Essential Question :
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Transcript of Essential Question :
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■Essential Question: –How did different values lead to
different American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?
■Warm-Up Question:–Based upon the documents
provided, what are some key differences between the Virginia & New England colonies?
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Four Colonial Subcultures■The different values of the
migrants dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies–The Chesapeake–New England–Middle Colonies–The Lower South
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European Settlements in North America
by 1660
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Chesapeake Colonies:Virginia & Maryland
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Chesapeake Colonies
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The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth■After Walter Raleigh's failed
Roanoke settlement, there was little interest in colonizing America; but Richard Hakluyt (& others)
kept promoting colonies:–Possibilities for wealth–Rivaling Spain, Holland, France–Nationalism, anti-Catholicism,
& anti-Spanish zeal
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Entrepreneurs in Virginia■The major obstacle to colonizing
in America was funding; Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax revenue:–Joint-stock companies provided
financing for colonies–In 1606, King James gave the
London Company the 1st charter to establish colonies in America
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The London Company,
1606
The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits
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“The Virginia Colony” Reading & Discussion
■Based upon the reading–What were the expectations of the early Jamestown colonists?
–What were conditions like during the early years of the Jamestown colony?
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Entrepreneurs in Virginia■Jamestown was settled in 1607
along the Chesapeake Bay:–the location was unhealthy but
easy to defend from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians)
–Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement
–Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy & failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America
Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death
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Jamestown Fort, 1609
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Jamestown Colony
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Spinning Out of Control■In 1608, John Smith imposed
order in Jamestown & traded for food with natives
■But, Jamestown faced difficulties:–Poor leadership & harsh winters
led to starving time (1609-1610)–In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was
attacked by Powhattan Indians
Captain John Smith
The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River
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Powhatan ConfederacyThe 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347
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Saved by a “Stinking Weed”■John Rolfe introduced a tobacco
hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy
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1618 — Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco
1622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its colonists in an Indian attack, 60,000 pounds produced
1627 — Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of tobacco
1629 — Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco
Early Colonial Tobacco
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Saved by a “Stinking Weed” ■In 1618, headrights were used to
encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown:– A 50-acre lot was granted to
each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony
– Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes
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Virginia’s growth
was due largely to
headrights
English Migration, 1610-1660
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Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake
settlement?
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Virginia House of Burgesses■In 1619, Virginia colonists created
a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances
■The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America
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How Many Slaves?■In 1619, the 1st African slaves
arrived in Jamestown–In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves
arrived in the New World per year–Through the 18th century, 5.5
million arrived in America–By 1860, 11 million slaves were
brought to the New World–Before 1831, more African slaves
came to America than Europeans
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Population of the Chesapeake Colonies: 1607-1750
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Time of Reckoning■Despite the profits from tobacco,
Virginia was a deadly place to live–Many died from disease–Numerous Powhattan attacks –Indentured servants were
treated badly & cheated out of land when servitude ended
–Few females (6:1 ratio) made families or reproduction difficult
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Corruption and Reform■In 1624, James I dissolved the
Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony –But colonists continued to meet
in the House of Burgesses –VA was divided into 8 counties
each with a county court■Very little changed; Jamestown
colonists still focused with tobacco & continued to lack unity
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Jamestown Colonization
Pattern, 1620-1660
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The Maryland Colony
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Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics■Initiated by Sir George Calvert
(Lord Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics–In 1632, Charles I
granted a charter for Maryland
–To recruit laborers, Lord Baltimore required toleration among Catholics & Protestants
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Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics■Wealthy Catholics proved
unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & indentured servants:–Maryland had few large tobacco
plantations–Farmers (mostly poor tobacco
planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements
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New England Colonies
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New England Colonies, 1650
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Reforming England in America■Queen Elizabeth’s reconciliation
of Anglican & Catholic conflicts appeased many, but created 2 factious groups of extremists: –Catholics (many settled in
Maryland)–Puritans who wanted Anglican
Church stripped of Catholic rituals (made up of conservative “Puritans” & radical “Pilgrims”)
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The Pilgrims in Plymouth ■Pilgrims were separatists who
refused to worship in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland to avoid compromising religious beliefs
■Migrated to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England
■Formed the Mayflower Compact to create a “civil body politick” among settlers (became the 1st American form of self-gov’t)
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The “Mayflower Compact” Reading & Discussion
■What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing the Mayflower Compact?
■Is this a religious or a political document? Explain
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Reforming England in America■Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
–Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit
–Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent but faced serious recruitment issues
–In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony
The origins of Thanksgiving
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“The Great Migration”■Puritans were more conservative
than Pilgrims & wished to remain within the Church of England:–Believed in predestination, fought
social sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church
–In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England
■From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony
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The Great Puritan Migration
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“A City on a Hill”■Winthrop emphasized a common
spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of righteousness
■New England experienced unique demographic & social trends:–Settlers usually came as families –NE was a generally healthy
place to live –Settlers sacrificed self-interest
for the good of the community
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“A City on a Hill”■As Mass Bay colony grew beyond
Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities:–Each town was independently
governed by local church members (Congregationalism)
–Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote)
–Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents
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Congregationalism:
Nucleated vs.
Dispersed Villages
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“A City on a Hill”■NE town gov’ts were autonomous
& most people participated due to common religious values
■Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies: –Passed a legal code called the
Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order
–Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences
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Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams■Puritans never supported religious
toleration, esp Roger Williams:–Williams was a separatist who
questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the land was not bought from natives
–Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas
■Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636
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Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson■Anne Hutchinson believed she
was directly inspired by God:–Believed that “converted” people
are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (Antinomianism)
–Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders
■She was banished to Rhode Island
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Mobility and Division
■After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies:–New Hampshire–Rhode Island–Connecticut–New Haven
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Mobility and Division
■New Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay
■Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay–Fundamental Orders was model
of civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1st written constitution in American history)
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Mobility and Division■New Haven set up in 1636
because Puritan leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state
■Rhode Island drew highly independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by religious dissenter Roger Williams)
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New England Colonies,
1650
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Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences
between the Chesapeake & New England colonies
Chesapeake New England
Political
Economic
Social
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■Essential Question: –How did differences in values
affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New England, Southern, & Middle colonies?
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The Middle Colonies:New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware
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The Middle
Colonies, 1685
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New York■NY was established as “New
Netherlands” by the Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to England & Spain)
■Its small population was diverse; included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, & Dutch
■In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony with little resistance
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New York
■After begin taken by England, New York (which included New Jersey, Delaware, & Maine) became the personal property of James, the Duke of York–Inhabitants had no political voice
beyond the local level–James gained little profit from
the colony
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Pennsylvania■Pennsylvania founded by a radical
religious sect called Quakers ■Quakers believed in “Inner Light”:
– Rejected idea of original sin & predestination
– Believed that each person could communicate directly with God
– All are equal in eyes of God & can be saved (conversion was essential to faith)
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Penn's "Holy Experiment"■Quakers were persecuted in New
England for their beliefs; William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a “holy experiment” – As a society run on Quaker
principles that promoted religious toleration & protection of the rights of property-less
–Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German immigrants
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William Penn & Native
Americans
Quick Discussion Question:In what ways was Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?”
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Settling Pennsylvania
■Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically, nationally, & religiously diverse population
■Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA & Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered
■In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists & independence to Delaware counties
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Urban Population
Growth: 1650-1775
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The Lower South
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Settling the Lower
South
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Carolina
■Although Carolina relied on slave labor & agriculture (& therefore looked like Chesapeake colonies) it was very different due to:–Diversity of settlers–Environment very different from
the Chesapeake–No “Solid South” yet
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Proprietors of the Carolinas■Carolina was granted a charter in
1663 to eight “proprietors” to reward their loyalty:–Proprietors were inspired by
John Locke & created a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with veto power for average citizens
–But Carolina had difficulty recruiting settlers in its first years
Carolina was established as a “political utopia” & experimented with early forms of democracy
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The Barbadian Connection■English planters from the
Caribbean island of Barbados were recruited to Charles Town:–Barbadians brought a strict,
cruel slave code with them –Demanded greater self-gov’t
within Carolina; led to 1729 strife that led to division of colony into North & South Carolinas
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Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern port
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Indigo & Rice: crops of the Carolinas
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The Carolinas
and Georgia
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Founding of Georgia■Georgia was founded in 1732 by
James Oglethorpe as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas & Spanish Florida
■Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England
■By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a slave-owning plantation society
Georgia was in many ways a “social utopia” because it offered a fresh start for many of
the lowest English citizens
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The Proprietary Colonies■Most English colonies were created
by royal charter, but some had charters granted land to individuals:–Maryland (1634)–Carolina (1663)–New York (1664)–New Jersey (1665)–New Hampshire (1680)–Pennsylvania (1681)–Delaware (1704)
By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics 8 proprietors hoped
to create a politically democratic colony
A secretary of one of the proprietors was
John LockeGiven as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the brother of
King Charles II)
Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval hero) as a
land of religious freedom
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Conclusions■All the colonies faced early an
struggle to survive ■Distinct regional differences
intensified & persisted throughout the colonial period
■It was not until the American Revolution that colonists began to see themselves as a distinct “American” people
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Closure Question■ Did any of these colonies live up
to the expectations of their founders:
–Virginia?–Massachusetts Bay?–Carolina?–Pennsylvania?
■ Which colony would you have chosen to live in? Why?