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Essential QuestionEssential Question:–How did new inventions &
improvements in transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s?
Warm-Up QuestionWarm-Up Question:–What factors allowed for the
ascendancy of the Whigs & the rise of a permanent American 2-party system?
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The Market Revolution: 1815-1860
American Industry & the Railroad
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American Domestic GrowthIn the 1830s & 1840s, Americans
realized the link between territorial & technological growth:– Improved transportation – Rapid technological innovation– A growing nationalnational economy– Mass European immigration– Desire for transcontinental
expansion (esp after the gold rush in California in 1849)
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The Transportation Revolution
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Henry Clay’s American SystemIn 1816, Congress initiated a
series of economic & internal improvements:
–2nd Bank of the USA
–Protective Tariff of 1816
–Federal & state transportation construction (roads & canals)
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Advances in Transportation: 1815-1840
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Transportation Revolution
by 1840
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Henry Clay’s American System
Jackson’s assault on the BUS, effectively killed Clay’s American System but it did not stop transportation improvements
From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads
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The Triumph of the RailroadRailroads changed the economy:
–In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance
–Stimulated the growth of a new American iron industry
–Stimulated new forms of finance: sold stock to general public, “preferred stock”, bonds, & subsidies through state & local governments
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The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
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The Railroad Revolution,
1850sImmigrant
labor built railroads in the North
Slave labor built railroads in the South
The Expansion of Railroads by Region
Railroad Expansion by 1860
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The American Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution BoomsIndustrial production became
more efficient:
–Growth of factories, mass production, division of labor, interchangeable parts, & industrial innovations
Agriculture became mechanized:
–steel plow, mechanical reaper, seed drills, threshers, cultivators
Attributed to “Yankee Ingenuity”
sewing machine iron production
textile factories
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Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793
Actually invented by a slave!
Actually invented by a slave!
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Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840sSewing Machine
1840sSewing Machine
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Early Textile Loom
Early Textile Loom
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John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow
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Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
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Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle
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Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
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Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
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The Industrial Revolution BoomsThe impact of new innovations:
–Made work easier & freed laborers to do new types of work
–Bolstered industry & agricultureHowever, the US was not an
“industrial society” in the 1840s –60% of the population were still
involved in farming–Most production was still done
traditionally in small workshops
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The Market Revolution
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The Market RevolutionBy 1840, improved transportation
& innovation reduced time & cost to make & ship goods & allowed for a nationalnational market economy:
–US developed a self-sustaining domestic economy of farm products & manufactured goods
–The US economy was driven by regionalregional specialization
Northern industry Southern cotton production
Western commercial farming
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America in 1840The NorthThe NorthShift from yeoman to
small commercial farming
From 1820-1870 Northern cities grew rapidly due to:–Marketing goods for
commercial farmers–Factory towns that
produced goods for rural consumers
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New England
Dominance in
Textiles
New England
Dominance in
Textiles
Lowell Mill
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American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
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US Urban
Centers
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America in 1840The SouthThe SouthThe booming
demand for cotton stratified the South:–Large plantations
with slaves (only 25% of whites owned slaves)
–Yeoman with few or no slaves with mixed commercial & subsistence farming
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Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1840Slave Population, 1860
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America in 1840The WestThe WestLand was cheapSettlers transformed
the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms:–Wheat & corn–Hogs & cattle
Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market
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Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860