ESSENTIAL ENGLISH FOR MANUFACTURING TECHNICIANS -...
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TECHNICKÁ UNIVERZITA V KOŠICIACH FAKULTA VÝROBNÝCH TECHNOLÓGIÍ SO SÍDLOM V PREŠOVE PhDr. Rimma Bielousová, PhD., PhDr. Marta Gluchmanová, PhD. ESSENTIAL ENGLISH FOR MANUFACTURING TECHNICIANS Prešov 2011
Transcript of ESSENTIAL ENGLISH FOR MANUFACTURING TECHNICIANS -...
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TECHNICKÁ UNIVERZITA V KOŠICIACH
FAKULTA VÝROBNÝCH TECHNOLÓGIÍ SO SÍDLOM
V PREŠOVE
PhDr. Rimma Bielousová, PhD., PhDr. Marta Gluchmanová, PhD.
ESSENTIAL ENGLISH FOR MANUFACTURING
TECHNICIANS
Prešov 2011
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© PhDr. Rimma Bielousová, PhD., PhDr. Marta Gluchmanová, PhD.
Recenzenti: PhDr. Svetlana Maťková, PhD.
MSc. Eleanor Curtain
ISBN 978-80-553-0686-5
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ISBN 978-80-553-0686-5
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Autori: PhDr. Rimma Bielousová, PhD. - PhDr. Marta Gluchmanová, PhD.
Názov: Essential English for Manufacturing Technicians
Vydanie: prvé
Počet strán: 95
Náklad: 5 CD-ROM
Vydavateľ: FVT TU v Košiciach so sídlom v Prešove
ISBN 978-80-553-0686-5
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OBSAH
OBSAH .................................................................................................................................4
ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................................5
UNIT 1 – MY UNIVERSITY................................................................................................6
UNIT 2 – APPLYING FOR A JOB.....................................................................................16
UNIT 3 – GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES……………………...………………26
UNIT 4 – GIVING ADVICE AND INSTRUCTIONS........................................................34
UNIT 5 – THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY…………………………...………………43
UNIT 6 – COMPUTERS ……………………………………………...………………….49
UNIT 7 – THE INTERNET……………………………………….………………………58
UNIT 8 – HOW THINGS WORK.......................................................................................68
UNIT 9 – ENGINEERING MATERIALS………………………………………………..77
UNIT 10 – MANUFACTURING PROCESSES………………………………………….86
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................95
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ÚVOD
Učebné texty sú určené pre študentov anglického jazyka Fakulty výrobných
technológií s cieľom zvládnutia nevyhnutnej lexiky a najčastejších funkčných štruktúr
vyjadrujúcich komunikatívne potreby používateľov technickej angličtiny: klasifikácia,
popis, definícia atď., ako aj nadobudnutia aktívnych komunikatívnych zručností a návykov
a schopnosti pracovať s anglickým technickým textom.
Učebné texty obsahujú 10 lekcií, ktoré tvoria dva celky:
a) všeobecné témy z oblasti techniky, životného prostredia a reálií Fakulty výrobných
technológií a Technickej univerzity v Košiciach;
b) odborné témy.
Jednotlivé lekcie majú spravidla nasledujúcu štruktúru:
- úvodné cvičenie k téme danej lekcie Switch on, ktoré má charakter lexikálny,
gramatický, lexikálno-gramatický, alebo komunikatívny;
- úvodný text určený na počúvanie alebo čítanie;
- rečovo prípravné a rečovo produktívne cvičenia;
- Language spot podáva informáciu o jazykovom a komunikatívnom zameraní danej
lekcie.
Jednotlivé lekcie spracovali:
PhDr. R. Bielousová, PhD : 2, 3, 5, 7, 10
PhDr. M. Gluchmanová, PhD : 1, 4, 6, 8, 9
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UNIT 1
MY UNIVERSITY
Switch on
Give some general information concerning your university (or faculty).
How many faculties are there at your university?
What are the names of the faculties?
1. Work in pairs and fill in the missing words.
Today there are __________1 faculties at the Technical _____________
2 of Košice and
around 16 000 full-time undergraduate students. Technical University caters for a wide
range of educational needs not only in the East-Slovak region, but throughout Slovakia and
____________3 Europe, as in many specializations it is the only centre of
______________4 and research in this area. It co-operates with other universities and
industrial organizations throughout the region and the Slovak _________________5.
2. Answer these questions.
1. Are there more Technical Universities in Slovakia? Where are they situated?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Who is the rector of your university? ________________________________________
3. Where is your university situated? _________________________________________
4. How long does it take to complete a course of studies?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. How many credits are required for acceptance to the third year (to complete all studies,
to graduate)?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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3. Match the university logo to the name of the faculty.
1. a) Faculty of Civil Engineering
2. b) Faculty of Aeronautics
3. c) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
4. d) Faculty of Economics
5. e) Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
6. f) Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies
7. g) Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies
8. h) Faculty of Metallurgy
9. i) Faculty of Arts
This site may help you:
www.tuke.sk
4. The Technical University of Košice has nine faculties that prepare students for
work in various engineering branches. Describe the general qualifications of
graduates from each faculty by completing each of the following sentences.
1. Graduates of the Faculty of Arts are able to ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. The Faculty of Civil Engineering prepares students for _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Students of the Faculty of Economics become specialists in ___________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics enables students to ________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Graduates of the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies are able to ____________
___________________________________________________________________
6. The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering prepares students for work as specialists in
___________________________________________________________________
7. Students at the Faculty of Metallurgy specialize in __________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
8. After graduating from the Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and
Geotechnologies, students are qualified to _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
9. Students of the Faculty of Aeronautics become specialists in __________________
_________________________________________________________
Studying technology
Switch on
Where is your faculty situated?
Who is the dean of your faculty?
What types of study are available at your faculty?
1. Read the text and complete the table below.
If necessary, go to the following site: http://www.tuke.sk/tuke/fakulty/fvt/.
The teaching process at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies includes various forms
of instructions, such as lecturers, seminars, exercises, laboratory works, projects, practical
training, consultations, etc. The credit system follows the rules of the European Credit
Transfer System (ECTS). Pedagogical and science research activities of the Faculty are
concentrated at the departments. The University professors, associate professors, assistant
lecturers as well as the other workers provide the teaching of compulsory, optional and
selected subjects. There are six departments:
1) Department of Mathematics, _______________________ and Cybernetics
2) Department of Technological ________________________ Design
3) Department of Manufacturing ____________________________
4) Department of ________________________ Processes Operation
5) Department of ____________________________ Management
6) __________________ ______ Humanities
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2. Complete the text „Education in Manufacturing Technologies‟.
All study programmes at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies are accredited by the
Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic.
Bachelor‟s (Bc.) study
Study branch: Manufacturing Technologies
Study programmes:
a) Manufacturing Technologies
b) Computer Aided__________________________1 Technologies
c) Manufacturing Management
d) Industrial Technologies Operation
Engineer‟s (Eng.) study
1st study branch: Manufacturing Technologies
Study programmes:
a) _____________________2 Technologies
b) Computer _________________3 Manufacturing Technologies
c) ____________________4 Management
2nd
study branch: Manufacturing Technique
Study programme:
a) Technical Equipment Monitoring and Diagnostics
Doctoral (PhD.) study
1st study branch: Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Materials
Study programmes:
a) Manufacturing Technologies
b) Computer Aided Manufacturing ____________________________5
2nd
study branch: Manufacturing Technique
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Study programme:
a) Technology Equipment Design
3rd
study branch: Industrial Engineering
Study programme:
a) Industrial Technology Management
3. Answer these questions.
1. What study branches are offered by your faculty? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What is your study branch and study programme?___________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Do you study full-time or part-time? _____________________________________
4. How many departments are there at your faculty? Can you name them?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Language spot
Present Simple and Present Continuous
Present Simple
Positive = subject + verb
Negative = subject + do/ does + not + infinitive
Questions = Do/ Does + subject + infinitive
We use the Present Simple to talk about
repeated actions, habits, and events: He does not finish early on Monday.
opinions, likes and feelings: Do you like English?
Present Continuous
Positive = subject + am/ are/ is + -ing form
Negative = subject + am/ are/ is + not + -ing form
Question = Am/ are/ is + subject + -ing form
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We use the Present Continuous to talk about
things that are happening now
I am studying to be an engineer.
Wh-questions: - ask for specific information;
- begin with question words, such as what, who, when, where, why, which, and how
(or how much/ how many/ how far…) Who is the vice-dean of your faculty?
1. Put the verb in the sentences in the correct tense, Present Simple or Present
Continuous.
Classes _________________1 (start) at 7.45 a.m.
He __________________2 (study) at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.
They ________________3 (work) on a project about a new computer.
A lot of local people ____________________4 (not, like) the proposal.
Today, we _____________________5
(visit) a company that ____________________6
(build) a new factory.
Mr. XYZ _____________________7
(teach) Manufacturing Management.
Peter ______________________8 (take) an Computer – Aided Manufacturing
Technologies course.
He ______________________9 (want) to be a Civil Engineer.
On Wednesdays, she _______________________10
(study) in the library.
2. Answer these questions about yourself using complete sentences.
1. What are you studying? _______________________________________________
2. Where are you studying? ______________________________________________
3. How long is your course? ______________________________________________
4. Is it part-time or full-time? _____________________________________________
5. What are the main subjects? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. Which subject do you find the most difficult? ______________________________
7. Which subject do you enjoy most? _______________________________________
8. When do your classes start each day? ____________________________________
9. When do they finish? _________________________________________________
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3. Put the same questions to your partner.
4. Complete the gaps in this description.
I am studying ______________________________1
at ______________________ 2.
When I complete the course, I will get a ___________________________ 3. The main
subjects are ____________________________________________________________4.
The subject I find most difficult is _________________________ 5. I find it difficult
because ______________________________________________ 6. The subject I enjoy is
____________________________________ 7. I have ____________________
8 classes
each week. Classes start each day at _________________________ 9 and finish at
_______________________ 10
.
Pairwork
1. Work in pairs A and B. Exchange information with your partner by asking
and answering questions. Create your timetable including the following
information:
lesson times
subjects
names of teachers
self-study time
TIMETABLE Study branch: Academic year:
Study programme: Semester:
7:45 8:30 9:25 10:10 11:05 11:50 12:40 13:25 14:10 15:05 15:50 16:45 17:30 18:15
8:30 9:15 10:10 10:55 11:50 12:35 13:25 14:10 14:55 15:50 16:35 17:30 18:15 19:00 MON
TUES
WED
THUR
FRI
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2. Translate these questions into English and answer them.
1. Kedy začína a končí skúškové obdobie v letnom a zimnom semestri?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Kedy začína vyučovanie v novom akademickom roku?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Kto je vedúcim katedry výrobných technológií ?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Ako sa volajú prodekani Fakulty výrobných technológií?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Aké sú podmienky pre získanie kreditu z anglického jazyka?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. Kde sa môžem prihlásiť na skúšku?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Reading
PRESENTATION
1. Study some useful recommendations for presentation and try to explain the
meaning of the words written in bold.
Presentations are very common in the operation of a business. For example, an employee
may give a presentation about a new product to customers or to colleagues. Prepare the
structure of the talk carefully and logically. Explain what are the objectives of the talk and
the main points you want to make. Know the needs of your audience and match your
contents to their needs. Put what you have to say in a logical sequence. Look pleasant,
enthusiastic, confident, proud, but not arrogant. Speak slowly, and show appropriate
emotion and feeling relating to your topic. Body language is important. Standing, walking
or moving about with appropriate hand gesture or facial expression is preferred to sitting
down or standing still with head down and reading from a prepared speech. Use audio-
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visual aids or props for enhancement if appropriate and necessary. Do not read from notes
for any extended length of time. Speak loudly and clearly. Do not mumble. Maintain
sincere eye contact with your audience. Speak to your audience, listen to their questions,
respond to their reactions, adjust and adapt. Pause: Allow yourself and your audience a
little time to reflect and think. Add humor whenever appropriate and possible. Keep
audience interested throughout your entire presentation. Remember that an interesting
speech makes time fly, but a boring speech is always too long to endure even if the
presentation time is the same. When using audio-visual aids to enhance your presentation,
be sure all necessary equipment is set up and in good working order prior to the
presentation. Know when to stop talking. To end your presentation, summarize your main
points in the same way as you normally do in the conclusion of a written paper. Thank
your audience.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Work in pairs. Complete the text with the suitable words.
A presentation can be divided into three parts:
INTRODUCTION
Greet the audience, tell them who you are and what you are going to tell them.
Good morning, _____________1 and gentlemen. Let me introduce myself.
I am _____________________________2. I am going to be talking about
________________________________________3. I would like to divide my presentation
into ____________4
parts. First, I´ll talk about why we developed the product,
______________5, I´ll describe the product, and finally, I´ll explain how we plan to market
the product. If you don´t mind, we´ll leave questions until the end or feel free to interrupt
me if you have any _________________6.
BODY
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You may start your sentences with the following words or phrases:
First,_________________7 Second, _________________
8, Then ___________________
9.
As you know, ___________________________________________________________10
.
I must emphasize that _____________________________________________________11
.
I want to stress that _______________________________________________________12
.
On the one hand___________________13
and on the other hand ___________________14
.
CONCLUSION
Before I finish, I would like to summarize my main points again.
That brings me to the end of my __________________________15
.
Thank __________16
for your attention.
If you have any questions, I´ll be glad to ___________________17
them.
Writing
1. Read some useful recommendations and then prepare a presentation about
your university or faculty (400-500words).
Semester:
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UNIT 2
APPLYING FOR A JOB
Switch on
What methods would you recommend in order to find a new job?
How can the Internet be used as a part of a job search?
If you wanted to find a job, what would you do?
Job advertisements
An employer who is looking for new employees will often place an advertisement
(or “ad”) in newspapers, magazines or on the Internet. A job or employment advertisement
usually contain information about the job that is available. In addition, the advertisement
usually contains the qualifications that an applicant must have in order to be considered for
the job. Finally, a job ad contains information about how someone can apply for the job.
Reading
1. Read the following advertisement and answer each of the following questions.
1. Which company is advertising? _________________________________________
2. At what professional level are the jobs available? ___________________________
3. What qualifications are required? ________________________________________
4. In addition to qualifications, what characteristics should an applicant have?
___________________________________________________________________
5. Which non-professional qualification is essential? __________________________
6. What is the main task of the job? ________________________________________
7. What benefits does the company offer? ___________________________________
8. What is HNC? ______________________________________________________
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AAA Castleton Airport
As a highly successful part of AAA Programmable Logic Control, we handled approximately 5
million passengers last year. Further expansion of the airport facilities has created a career
opportunity for the following
Engineering Technicians
In this multi-skilled role you will carry out preventative maintenance on a variety of electrical,
electronic, and mechanical equipment. You will use computer-based monitoring systems for
effective control and fault diagnosis.
Applicants should have a recognized HNC or National Certificate in Electrical/Electronic
Engineering. Experience in the operation and maintenance of electronic and electrical equipment
would be desirable. This demanding position requires effective communication skills together with
a flexible attitude. A clean current driving licence is essential.
In return you can expect an attractive salary, contact with highly developed technologies and
benefits package.
Please forward a comprehensive CV to Denise Dickens, Personnel Department, Castleton Airport,
Castleton CS21. Closing date for receipt of completed applications is 31 December 2011.
Curriculum Vitae
Employers usually require job applicants to supply a curriculum vitae when the
applicant applies for a job. The CV contains information about the applicant‟s education,
work experience, and special skills and abilities. It also often includes references to
comment on the applicant‟s personality, work habits, and attitudes.
2. John Walker decides to apply for one of the positions. Study his CV and answer
each of the following questions.
1. What is his highest educational qualification? _____________________________
2. What is he responsible for at Sturner and Thomson? ________________________
3. What is his position at Sturner and Thomson? ____________________________
4. Why does he include interests and activities? _____________________________
5. Who could tell the employer more about Mr. Walker‟s work habits and attitudes?
__________________________________________________________________
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal details
Name: John Walker
Date of birth: 7 April 1974
Address: 6 Haymarket, Newcastle, NC 1 4YU
Marital status: single
Education and qualifications
1991-1995 Faraday College of Further Education, Newcastle
- National Certificate in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
1985-1990 - George Stevenson Secondary School, Newcastle
Work experience
1995 to present Inspection technician
Sturner and Thomson Ltd, UK
- Responsible for checking incoming components and completed
products using a wide range of test equipment including
computer-based record systems.
- Apprentice electrical technician
Sturner and Thomson Ltd, UK
Other information
Valid driver‟s licence with clean record
Interests include travel and swimming.
Fluent in German and French.
References College Work
Mr. Andrew Wood Mrs. Joy Milne
Head of Department Personnel Office
Electrical Engineering S & T (UK) Ltd
Faraday College North Street
Cornwallis Road Newcastle NC14 7TL
Newcastle NC2 3PL
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Useful Recommendations
What not to write in your CV
CV is a potential employer‟s first impression of you as a candidate for the job they have
advertised. Avoid your CV being dismissed out of hand because of mistakes. Below is the
list of common CV errors.
1. Never lie.
Don‟t write anything that you can‟t support and explain in an interview.
2. Do not use jargon or abbreviations.
3. Avoid writing in the first person. There is nothing worse than reading CV that is full
of „I did this“, „I did that“.
4. Do not include a photo unless asked.
5. Do not mix tenses. CV talks both about work you are doing now and past work
experience. Use the past tense for previous jobs and the present tense for your current job.
CV FORMAT
As many different CV formats are available and used by people in various countries, the
Europass CV has been developed so that there is a standard CV format people can use to
detail their qualifications and skills in a straightforward and understandable manner. You
can download CV template or create your CV online: http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/
When writing your CV, you should self-evaluate your language skills according to the
Common European Framework of References for Languages (CEFR). CEFR divides
foreign language learners and users into 3 broad categories which can be divided into 6
levels.
For more information, visit the following websites:
http://www.coe.int/T/DG4/Portfolio/?M=/main_pages/levels.html
http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/LanguageSelfAssessmentGrid/en
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Letter of Application
The letter of application is the first contact that a job applicant has with the
employer. Thus, the letter should be written clearly, concisely and in standard business
format.
Business Letter Format
The layout of the business letter is important because it gives a reader a first impression
about a potential business partner. To study the principal parts of a business letter, visit the
following webpages:
http://www.letterwritingguide.com/businessletterformat.htm
http://www.dailywritingtips.com/how-to-format-a-us-business-letter/
http://jobsearchtech.about.com/od/letters/l/bl_block_p.htm
Some phrases to use when writing your letter of application
I wish to apply for the job you have advertised in …
I noted with interest your advertisement for the post of …
I have seen your advertisement for a … and would like to be considered for the post.
I was interested to note your advertisement for a … in this week’s issue of …
As a student at … I specialized in …
I graduated from … with the degree/diploma of … in/subject.
I have all the qualifications and experience to make me the ideal candidate.
I have been working as … for …
I have already acquired some experience in …
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3. John Walker, who is interested in applying for the position of Engineering
Technician, has to write the letter to the potential employer to express his interest in
the job.
Study Mr. Walker‟s letter of application which accompanies his CV.
6 Haymarket
Newcastle
NC1 4YU
15 November 2011
Ms Denise Dickens
Personnel Department
Castleton Airport
Castleton CS21
Dear Ms Dickens,
I would like to apply for the position of Engineering Technician as advertised in
yesterday‟s issue of the Tribune. I enclose my CV with the names of the two referees.
You will note from my CV that I have a National Certificate in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering and considerable experience. I am good at team work.
I enjoy my work at S & T but would like to broaden my experience, especially in the area
of maintenance. I believe that I am ideally suited for this job. I am also interested in further
improving my qualifications by studying for an HNC.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely
John Walker
John Walker
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4. Answer each of the following questions.
1. How does John Walker know about the job? ___________________________________
2. Why does he want to leave his present position? _______________________________
3. What has he enclosed with the letter of application? ___________________________
4. What information does the letter of application add to the CV? ____________________
Employment Interview
The employment/job interview gives the potential employee and potential employer
a chance to learn more about each other. In most so-called advanced countries, there are
strict laws that support principles of anti-discrimination and equal employment
opportunity. Employers working for internationally-focused organizations should not ask
about your race, age, marital status, gender, religion, ethnic background, sexual
preferences etc.
5. From the list of questions, choose some that an interviewer should not ask John
Walker for the position of Engineering Technician as advertised on page 17.
1. How old are you?
2. What is your greatest strength?
3. What is your greatest weakness?
4. Do you go to church?
5. How would you describe yourself?
6. Why do you want this job?
7. What organisations do you belong to?
8. What do you know about our company?
9. What are your goals for the next five years?
10. What are your salary expectations?
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Listening
1. Listen to the text and fill in the blanks to make the sentences complete.
Applicants for a job must usually have an interview with the prospective
______________1. The interview allows the employer to determine whether the
______________2 is the best person for the job. The employer is ______________
3 in
finding out more about the applicant‟s education, work experience, special skills, or
______________4, and attitude. In addition, the employer is interested in the applicant‟s
verbal communication ______________5, as well as the applicant‟s ______________
6 ,
appearance, and non-verbal communication skills.
In order to be successful in an interview, an applicant should ______________7 for the
interview by researching the employer and by ______________8 out as much as possible
about the job. It is important to know the ______________9, date, and place of the
interview and to ______________10
on time for the interview. Personal appearance is also
______________11
, so an applicant should dress appropriately and should not chew gum
or ______________12
. An applicant should bring a copy of his ______________13
and
letters of recommendation to the interview. In addition, the applicant should be
______________14
, should smile often, should ______________15
eye contact with the
interviewer, and should answer questions clearly, ______________16
, and truthfully. An
applicant should not ______________17
during the interview. If an applicant does not
______________18
the answer to a question, he should say so ______________19
than
answering falsely.
At most interviews, the applicant is ______________20
the opportunity to ask the
interviewer ______________21
. By asking thoughtful questions about the employer and the
______________22
advertised, the applicant can show the interviewer that he is
______________23
interested in the job. For example, the applicant can ask questions
about ______________24
, future education, and advancement opportunities.
______________25
the end of the interview, the applicant should ______________26
the
interviewer for taking the time to ______________27
him. Finally, if the applicant does not
know the employer‟s ______________28
at the end of the interview, the applicant should
______________29
a thank-you letter to the ______________ 30
and in the letter, he should
express his continued ______________31
in the job.
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Language spot
Giving advice
We use should and should not/shouldn't to give advice or to talk about what
we think is right or wrong.
To be successful, an applicant should prepare for the job interview.
An applicant should not chew gum during the interview.
2. Based on the text, complete each of the following sentences.
1. Before an interview, the applicant should _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. During an interview, the applicant should _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. During an interview, the applicant should not ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. At the end of an interview, the applicant should not _________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Writing
1. Write a letter of application responding to the following job advertisement.
Erikson Inc. is an international marketing organization with offices in 15 countries and
headquarters in Vienna, Austria. For our organizations in Košice, we are looking for a
young, hardworking, and technically oriented
Sales Engineer
The ideal candidate should speak fluent English or German and should have good
computer skills. In addition, the ideal candidate should have a valid driver‟s licence as the
job requires a lot of travel both in Slovakia and abroad.
If you are interested in this position, please send your CV in English to
Erikson, Inc., Slovenská 45, 04001, Košice.
2. Find the job advertisement and write your CV and a letter of application for the
advertised position.
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UNIT 3
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Switch on
Test your knowledge of some terms related to the environment. Match the word or
phrase in the left column with its definition in the right column.
1. pollution a) part of sunlight
2. CFC‟s b) gases released from motor vehicles
3. greenhouse effect c) protects the earth from UV radiation
4. ozone layer d) when air, water or land become dirty
5. exhaust e) man-made chemicals
6. ultraviolet radiation f) the reason that the earth‟s climate is
becoming warmer
Listening
Ozone Layer
1. Listen to the passage about the ozone layer and decide whether each of the
following sentences is true or false. If the sentence is false, change the sentence so that
it is true.
1. The ozone layer protects the earth from carbon dioxide.
2. Scientists have found a hole in the ozone layer over the Arctic.
3. CFC‟s in the atmosphere have caused the hole in the ozone layer.
4. CFC‟s are chemicals used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans.
5. Ultraviolet radiation may cause lung cancer.
27
During the past 25 years, the ozone layer, which protects the earth from the harmful
ultraviolet radiation of the sun, has started to disappear. In fact, scientists have found a hole
in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Scientists believe that CFC‟s (chlorofluorcarbons),
which are chemicals used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans, have caused
the hole in the ozone layer. The hole in the ozone layer is likely to lead to more skin cancer
and other serious health problems in the future. Scientists and engineers need to develop
alternatives to CFC‟s in order to protect the ozone layer.
2. While listening to the passage about the greenhouse effect, fill in the missing verbs
to make the sentences complete.
Greenhouse Effect
The burning of oil, gas and coal ____________ ____________
1 to carbon dioxide
in the earth‟s atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the earth‟s atmosphere ____________2
like the glass in a greenhouse – it ____________3 heat in, but it does not ____________
4
much heat to ____________ ____________5. As the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
28
____________6, the earth‟s temperature ____________
7 warmer because less heat can
____________8. This „greenhouse effect“ may ____________
9 the earth‟s climate to
____________10
. Ice at the North and South Poles could ____________11
, which could
____________ ____________12
to floods. Some of the world‟s largest farming areas
could be ____________13
into deserts. In order to ____________14
the greenhouse effect,
we should ____________15
less oil, gas and coal, and we should ____________ 16
more
trees because trees ____________17
carbon dioxide from the air.
Appropriate Technology
3. Appropriate technology is technology which uses locally available materials. Look
at the mechanism and answer the questions. Then listen to the explanation by an
Agricultural Engineer, and check your answers.
1. What is it? ______________________________
2. In which parts of the world is it used? ______________________________
3. What does it do? ______________________________
4. What is it made from? ______________________________
5. How does it work? ______________________________
29
Reading
Waste and Recycling
1. Read the text. The terms typed in italics have been explained in the glossary below
the text. Find the paragraphs that contain the following information:
a. kinds of recyclable waste material discarded from businesses
b. interrelation between hazardous wastes and human health
c. components of municipal solid waste
d. the amount of wastes actually recycled each year
e. how people get rid of household waste
f. requirements to change public‟s attitude to waste recycling
A: For most of us, waste is the bags of household rubbish that leave our households
every week. We know that it is “put somewhere” – but few have actually seen
a landfill site, a waste incineration plant, or a recycling centre, and most of us do not
give it much more interest.
B: Three different kinds of wastes exist today: municipal solid waste (MSW),
hazardous waste, and commercial/industrial waste.
30
C: Municipal solid waste consists of many different materials: some burn, some do
not, some are readily recyclable, some are not. Paper, for instance, is the largest
component of MSW. Additional millions tons are attributed to glass, various metals,
plastics and miscellaneous waste.
D: Chemical, metal, and furniture manufacturing processes are some examples of
processes that create hazardous waste. Products, such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries,
and pesticides contain hazardous ingredients and require special care when we dispose
of them. Improper disposal of these wastes can pollute the environment that
consequently can be harmful to human health.
E: Experts estimate that 50 percent of all these waste materials could be recycled
each year. Currently, however, only about 10 percent is recycled. One reason is that
the public does not pay much attention to the garbage crisis. Many citizens have an
“out of sight, out of mind” attitude about where the trash goes once it leaves the
curb. To preserve the environment, the public needs to be educated to a new version
of the “ three R‟s” – reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Glossary (in order of appearance)
rubbish/garbage/trash unwanted things
landfill site a place where waste is buried in the ground
incineration plant a place where waste is burnt
municipal solid waste waste consisting of everyday items we
consume and discard
hazardous waste dangerous waste
miscellaneous waste waste of various kinds
curb stone or concrete edge of pavement at the
side of a road
31
2. Replace the following expressions by the words or phrases having a similar
meaning.
1. harmful _________________________
2. rubbish _________________________
3. components _________________________
4. for instance _________________________
5. to preserve _________________________
6. to contain _________________________
7. manufacturing process _________________________
8. to put (e.g. waste) somewhere _________________________
3. Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. Where can waste from households or businesses be deposited?
__________________________________________________
2. What are the three basic kinds of wastes today?
__________________________________________________
3. What does the abbreviation MSW stand for?
__________________________________________________
4. What does MSW usually contain?
__________________________________________________
5. Explain in English what does the three R‟s mean?
__________________________________________________
Language spot
Cause and effect relationships are common in the explanation of engineering
principles. A cause and effect may be linked in a sentence as follows:
Cause before effect
CAUSE EFFECT
Exhaust from motor vehicles causes air pollution
gives rise to
leads to
results in
32
Cause after effect
EFFECT CAUSE
Air pollution is caused by exhaust from motor vehicles
results from
Writing
1. Write a sentence for each cause and effect relationship.
1. use of CFC‟s a) hole in the ozone layer
2. planting of trees b) less carbon dioxide in the air
3. hole in the ozone layer c) skin cancer
4. melting of ice at North and South Poles d) floods
Cause before effect
1a_______________________________________________________________
2b_______________________________________________________________
3c_______________________________________________________________
4d_______________________________________________________________
Cause after effect
1a_______________________________________________________________
2b_______________________________________________________________
3c_______________________________________________________________
4d_______________________________________________________________
33
2. Translate into English.
1. Spaľovne a skládky sú miesta, kde sa uskladňuje odpad, ako napríklad plechovky,
fľaše, plasty a sklo.
2. Priemyselné podniky produkujú obrovské množstvá rôznorodého odpadu,
následkom čoho sa znečisťuje životné prostredie.
3. Drevo a tehly sú recyklovateľné materiály, ktoré sa využívajú na výrobu nových
stavebných materiálov.
4. Diera v ozónovej vrstve spôsobuje rakovinu kože.
5. Otepľovanie zemského povrchu a atmosféry je spôsobené skleníkovým efektom.
1. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
34
UNIT 4
GIVING ADVICE AND INSTRUCTIONS
Switch on
1. How fast can you put the following instructions in order?
____ Lift the receiver.
____ Wait for the call to be connected.
____ Replace the receiver.
____ Have coins and telephone number ready.
____ To continue a call, insert more coins.
____ Dial the number.
____ Insert coins.
____ Speak with the person you have called.
2. What verb form is used to express the instructions? ______________________
Reading
1. Read the dialogue below. Pay attention to how the expressions in bold are used
in the text.
There is a photocopier in the office. The secretary cannot operate it so she asks her
workmate for help.
A. Sorry to bother you. Can you explain to me how the photocopier works?
B. Oh, yes. Our new photocopier is a little more complicated then the old one.
First of all, plug it into the power supply and switch it on. The switch is on the
top here, on the right.
A. O.K. I see.
B. The next thing you have to do is to make sure that there is paper in it. Have a
look. The paper tray is on the bottom. Then lift the lid and position the page
you want to copy on the top here, face down. It‟s very important.
A. But it was the same with the old machine, wasn‟t it?
35
B. Yes, you‟re right, and don‟t forget to shut the lid. After that, select the
number of copies you want to make. How many copies do you want?
A. Three.
B. O.K., so punch the number three on this control panel. Now the machine is
ready to make copies. It‟s clear, isn‟t it?
A. Sure.
B. Next, push the copy button and the machine starts to work. It‟s on he right side
of the control panel.
A. Fine, but how shall I stop the machine?
B. Good question. The machine will stop working automatically. Oh, I didn‟t tell
you that copies go to the copy receiving tray on the left. Can you see?
A. Oh, yes. It looks so easy.
B. And finally, don‟t forget to switch off the machine.
A. Thanks for your help.
2. Look at the picture and answer these questions.
1. What‟s this? ____________________________________________________________
2. What are these? _________________________________________________________
3. And what are the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4? ________________________________________
36
3. Try to match the sentence parts.
1. Install the instructions.
2. Connect sure your PC is off.
3. Plug the software.
4. Follow the power cord into the electrical outlet.
5. Make the scanner to the PC.
6. Insert the CD-ROM into the drive.
Language spot
There are several ways of giving instructions and advice:
Imperative: positive: Plug it into the power supply.
negative: Do not (=Don´t) forget to switch off the machine.
We can show the order of instructions by numbering them (1, 2, 3, etc.) or by using
sequence words like these:
First, … (First of all)
Then …
Next, …
After that, …
Finally, … (When you have finished)
Must expresses a strong obligation: active form: You must turn it on.
passive form: It must be pressed.
by + - ing form: How do you adjust the colour? By pressing this button.
Vocabulary
1. Some useful verbs for instructions.
to adjust nastaviť
to connect (A to B) pripojiť, spojiť
to click (on) kliknúť (na)
to double-click dvakrát kliknúť
to follow (instructions) držať sa, postupovať podľa (inštrukcií)
to insert vložiť
to install inštalovať
to press (a button) stlačiť (tlačidlo)
to put in vložiť
to start spustiť
to restart reštartovať
to turn off vypnúť
to turn on zapnúť
to use použiť
37
2. Study these instructions for virus-checking a disk. Fill in the gaps with verbs
from this list. Use Don’t where appropriate.
click exit put select start
1. _______________ the disk into the drive.
2. _______________ the virus checking program.
3. _______________ the drive to be checked.
4. _______________ the „Find‟ button.
5. _______________ the program until the check is complete.
6. _______________ „Yes„ or ‟No„ for checking another disk.
3. Match the instructions to each picture. Study these instructions for replacing
the motherboard in a PC. The pictures are in the correct order.
a. Add the processor.
b. Fit the new motherboard.
c. Remove the old motherboard.
d. Put it back together
e. Add the memory. Don‟t touch the contacts.
38
4. Match the verbs to the pictures.
5. Complete the text with verbs from the exercise above. Careful! Sometimes you
need Don’t … .
Cleaning your computer
A clean PC is happy PC! Clean your computer every 3 – 6 months as follows…
IMPORTANT! BEFORE YOU BEGIN
___ Turn off ___1 your computer and ____________________
2 it from the electric outlet.
____________________3
the keyboard and mouse from the PC. ___________________4
away dust with compressed air. ____________________ 5 the keys with a damp cloth.
____________________6 or drink near your computer! ____________________
7the cover
on the underside of the mouse. ____________________8 the cover and the ball. Clean the
ball and remove dust from the mouse. Clean the three rollers with alcohol.
____________________9 a screwdriver! You can damage the rollers.
6. Correct the false instructions with don’t.
1. Install the software before the hardware. ______________________________________
2. Connect the parallel cable to the USB port on your PC. __________________________
3. Insert the CD-ROM into your floppy disk drive. _______________________________
39
4. Connect the power cord to the scanner, then plug the cord into an electric outlet. ______
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Connect the USB cable to a USB port on your PC. _____________________________
6. Use the USB cable and the parallel cable. _____________________________________
7. Plug your finger into the electrical outlet. _____________________________________
7. Complete the sentences with by + verb + ing.
to click
1. How do you shut down a computer? ______________________1 on the „Start‟ button…
and then _____________________2 on „Shut down‟.
to press
2. How do you turn off the monitor? _______________________3 the on – off button.
to turn
3. How do you start a car? ___________________________4 the key.
to read
4. How do you solve most problems? _______________________5 the instructions!
8. Try this „instruction‟ crossword.
ACROSS
1 pripojiť/spojiť: to___
3 stlačením: by ___
6 Ako …?: ___ do you shut
down a computer?
7 použiť: to ___
8 inštalovať: to ___
10 Je to jednoduché.: It‟s ___
DOWN
2 kliknutím: by ___
4 reštartovať: to ___
5 Postupujte podľa návodu:
___ the instructions!
9 vyriešiť problém: to ___ a problem
40
Reading
1. Look at the instructions above and find the English expression.
1. Nainštalujte __________________
2. Vložte __________________
3. Postupujte podľa ______________
4. Pripojte __________________
41
5. Použite __________________
6. Nepripájajte …! ________________
7. Uistite sa, že __________________
8. Odpojte __________________
9. Zasuňte... do ...__________________
10.Reštartujte počítač. _______________
2. Complete the English instructions.
Inštalácia
1. Vložte CD do mechaniky.
2. Inštalačný program sa spustí automaticky.
3. Pokiaľ sa inštalačný program nespustí automaticky, dvakrát kliknite na program
SETUP.EXE v hlavnej zložke CD. Ďalej postupujte podľa návodu.
Installation
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. The set-up program starts automatically.
3. If the _______________________________ doesn‟t start automatically, double click on
the program _________________________ in the main folder of the _________. Then
____________________________________.
Listening
1. Before listening to the dialogue, find the verbs and things that go together.
1. to adjust a machine
2. to open the colour
3. to press paper
4. to put in a button
5. to turn on/off a paper tray
42
2. Listen to the dialogue and complete the phrases.
It‟s very _________ ____ _________1. You turn on the machine _____
_______________2 this button. ___________ ______ ________
3 put in more paper?
_______ _______________4 these paper trays.
3. Put the following instructions for inputting data on a floppy disc and obtaining
a printout in the proper order. There is more than one correct answer.
______ Use the keyboard to enter the data and make changes to the data.
______ Print the data.
______ Remove the floppy disc from the disc drive.
__ 1___ Turn on the monitor and the CPU.
______ Save the data on the floppy disc.
______ Use the mouse to select the proper program.
______ Turn off the monitor and the CPU.
______ Insert the floppy disc into the disc drive.
______ Turn off the printer.
______ Use the mouse to exit from the program.
______ Turn on the printer.
Writing
1. Prepare instructions for using a bank money machine. The following verbs
and phrases may be useful. Then in pairs, prepare a conversation about the
operation of a bank money machine.
to approve account
to insert amount of money
to press bank card
to remove operation
to select PIN (personal identification number)
to take (receipt)
2. Write instructions for sending e-mail (or SMS).
43
UNIT 5
THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY
Switch on
It is very hard to predict future developments in technology with any certainty,
especially beyond a horizon of five to ten years. One way to do this is to look at current
technological developments, and imagine how things will be if they continue into the
future.
1. Complete the following paragraphs with a suitable word from the box.
nanotechnology, computers, imaging, robots
It is likely that intelligent machines such as ________________1
will be used much more
than they are at present. One possible area is surgery where computer-controlled robot
arms can operate with more precision than a human surgeon.
________________2 is already being used to create miniature machines small enough to
be injected into the body to destroy dangerous cells.
In all branches of technology ________________3
will play a greater role as they will be
faster and more powerful that today‟s.
________________4 is the formation of a picture. We can now watch the brain in action
and view individual atoms and look back to the beginnings of our universe.
44
2. Discuss the predictions about technology. Circle those you agree with and cross
those you disagree with.
Microchips will be stuck to your skin. You will be able to watch a DVD using your
arm as a screen.
Medical robots will perform operations, controlled by surgeons who may be
hundred kilometres away.
You will be able to download your brain to a computer before you die.
Business will be carried out in 3-D virtual space, not in offices.
You will be able to interact with characters in a TV programme and follow
a storyline of your choice.
Clothes will change their thermal properties depending on the weather.
Planes will be controlled by computers which think like humans and therefore
afraid to crash.
Listening
1. Listen to the text and complete the missing words.
Virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) means using 3-D graphics to create an __________________1
world, or virtual world, which surrounds the user. You need special __________________2
to use VR. A VR __________________3 or head-mounted display shows graphics on a
__________________4 in front of your eyes. As you turn your head, the picture on the
screen moves around too, so it feels as if you are in a 3-D world.
45
A __________________5, or VR glove, is a glove with __________________
6 which
make your hand feel as if it‟s picking up objects or touching surfaces. You use a kind of a
mouse called a VR mouse, 3-D mouse, or __________________7 to move around in
virtual space.
2. Complete the gaps in the following table of equipment required to use virtual
reality.
Equipment Alternative name Purpose
________________ head-mounted display ________________
VR glove ________________ makes your hand feel pressure
VR mouse ________________ ________________
Reading
Pre-reading activity
Robot skin
1. Which features of human skin does robot skin need to copy? Choose from a-d.
a sensitive to touch
b sensitive to heat
c stretchable
d all of these
2. Read the text and check your answer.
Robots are very good at doing the same task in the same place over and over again.
In factories and nuclear power stations more than a million robots behave in this way every
day. For robots to work with people, for example caring for the old, they need to be much
more like humans. They need to be able to move like humans to adapt to new places. They
46
also need to be more sensitive to touch and temperature. In humans it is skin which
provides important information on pressure and heat.
Engineers at the University of Tokyo have developed an artificial skin for robots
which is sensitive to pressure and temperature thanks to large number of sensors. In
addition, because it uses a mesh or net structure it can be stretched by up to 25% and still
retain its sensitivity. This means it can be used to cover moving parts like joints.
The E-skin opens the way for much more sensitive robots. For example, walking
robots could use feedback from their feet to adjust to different surfaces. Robots in future
may be able to grasp different tools and use them as humans do. Domestic robots could
pick up and bathe a baby without hurting it. They would also be less likely to damage
themselves.
A lot remains to be done. E-skin will provide much more information than the robot
requires at any one time. Human brains can select only the important information. Before
robots can act like humans, they need to have brains like humans.
3. Read the text again to find the answers to the following questions.
1. What sort of tasks are robots good for? _________________________________
2. Typically, which industries make use of robots? __________________________
3. What do robots need in order to work with people? _______________________
4. How does E-skin stretch? ____________________________________________
5. Why is stretchability important? _______________________________________
6. How could walking robots use information from E-skin in their feet? __________
__________________________________________________________________
7. How could E-skin help robots not to damage themselves? ___________________
8. What two features of E-skin would be important in bathing a baby? ___________
__________________________________________________________________
47
Language spot
Expressing purpose
to + infinitive is one of the most common ways of expressing purpose.
To move around in virtual space, a VR mouse is used.
A VR mouse is used to move around in virtual space.
Expressing predictions
We use will to talk about future developments that we are certain about.
In future, computers will play a greater role.
Cars will be assembled in several hours.
May is usually used when we are less certain about future developments, i.e. we
think that something is possible rather than definite.
Robots in future may think and behave like humans.
Expressing ability
We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning having the
power, skill or means to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is like
saying "I can swim".
"Be able to" is possible in all tenses.
Robots are/were/will be able to grasp different tools and use them as humans do.
1. Express purpose by filling the gaps in the following sentences. Use the words from
the box if necessary.
use, make, display, create, move around
1. _______________imaginary world, the virtual reality is used.
2. _______________ VR, you need a special equipment.
3. A 3-D mouse is used _______________ in virtual space.
4. _______________ your hand feel pressure, the VR is used.
5. A VR set is used _______________ graphics on a screen.
48
2. Express a degree of certainty about the following predictions using will or may.
1. Car factories _______________________ (to make) cars of composites, plastics,
and fibreglass.
2. Automobiles _______________________ (to drive) automatically at safe speed
and save distances from each other.
3. Active make-up _______________________ (to change) to any shade you want.
4. Scientists _______________________ (to grow) plastics and fabrics from
molecules.
3. Express the ability of different kinds of robots using be able to in different
tenses according to the current status of robots development.
1. Robots ________________________________ (to adapt) to new places like
humans.
2. Humanoid robots ________________________________ (to move)
independently.
3. Medical robots controlled by surgeons ________________________________ (to
carry out) different operations.
4. Domestic robot ________________________________ (to pick up and bathe)
a baby.
5. Industrial robots ________________________________ (to assemble) cars.
6. Humanoid robot ________________________________ (to move) independently.
7. Nanorobots ________________________________ (to perform) surgery from the
inside.
Writing
1. What will domestic/industrial/medical robot be able to do in the future? Prepare a
short paragraph.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
49
UNIT 6
COMPUTERS
Switch on
Work in groups. Share information on how you use computers in your free time. Compare
answers with other groups.
1. Divide the following devices into two groups: input and output devices.
barcode reader, joystick, keyboard, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, touch screen,
trackerball;
input devices output devices
_______________________________ _______________________________
______________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ ______________________________
Reading
Computers
Computers are used daily in factories and offices throughout the world. They can be used
to process information in very different ways. For example, a word processor program
allows the computer to process text, a spreadsheet program enables the computer to
perform calculations, a database program is used for searching and sorting records, and a
browser program is used for looking at pages on the Internet. Computers are therefore used
in almost every type of work and are found almost everywhere. The use of a computer to
store information, locate information, and perform calculations is called data processing.
Computer equipment is known as hardware and programs and data are called software.
50
Answer each of the following questions.
1. What are computers generally used for?
2. What does a word processor program allow the computer?
3. What is known as hardware and software?
4. What are a database and a browser programs used for?
5. What does a spreadsheet program enable the computer?
Listening
1. Look at the text below. Some of the information is missing. Listen and
complete the text.
Computer Hardware
Hardware is the mechanical ______________ 1 of a computer that one can see and touch.
The most important part of the computer hardware is the CPU (central processing unit).
The CPU consists of electronic ______________ 2 called microchips, which process the
data. Computer hardware also includes a monitor, which is often called a VDU (visual
display unit). The monitor, or VDU, looks like a _____________ 3 and shows the
information typed by the user, as well as the results of the data processing (or „output‟). In
addition, most ______________ 4 today have a keyboard, which is used to input
__________ 5 into the computer, and a ___________
6, which is used to move quickly
within and between programs and operations. Finally, computer _____________ 7 usually
includes a printer, which provides a ____________ 8, and a modem, which connects the
computer to a telephone line.
51
2. While listening to the passage about computer software, fill in the missing
words to make the sentences complete.
Computer Software
Computer software is the instructions or _______________ that are stored in the computer
or that are stored on floppy ______________ that are inserted into the disc ____________
of the computer. Computers have ROM ( _______________ - ______________
____________ ), which are _____________ in the computer with permanent
________________ (or software) that cannot be changed. In addition, software can be
stored on the _____________ ______________ that cannot be removed from the
computer, as well as on floppy discs that can be removed from one _________________
and transferred to another.
A computer ___________________ writes the instructions or programs for a computer and
puts them into the ___________________ (random _____________ memory), the hard
disc, or onto floppy disc. A ____________ inputs the data that is processed by the
computer. If a ________________ is made by the computer programmer or by the
______________ who inputs the data, the ______________ will be erroneous. Those who
work with computers call this „garbage-in, garbage-out‟.
52
3. Write short definitions for each of the following terms.
1. multimedia computer _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. data __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. input __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. hardware ______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. RAM _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. software _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. output_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
8. ROM _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9. data processing __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
This site may help:
http://nws.merriam-webster.com/opendictionary/
4. Complete the text below with the correct form of the following verbs.
allow, apply, be, calculate, call, click, create, design, display, do, edit, input, know, lay
down, look like, process, provide, select, store, use;
A computer is a device that _____________________ 1
data according to a set of
instructions known as a program. The equipment is _____________________ 2
as the
hardware and the programs and data are the software. A special set of programs, called an
53
operating system, _____________________ 3
an interface for the user and
_____________________ 4
applications programs to communicate with the hardware.
Common applications programs include word processors for _____________________ 5
and _____________________ 6
texts, spreadsheets for _____________________ 7
mathematical formulae and databases for _____________________ 8
data. Anti-virus
programs are _____________________ 9
to detect and remove viruses. Some operating
systems have graphical interfaces that allow the computer user ____________________ 10
items from menus and to start programs using an input device _____________________ 11
a mouse. This is _____________________ 12
by pressing a button on the mouse i.e.
_____________________13
the mouse. The main device for _______________________14
the data is a typewriter-style keyboard and the output is commonly
_____________________ 15
on a monitor screen that _____________________16
a
television screen.
There _____________________ 17
a range of sizes and types of computers. Those
_____________________ 18
for use by one person at a time are known as personal
computers (PCs) although the term PC is usually _____________________19
to personal
computers that are compatible with the standard ______________________ 20
by the
company known as IBM (International Business Machines).
5. What do these abbreviations mean?
ROM____________________________________________________________________
USB_____________________________________________________________________
CD______________________________________________________________________
IBM ____________________________________________________________________
CPU_____________________________________________________________________
IT_______________________________________________________________________
RAM ____________________________________________________________________
VDU____________________________________________________________________
PCs _____________________________________________________________________
DVD____________________________________________________________________
54
Useful information
Br spelling program is only used referring to a computer program (code);
Br spelling programme is used for other contexts, such as a study programme (course) or
a TV or radio programme;
AmE uses the spelling program for all contexts;
Language spot
Function of an item
We can describe the function of an item in a number of ways:
Using the present simple: ROM holds instructions which are needed to start up
computer.
Used to + infinitive: ROM is used to hold instructions which are needed to start up
computer.
Used for + -ing form: ROM is used for holding instructions which are needed to start
up computer.
Emphasizing the function: The function of ROM is to hold instructions which are
needed to start up computer.
Write the plurals
CD – CDs
mouse –mice (but: computer – mouses!)
1. Match the item in Column A with its function in Column B. Then describe its
function in two ways.
A Item B Function
RAM controls the cursor
ROM holds data read or written to it by the processor
Printer inputs data through keys like a typewriter
Mouse controls all the operations in a computer
Keyboard prints out data from a computer
DVD-ROM drive displays the output from computer on a screen
Monitor holds instructions which are needed to start up the
computer
Processor reads DVD-ROMs
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Now test your „computer English‟ with this crossword. Be careful! Some
words are plural!
2 …board (základná doska) 1 The English word for „dátový vstupný bod‟
6 short form for „digital versatile 3 …drive
discs‟ 4 the English word for „myš‟
7 the English word for „reproduktory‟ 5 the English word for „tlačiareň‟
(plural) 6 the English word for „displej‟
10 the English word for „klávesnica‟ 8 Where are the…? They are on the
11 This is what chips are made of. keyboard.
9 CPU: central processing …
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3. With the help of the dictionary if necessary, describe the functions of these
items.
Scanner __________________________________________________________________
Hard disk drive____________________________________________________________
Mainframe computer _______________________________________________________
Barcodes _________________________________________________________________
PC memory _______________________________________________________________
4. Write the plurals.
keyboard _____________________
printer _____________________
PC _____________________
fax _____________________
man _____________________
CPU _____________________
inch _____________________
mouse ____________________
Vocabulary
Collocations
Collocations are words which are often used together. The verbs in column A are used in
computing.
1. Match them with an appropriate noun from column B.
Example
download + pictures
A B
click on a menu
calculate an icon
download a page
display pictures
create the Web
scroll up/ down costs
surf a new document
select from information
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2. Use the phrases from 1 to fill the gaps in the sentences.
1. Flat screens around the airport display______________________ on all arrivals
and departures.
2. Click on the _________________________for PowerPoint to prepare a
presentation.
3. You can download __________________________ from your camera.
4. Spreadsheets are used to calculate_________________________.
5. Scroll down the _________________until you find the information you need.
6. I normally spend at least one hour a day surfing ___________________ .
7. She created _________________________ to keep track of software updates.
8. You can select from the _______________________ to choose which
application you need.
Webquest
1. Find out about the five fastest supercomputers in the world and complete the
table. Compare your answers.
Type (name) Speed Location
1st ______________________________________________________________________
2nd
______________________________________________________________________
3rd
______________________________________________________________________
4th
______________________________________________________________________
5th
______________________________________________________________________
This site may help:
www.top500.org
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UNIT 7
THE INTERNET
Switch on
Study the following extract from the Yahoo search engine home page. Which
category is the best one to search in for this information?
1. a new treatment for cancer
2. new Hollywood movies
3. the Italian word for computer
4. the phone number of the White House
5. a video of a black hole development
6. unemployment statistics for Germany
Reading
1. Read the text and answer the following questions?
1. When and where did the Internet begin?
2. Why was the ARPANET created?
3. What features were added to the Internet in its first 25 years?
59
Birth of the Internet
The Internet began as a Cold War project to create a communications network that
was immune to a nuclear attack. In the 1969, the U.S. government created ARPANET,
connecting four western universities and allowing researchers to use the mainframes of any
of the networked institutions. New connections were soon added to the network, bringing
the number of „nodes“ up to 23 in 1971, 111 in 1977, and up to almost 4 million in 1994.
As the size of the network grew so did its capabilities: In its first 25 years, the Internet
added features such as file transfer, email, Usenet news, and eventually HTML. Now, new
developments come to the Net one right after the other. As the Internet grows and changes,
it generates both news and controversy.
Computer Viruses
Pre-reading activity
2. Think of the answers to the following questions.
1. What is a computer virus? __________________________________________
2. How can you deal with viruses? ______________________________________
3. Name any viruses you know. ________________________________________
The Maltese Amoeba may sound like a cartoon character, but if it attacked your
computer, you wouldn‟t be laughing. The Maltese Amoeba is a computer virus. It is a form
of software which can infect your system and destroy your data. Making computer viruses
is only one type of computer crime. Others include hacking (changing data in a computer
without permission) and pirating (illegally copying software programs). Viruses are
programs which are written to damage data. Viruses can hide themselves in a computer
system. Most viruses remain dormant until activated by something. For example, the
Jerusalem B virus is activated every Friday the 13th and erases your file you try to load
from your disk. The Michelangelo virus was programmed to become active on March 6th
1992, the 517th birthday of Michelangelo. It attacked computer systems throughout the
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world, turning data on hard disks into nonsense. Viruses are most commonly passed via
disks but they can also spread though bulletin boards, local area networks, and email
attachments. The best form of treatment is prevention. Use an antivirus program to check
a desk before using it. Always download email attachments onto a disk and check for
viruses. If you catch a virus, there are antivirus programs to hunt down and eradicate the
virus. The problem is that around 150 new viruses appear every month and you must
constantly update your antivirus package to deal with these new forms.
3. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. List three computer crimes. ______________________________________
2. Why is it difficult to remove all viruses? ______________________________
4. Based on the text, complete the following table.
VIRUS EFFECT
Michelangelo ............................................
Jerusalem B ............................................
Language spot
Warnings
Study the following warnings for preventing and treating viruses.
Download email attachments onto a floppy.
Don‟t use a floppy without checking it.
We can make them stronger by adding always and never.
Always download email attachments onto a floppy.
Never use a floppy without checking it.
We can make them into rules by using must and mustn‟t.
You must download email attachments onto a floppy
You mustn‟t use a floppy without checking it.
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1. Make the rules of the following warnings using must, mustn’t.
1. Keep your network password secret.
2. Make a backup copy of all your important files.
3. Check your email regularly.
4. Do not install software before it is virus-checked.
5. Do not change other people‟s data without permission.
6. Do not use commercial software without a licence.
7. Check an email attachment for viruses.
Word study
1. Match the English terms with their Slovak equivalents.
attachment pracovná plocha
bold nastavenia
settings kurzíva
file adresár
folder súbor
italics tučné písmo
shortcut príloha
toolbar kôš
desktop klávesová skrátka
recycle bin nástrojová lišta
to back up podčiarknuť
to delete vložiť
to insert zmazať
to paste vložiť (zo schránky)
to select (all) vybrať (všetko)
to underline zálohovať
Basic Internet Terms and Terminology
2. In the context of the Internet, a network of networks and an enormous information
base, a special terminology is used. Complete the following texts with the suitable
words and expressions.
netiquette, hacker, browser wars
A: This program allows you to view text and images on the Web. Currently, the two
most popular programs are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. As the
Internet has become more popular among consumers, the fight for dominance between
these two companies has heated up. This battle for market share is popularly known as the
......................
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B: To some, this word merely describes a person who has a great facility with computers
and enjoys solving complex problems; to others, the word .........................suggests a
criminal, a daredevil who invades private and sensitive systems for his or her own end.
C: We expect other drivers to observe the rules of the road. The same is true as we travel
through cyberspace. The term ………………. refers to good behaviour while using
Internet facilities.
3. Explain the following basic Internet terms and the Internet terminology. The
following URL can help you: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/basic-internet-terms-and-
terminology.html
1. googling _________________________________________________
2. copypasta _________________________________________________
3. blog _________________________________________________
4. phishing _________________________________________________
5. URL _________________________________________________
6. HTML _________________________________________________
The @ symbol
That little "a" with a circle curling around it that is found in email addresses is most
commonly referred to as the "at" symbol. Surprisingly though, there is no official,
universal name for this sign. There are dozens of strange terms to describe the @ symbol.
Several languages use words that associate the shape of the symbol with some type of
animal. For instance, some names for the @ symbol include:
apenstaartje Dutch for "monkey's tail"
nabel Danish for "elephant's trunk"
kissanhnta Finnish for "cat's tail"
klammeraffe German for "hanging monkey"
kukac Hungarian for "worm"
dalphaengi Korean for "snail"
grisehale Norwegian for "pig's tail"
sobachka Russian for "little dog"
papaki Greek for "little duck"
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4. Find the 15 Internet words and abbreviations.
Email abbreviations
In recent years, email abbreviations have become increasingly popular, but they can
cause a lot of trouble for people, especially within business emails. The recipient might not
be aware of the meanings of the abbreviations and in business emails these are generally
not appropriate. The same goes for emoticons. If you are not sure whether your recipient
knows what it means, it is better not to use it.
Some of the email short forms
CU see you B‟cos because
ASAP as soon as possible 4 for
AMBW all my best wishes 2 to
FAQ frequently asked question 2day today
GR8 great U you
PLZ please UR your
THX thanks B4N Bye For Now
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Listening
1. An email address identifies an email box to which email messages are delivered.
The following symbols are used both in email and web addresses. Listen and
complete the email addresses using the symbols.
@ at
. dot
- hyphen/ dash
/ (forward) slash
// double (forward) slash
_ underscore
1. petr.novak@ siemenz.cz
2. e.smith@aol ________________
3. Karen_ Lang ________________
4. billg ________________________
5. _________________________. gov
6. _________________________ .ch
Pairwork
1. Interview your partner.
What is your full name? ________________________________________________
How do you spell that? _______________________________________________
What is your email address? _______________________________________________
65
Writing Writing Emails
Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital
messages from an author to one or more recipients.
1. Study the following inbox. Find the phrases below.
1. Od (koho) .....From........
2. Komu ……………..
3. Predmet ……………..
4. Vážený/Vážená ……………..
5. platný, aktuálny ……………..
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6. cenník ……………..
7. vopred ……………..
8. S pozdravom ……………..
2. Complete the following email with the words and phrases from the box.
Language spot
Making Polite Requests
„Could“ is used to make polite requests. We can also use „can“ for these but
„could“ is more polite: Could you spell your name?
1. Make polite requests from the following commands.
1. Send me your catalogue! _______________________________________
2. Help me! _______________________________________
3. Give me your phone number! _______________________________________
4. Send me your email address! _______________________________________
67
2. Write an email to [email protected] asking for a current price list for new
literature on CAD manufacturing.
68
UNIT 8
HOW THINGS WORK
Switch on
Can you name two „consumer electronic„ products?
What electronic products do you have at home?
1. Work in pairs and fill in the missing words in the text.
air conditioning, produce, phones, technology, robotics, bad, internet, microwave ovens,
surgery, digital
The purpose of technology is to _______________ 1 applications which improve our
material environment. Because technology is so important in society, technicians,
technologists, and engineers always have to think about values, that is, whether something
is good or __________ 2. They use scientific knowledge and technological experience in
their work. They often adapt older existing _________________ 3 (e.g. radio waves) to
create new applications (e.g. mobile _____________ 4). Technology is all around us and
affects every aspect of our lives. Here are some examples: telecommunications - mobile
phones, fibre-optics, _____________ 5; trade - credit and debit cards; work efficiency -
washing machines, ____________ _________ 6 , computer software; power - heating,
lighting, _________ ______________ 7; personal entertainment - DVDs, iPods, digital
TVs, __________ 8 cameras; health - lasers in eye _______________
9, medicines;
information management - computer databases, search engines, business software;
manufacturing - __________________ 10
in mass production (manufacturing an item in
very large numbers).
Reading
1. How does a microwave work? Complete the text with the words from the
scheme.
A microwave oven has two basic sections: a control section and a high voltage section.
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The control section
Cooking times and power output are controlled by the t_____________ and the
c_______________ . Safety switches and fuses are used, too, so that the oven only works
when everything is safe.
The high voltage section
When the oven door is closed, current from the power outlet reaches the high voltage
section of the oven. The household voltage (110-120 volts in the USA) is increased by the
h________ v____________ t_________________ , a d___________ and a
c_______________ to around 3-5000 volts. The most important part of the oven is the
m_________________ . It converts this high voltage into electromagnetic waves –
microwaves.
70
2. Complete the table.
1. to convert is/are converted
2. to record is/are …
3. to store _____________
4. to make _____________
5. to use _____________
6. to sell _____________
7. to speak _____________
3. Complete the text with the verbs from the box.
is used (x2), is entered, is displayed, is inserted, are stored
A car navigation system
This is a car navigation system. It
___________________1
by millions of people every day – lorry drivers, taxi drivers and
other drivers. The navigation system consists of three parts: a screen, a remote control and
a CD-ROM player.
The screen
Your route ____________________2
on a screen. In some systems the route is a map, in
other systems it is just an arrow.
71
The remote control
The remote control ______________________3
for programming the system. Your destination
_____________________ 4
with the keys on
the keypad. The remote has other functions,
too, like changing the display.
The CD-ROM player
The maps for the system ______________________ 5
on CD-ROMs. A suitable CD-ROM
______________________ 6
into the player at the start of your journey. It has all the
information you need for travelling from A to B. Easy!
4. Put the sentences below in the correct order. Write the numbers 1-5 from the
diagram in the boxes.
How car navigation works
__3__ The car‟s rotation is measured by a gyroscope.
_____ The map on the screen guides the driver to the destination.
_____ The car‟s position is measured by three GPS navigation satellites.
_____ The total information about the car‟s position is compared to digital maps.
_____ The car‟s speed is measured by the speedometer.
72
Language spot
Present passive
Positive = subject + am/is/are + past participle.
It is measured by satellite.
Negative = subject + am/is/are not + past participle.
CD-ROM isn’t inserted into the player.
Question= Am/Is/Are + subject + past participle.
Is the car speed measured by the speedometer?
The passive can be followed with by if we need to clarify who or what has caused the
action.
When things don‟t work:
What‟s wrong exactly?
It could be…
I‟ll…
Word-order: SVOMPT
1. Rewrite these active sentences as passive sentences.
2. We make our scanners in this factory.
Our scanners are made in this factory.____________________________
3. We record the data on CD-ROM.
___________________________________________________________
4. An American company sells our products in the USA.
___________________________________________________________
5. Normal people use our products.
___________________________________________________________
6. We store customer data on our server.
___________________________________________________________
7. People speak English and Slovak in our factory.
___________________________________________________________
2. Put the verbs into the correct form (active or passive).
The image sensor in a digital camera _consists__1
(consist) of millions of photosensitive
diodes. Light _is converted_2
(convert) into electrical charges by the diodes when it
_________________3
(enter) the camera. The electrical charges at the different photosites
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_______________ 4
(measure), and the values ______________ 5
(convert) into a digital
signal. The pictures ___________ 6
(store) on a flash memory card.
When things don‟t work
Switch on
Do you sometimes have problems with things in your job?
What tools/ handbooks/ helplines do you use when you have a problem?
1. Put the words in each sentence into the correct order.
1. with I problem oven have a my. ___________________________________
2. damaged sounds it the cooling like fan is. ___________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. oven open door doesn‟t when the stop I the. ________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. matter what‟s it the with? _________________________________________
5. be could system the it just cooking. ___________________________________
Listening
1. Donna is on the phone to a customer. Write in the missing phrases. Then listen
and check.
Donna: Donna Salansky.
Bud : Hi Donna
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Donna: Oh, hi, Bud. ___________________________________________ How can I
help?
Bud : I have a problem with one of my ovens, Donna. The big Powerhouse 4000 model.
Donna: ________________________________________________________________
Bud : The oven doesn‟t stop when I open the door.
Donna: _______________________________________________________________
But don‟t use the oven again, OK? ___________________________________
Bud : Great. Thanks.
Donna: You‟re welcome. __________________________________________________
Bud : Bye. Have a nice day!
Problem solving
Match the problems to the solutions.
Problem
1. My printer is damaged.
2. I‟m sorry. She‟s in a meeting now.
3. We have a problem with our network.
4. I‟m at the airport and there are no taxis!
5. Where is Susan? She‟s not in her office.
Solution
a) Don‟t worry. I‟ll come and get you.
b) She is at the trade fair. I‟ll give you her mobile
number.
c) That‟s OK. I‟ll call her back later.
75
d) No problem. I‟ll send you a new one.
e) OK. I‟ll send a technician straight away.
Writing
1. Work in pairs. Write a troubleshooting dialogue. Choose from above problem
- solution situations.
or
Write a new dialogue with a different problem.
2. Explain how your mobile phone works.
Vocabulary
1. Do you speak mathematics?
You probably use mathematics every day. But can you say the symbols, etc. in English?
. point
+ plus
- minus
± plus or minus
× multiplied by/ times
† divided by
= equals/ is equal to
≠ does not equal/ is not equal to
< less than
> greater than
% per cent
√ the square root of/ root of
108
ten to the power eight
10-4
ten to the power minus four
R2
R square
X3 X cubes
76
a2 + b
2 = c
2
The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares
on the other two sides
2. Find the missing words, then say the complete calculations.
a) (2___ 4 _____ 3) ______ 9 = 27
b) 27 ____ 3 _____ 9
c) 2 x 2 ______ 5
d) 3 x 3 ______ 5
e) 2 _____ + 3 ______ = 13
f) 2 _____ + 3 ______ = 17
g) A figure with sides 2cm x 2cm x 2cm is a _______________ .
77
UNIT 9
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Switch on
List the materials you know which are used in engineering. Combine your list with the
others and classify the materials as metals, thermoplastics, etc.
1. Identify the main material in items of sports equipment. Tick the material used.
More than one answer is possible in some cases.
football baseball bat
______________________________ __________________________
leather / polyurethane / fibre-glass nylon / aluminium / wood
___________________________________________________________________________
ice skates hang glider
nylon/high
carbon
steel/wood aluminium and
polyester/wood and nylon/wood and acrylic
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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kayak
fibre-glass / aluminium / plastic laminates
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. What materials could the following things be made of? Match the words in
column A with the materials in column B. Use each material only once.
Column A Column B
bag bronze
plate glass
statue concrete
knife platinum
lamp plastic
foil steel
chair wood
wall copper
radiator cast iron
wire ceramics
watch aluminium
Listening
1. Listen to the text about the classification of engineering materials.
In order to select the best material for a job, engineers must know the types of
materials available and the properties of these materials. There are two basic types of
materials used in engineering: metals and non-metals. Some materials, however, are on the
border between metals and non-metals. These materials are sometimes called metalloids.
79
Metals
Of the 92 natural elements found on Earth, about 70 are metals and about 40 of
these are used commercially. Metals can be divided into ferrous metals and non-ferrous
metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous metals do not.
Cast, iron and steel, which are mixtures of iron and carbon, are the two most
important ferrous metals used in engineering. Cast iron, which includes grey cast iron,
white cast iron, and malleable cast iron, contains more carbon than steel. Cast iron is also
harder and less malleable than steel.
The most common non-ferrous metals used in engineering are aluminium, copper,
bronze, and brass. Bronze and brass are alloys, which are metals that are formed by the
union or mixture of two or more elements.
Non-metals
Non-metals can be classified into plastics and ceramics. Plastics generally can be
machined like metals, while ceramics cannot be machined. Plastics can be divided into
thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics can be shaped and reshaped by heat, while
thermosets cannot be reshaped by heat because they undergo chemical changes as they
harden. Ceramics are often used by engineers when they need a material that can withstand
high temperature.
2. State whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct any
sentences that are false.
1. Engineering materials can be classified into metals and plastics. _____
2. Most of the natural elements are metals. _____
3. Cast iron contains iron and carbon. _____
4. Cast iron includes grey cast iron, white cast iron and ferrous cast iron. _____
5. Brass is a ferrous alloy. _____
6. Aluminium is the most common non-ferrous metal. _____
7. Alloys can be formed by a minimum of two elements. _____
8. Plastics can be divided into thermoplastics and thermosets. _____
9. Thermosets can be shaped and reshaped. _____
10.Ceramics are a non-metallic material. _____
80
3. Draw a diagram that shows the relationship among the engineering materials
discussed above. The diagram should classify engineering materials at four
levels. Then write at least 5 sentences that are based on the diagram.
Diagram:
Example: Metals and non-metals are the two types of engineering materials.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Complete the sentences in the following text.
Most of the natural elements are _________________1. If metals contain ____________
2,
they are called ferrous metals, for example ____________________ 3 and steel. Cast iron
and steel are ______________ 4 because they are mixed of ____________
5 and
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_____________ 6. Cast iron is ________________
7 than steel because it contains more
______________ 8.
On the other hand, _________________________ 9
metals do not contain iron. In general,
they are divided into pure ___________________ 10
and __________________11
.
Aluminium is an example of a __________ _____________12
, while _______________ 13
is an alloy.
5. Explain the differences and similarities between the items in each of the
following pairs.
a) ferrous metals – non-ferrous metals
b) metals – plastics
c) thermoplastics – thermosets
d) pure elements – alloys
Speaking
1. Work in groups. By asking and answering questions compare the following 4
materials in the table on the basis of 4 properties with “1” (maximum) to “4”
(minimum). Then report about the results to the class. For comparison of the
properties use the following words and phrases.
(not) very, quite, not …at all, as-as, not so/ as-as;
- er than, more/ less than (comparative degrees of adjectives);
- the –est, the most/ the least (superlative degree of adjectives);
HARD STRONG MACHINABLE CONDUCTIVE
ALUMINIUM ______ _______ _______ _______
TITANIUM ______ _______ _______ _______
COPPER ______ _______ _______ ________
STEEL ______ _______ _______ ________
82
2. Answer the following questions.
a) What metal is the most widely used today?
b) Which of the following two metals corrodes – copper or tin?
c) What is the effect of heating a metal and cooling it slowly?
d) Are pure metals more suitable for industrial processes than alloys?
e) Which of the following three metals do not possess magnetism – aluminium, iron,
or copper?
f) Why does iron fracture easily?
g) Are zinc and brass found in a natural state on Earth?
h) What two metals are used to make coins and jewellery?
Language spot
made of, made from, used to, used for
We use made of and made from to talk about the materials of which a product consists.
made of – is normally used when only one material is mentioned: Some bottles are made
of plastic.
made from – is normally used when more than one material is mentioned: Steel is made
from iron and carbon.
However, in practice, these expressions are often considered to have the same meaning:
Some bottles are made of/made from plastic. Steel is made of/made from iron and carbon.
We use used to and used for to describe how materials are used.
used to: Rubber is used to make the pedals.
= subject + is/are used to + infinitive
used for: Leather is used for making footballs.
= subject + is/are used for + -ing form
We can use used to and used for in a similar way. Nylon is used to make/used for making
a lot of different products.
Useful expressions
Metals can be divided/classified into ...
Metals are divided/classified into …
We can divide/classify metals into …
It is possible to divide/classify metals into …
There are two kinds of metals …
83
1. What materials can you see? Write sentences with is made of or are made of.
Choose from the materials in the box and write sentences.
cloth, concrete, glass, leather, metal, plastic, rubber
The office buildings __ are made of ________________________________________ .
The office window ______________________________________________________ .
The aeroplane _________________________________________________________ .
The car tyres __________________________________________________________ .
The trainers ___________________________________________________________ .
The tennis shirt ________________________________________________________ .
The tennis racket _______________________________________________________ .
Useful information
Similar but different
elastic = able to change shape and able to return to its original shape;
plastic = able to change shape, but unable to return to its original shape;
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Opposites
tough ≠ brittle (= easy to break)
hard ≠ soft (= easy to cut into)
rigid ≠ flexible (= easy to bend)
Vocabulary
1. Study these examples of adjective and noun pairs for describing the properties
of materials.
Adjective Noun
______________________________________________________________________
flexible flexibility
light lightness
strong strength
____________________________________________________________
2. Fill in the gaps in this table with the missing adjectives and nouns.
Adjective Noun
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________ wind resistance
elastic _____________________
_______________________ plasticity
tough _____________________
soft _____________________
rigid _____________________
wear-resistant _____________________
________________________ brittleness
hard _____________________
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3. Fill the gaps with the correct word.
a) Glass is very ____________________ 1. It breaks easily.
b) Bike bearings are made from steel because it‟s ____________________ 2.
c) Rubber is very ____________________ 3. You can stretch it without breaking it.
d) You don‟t need to paint titanium because it‟s ____________________ 4.
e) Diamond is an incredibly ___________________ 5 substance. It is sometimes used
for drilling.
Writing
1. Engineering materials have various physical, chemical, or mechanical
properties. Use adjective forms to indicate each of the properties in the table
below. Then make a list of materials or products possessing at least one of the
following properties.
property material/ product
1. malleability _________________ ______________________
2. strength _________________ ______________________
3. softness _________________ ______________________
4. heat resistance _________________ ______________________
5. corrosion resistance _________________ ______________________
6. wear resistance __________________ ______________________
7. conductivity __________________ ______________________
2. Now use the above properties, materials or products in the sentences.
Examples: Parts of bicycles are made of aluminium which is soft material.
Copper, which is conductive, is used for wire manufacturing.
Ceramics, which is heat-resistant, is used to produce porcelain.
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UNIT 10
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Switch on
Manufacturing means changing raw materials into products using a range of
processes. Choose from the list and complete the table with the materials and processes
required for products A-C.
Materials: aluminium alloy, steel, rubber, plastic, titanium
Processes: colour-printing, impact extrusion, moulding, injection moulding, bending,
cutting, painting, welding, assembly
Materials Processes
A drink can
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Materials Processes
B mountain bicycle
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Materials Processes
C CD case
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Describing Processes
How a Car Is Made
Language spot
Passive Voice
When describing processes, it is more common to use the Passive Voice. This is
because it is often not important to mention who performs an action. The Passive
Voice is formed by TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE:
Steel is used in the production of automobiles.
First, second, third, then, next, finally, after, before are called logical connectors.
They are used to express sequence:
First, wood is delivered to match factory.
After the wood is delivered to the factory, it is cut into logs.
Do you know...
... who was the first person to use a moving assembly line in producing cars?
... who built the first petrol car?
... what a hybrid car is ?
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Writing
1. Form the past participle of the following verbs.
to add ________________
to attach ________________
to clean ________________
to cut ________________
to finish ________________
to insert ________________
to manufacture ________________
to move ________________
to place ________________
to polish ________________
to press ________________
to roll ________________
to ship ________________
to spray ________________
to supply ________________
to test ________________
to weld ________________
2. Complete the following text with the correct form of the verbs used in the
preceding exercise.
A car _________________ 1 from over 25,000 different parts, which are produced in
factories throughout the world. Steel is the most important material in the production of
a car. First the steel _________________ 2 or _________________
3 into sheet metal.
Then, the sheet metal _________________ 4 into shape as necessary to form the roofs,
sides, doors and other parts of the body of the car. Next, a robot _________________ 5
together the separate pieces of the sheet metal to form the body of the car. After the body
is welded together, a robot _________________ 6 the body with at least twelve layers of
paint. Then, the body _________________ 7 on the chassis and the engine
_________________ 8 into the body. As the car _________________
9 along the assembly
line, the workers ________________ 10
the doors, seats, the dashboard, the steering wheel,
and the other parts to the interior. At the end of the assembly line, the workers
_________________ 11
the wheels. At the same time, electrical equipment
_________________ 12
by electricians. When the car _________________ 13
, it
_________________ 14
for safety reasons. Finally, the finished car _________________ 15
and _________________ 16
to improve the appearance and then it _________________ 17
to a car dealer for sale or lease to a customer.
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3. Use the correct form of the verbs (active or passive).
1. A robot (to spray) __________________ the body of the car with paint.
2. Pieces of sheet metal (to weld) __________________ together.
3. Steel (to use) __________________ in the production of automobiles.
4. Volkswagen (to ship) __________________ finished cars to dealers.
5. The body (to manufacture) __________________ in less than a minute.
6. The dashboard (to add) __________________ to the interior.
7. Workers (to attach) __________________ the engine to the body.
8. Cars (to test) __________________ before they (to ship) __________________ to
dealers for sale.
Speaking
1. Use the illustrations below to describe the sequence of the operations in the car
making process. Use logical connections to express the sequence of operations.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________
90
Reading
The Match-Making Process
1. Read the text about how matches are made and answer each of the following
questions in a complete sentence.
1. What happens after the wood is delivered to the factory?
2. Why are the match sticks put into a bath of ammonium phosphate?
3. What happens as the match sticks are moving along the conveyor belt?
4. Why is a special coating added to one end of the match stick?
5. What happens when the matches reach the end of the conveyor belt?
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________
First, the trucks deliver wood to the match factory, where the wood is cut into logs.
Then, the logs are cut into short and thin match sticks, which are put into a bath of
ammonium phosphate. Ammonium phosphate is a chemical that helps the match to stop
burning when it is blown out.
Next, the match sticks are placed on a conveyor belt. While the match sticks are
moving along the conveyor belt, a machine adds a special coating to one end of the match
stick, which causes the match to ignite when it is rubbed against a specially prepared
surface. The special coating consists of hot paraffin wax and an explosive chemical.
After that, a blower dries the matches and, when they reach the end of the conveyor
belt, a machine pushes the matches into boxes. Finally, a machine slides the covers onto
the match boxes and the workers place the match boxes in large containers for shipment to
retail stores.
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Machining Processes
2. Read through the text and complete the following table.
Properties of materials:
Traditional machining processes:
Advanced machining processes:
Machining is the broad term used to describe removal of material from a
workpiece. It is important to view machining as a system consisting of the workpiece, the
tool and the machine.
Advanced machining processes (also called non-traditional or unconventional) –
chemical machining, electro chemical machining, laser beam machining, water jet
machining, have unique capabilities. They involve chemical, electrochemical, electrical,
or laser sources of energy. The mechanical properties of the workpiece material are not
significant because these processes rely on mechanisms that do not involve the strength,
hardness, ductility, or toughness of the material, rather they involve physical, chemical,
and electrical properties.
Traditional machining processes – turning, milling, drilling and grinding remove
material by chip formation, abrasion, or microchipping. These are, however, situations,
where these processes are not satisfactory, economical, or even possible, for the following
reasons:
- the hardness and strength of the material is very high
- the material is very brittle
92
These requirements led to the development of chemical, electrical, laser, and other means
of material removal. However, one of the general concerns regarding advanced machining
processes is that, in spite of their many advantages, they are generally slower than
conventional machining processes.
3. Based on the text decide whether the following statements are true or false. If false,
correct them so that they are true.
1. Traditional machining processes involve chemical, electrical and laser sources
of energy.
2. Conventional machining processes are quicker than advanced machining
processes.
3. Advanced machining processes remove material from the workpiece by chip
formation.
4. It is better to use traditional machining process when machining a very brittle
material.
5. Machining as a system consisting of the workpiece, the tool and the machine.
Speaking
1. Explain the match-making process using a flowchart below. To describe the
sequence of operations, use the words after and before.
e.g. After the wood is delivered to the factory, it is cut into logs.
e.g. Before the match sticks are placed on a conveyor belt, they are put into a bath of
ammonium phosphate.
93
Listening
1. Listen and answer each of the following questions.
1. What stages are involved in manufacturing bread on a large scale?
2. What kind of technician is responsible for keeping a plant bakery running?
3. What do you think the numbers a-g refer to?
a 225 kg
b 3 minutes
c 54 minutes
d 21 minutes
e 110 minutes
f 10,000
g 240 000
2. Listen again and complete the table to describe what happens at each stage in plant
bakery bread-making.
Stage 1 2
What happens ______________ the dough is cut into loaves, put into
______________ tins, and left
Stage 3 4
What happens ______________ the loaves are left to cool, then taken out
______________ of their tins
94
Stage 5 6
What happens ______________ ______________
______________ ______________
Stage 7
What happens ______________
______________
Writing
1. Combine the information for each stage into one sentence.
First, the ingredience are mixed to form dough. Then, the dough _________________
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2. Prepare a paragraph on any traditional or advanced machining process.
_____________________________________________________________________
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REFERENCES
BIELOUSOVÁ, R. – GLUCHMANOVÁ, M.: Anglický jazyk pre bakalárov, FVT, TU,
2007.
GLENDINNING, E. H. - Mc EWAN, J.: Oxford English for Information Technology,
2002.
GLENDINNING, E. H. - Mc EWAN, J.: Basic English for Computing, 2003.
GLENDINNING, E. H. – GLENDINNING N.: Oxford English for Electrical and
Mechanical Engineering, 2001.
GLENDINNING, E. H. - Mc EWAN, J.: Oxford English for Electronics, Oxford
University Press, 2003.
GLENDINNING, E. H.: Technology 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
GREASBY, L. – GREENE, T.: Dictionary of Information Technology, 1997.
HORNBY, A. S.: Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English, Oxford,
2005.
CHRISTIE, D.: Technical English for Beginners. Plzeň: Nakladatelství Fraus, 2009.
LIPTÁKOVÁ, A. – APATYOVÁ, M. – PICHANIČOVÁ, N.: English for Students of
Mechanical Engineering. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo technickej a ekonomickej literatúry,
1989.
PICHANIČOVÁ, N- Mc LEOD, S: Essential English for Engineers, 2001.
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