Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias

Extractivas.Organic Chemistry

Basic definitions.

Alkyl group.

• Part of the molecule containing an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed to allow bonding with the functional group.• Example

Functional Group.

• Different chemical units, such as double bonds, hydroxyl group or halogen atoms.

Intermolecular Forces.

• Dipole-dipole force: Attraction of positive and negative ends of molecules.• Temporal dipole moments: It is a type of Van der Waals

force.•

Links by Hydrogen Bridges:Strong dipole-dipole attraction.A hydrogen atom may participate in a hydrogeo-bridged bond if bound to oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine.

Links by Hydrogen Bridges.

• Hydrogen has a high electron affinity for unbound electrons and form intermolecular bonds with a pair of unbound electrons of oxygen or nitrogen atoms.

Brief definitions of functional groups.

• Alcohol:• Organic compounds containing the hydroxyl group -OH as

its functional group. The general formula of an alcohol is R-OH. Among the more polar organic compounds such as ethanol and methanol, they are miscible (soluble in all proportions) in water.

Ethers:

• The ethers are formed by two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom. The genral form R-OR.

Aldehydes and ketones.

• The carbonyl group. A ketone has two alkyl groups bonded by a carbonyl, an aldehyde has an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group. The carbonyl group is strongly polar, to some extent water soluble.

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