soil 96Pedogenesis 97Soil Types 98Soil Classification 98Types of Rocks 99Types of Minerals 100Soil Profile 102Soil Erosion 105Soil Erosion in India 108Soil Conservation 109Biota of the Soil 110Soil Adaptations in Animals 110Review Questions 111Suggested Further Readings 111

CONTENTS vii

CHAPTER 6 HYDROSPHERE 112–145Hydrologic Cycle 112Water Budget 113Fresh Water Environment 114Lakes 117Eutrophication of Lakes 121Reservoirs 124Running Water 125The Open Ocean 128Physico-Chemical Aspects of Marine Environment 129Wetlands and Coastal Environment 131Antarctic Research Programme 132Coral Reef 136Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 138Estuaries 139Review Questions 144Suggested Further Readings 145

CHAPTER 7 BIOSPHERE 146–165Introduction 146Concept of Biome 146Evolution and Diversity in Biomes 147Major Biomes of Earth 149Landforms 155Review Questions 164Suggested Further Readings 165

CHAPTER 8 BIO-GEOCHEMICAL AND NUTRIENT CYCLES 166–179Nitrogen Cycle 166The Carbon Cycle 169The Phosphorus Cycle 171Sulphur Cycle 173Silicon Cycle 174Mercury Cycle 175Arsenic Cycle 176Recycle Pathways 177Review Questions 178Suggested Further Readings 179

CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND SPECIESINTERACTIONS 180–209Law of Minimum (Liebig, 1840) 181Law of Tolerance (Shelford, 1913) 181Combined Concept of Limiting Factors 182Physical Environment as Limiting Factor 182Light (Radiation) 185Humidity 188Fire 189Atmospheric Gases 189

viii CONTENTS

Currents and Pressure 190Microenvironment 190Ecological Optima 191Species Interactions (Biotic Environmental Factors) 191Competitive Exclusion Principle 197Predation 199Carnivorous Plants 201Parasitism 202Parasitoidism 204Phoresis 204Parasitic Adaptations 204Host Specificity of Parasites 205Parasites and Disease 205Antibiosis 206Insect Plant Interactions 206Algae-Invertebrate Relationships 207Defensive Ecology 208Review Questions 208Suggested Further Readings 209

CHAPTER 10 BIODIVERSITY 210–236Ecosystem Biodiversity 210Species Diversity 212Genetic Diversity 213Global Diversity 213The Value of Biodiversity 213Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function 214Biodiversity—Hot Spots 215Bio-wealth 217Critically Endangered Indian Animals 220Biotic Impoverishment 222Biodiversity Conservation 223Biotechnology and Biodiversity 226Milestones of Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 228Main Players in CBD 229First Conference of Parties(Cop-1, Nassau, November 28–December 9, 1994) 230Second Conference of Parties(Cop-2, Jakarta, November 4–17, 1995) 230Third Conference of Parties(Cop-3, Buenos-aires, November 6–4, 1996) 231Fourth Conference of Parties(Cop-4, Bratislava, May 4–15, 1998) 231Biosafety Versus Biotrade(Bswg-6, Cartegena, Columbia, February 14–19, 1999) 232Biological Diversity Act of India 233National Biodiversity Authority 233Biotechnology and Intellectual Property 234Review Questions 236Suggested Further Readings 236

CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER 11 GENETIC RESOURCES 237–251Agriculture 239Livestock as Renewable Resource 240Fish Resources 241Marine Resources 245Drugs from Marine Resources 247Bio-active Substances from Marine Organisms 248Living Resources of Antarctica 249Review Questions 251Suggested Further Readings 251

CHAPTER 12 NATURAL RESOURCES (MINERALS, ENERGY,WATER, FORESTS) 252–286Resource Cycle 252Mineral Resources 253Marine Resources 257Mineral Resources of Antarctica 258Energy Resources 261Renewable Sources of Energy 261Energy from Biomass 265Non-Renewable Sources of Energy 266Nuclear Energy 271Geothermal Energy 272Ocean Thermal Energy 273Energy for the Future 273Forest Resources 276Deforestation 278Water—A Vital Resource 280India’s Water Budget 282Review Questions 286Suggested Further Readings 286

CHAPTER 13 ECOLOGY OF POPULATIONS 287–321Population Density 287Natality 288Mortality 288Age Distribution 290Biotic Potential of Population(s) 291The Growth Form of Population 292Population Dispersal 295Population Factors 295The Regulation of Population 298Human Population Dynamics 300Population Projections 301Population Estimates for India 301Metapopulation 304The World as a Mosaic of Habitat Patches CalledLandscapes 315Summary 319

Review Questions 320Suggested Further Readings 320

Essentials Of Ecology And EnvironmentalScience

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120347861 Author : S V S Rana

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