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Epidermal Sensor Systems for Sensing and Therapy
IEEE Central Texas Consultants Network Meeting
May 25, 2016
New Modality for Wearable Electronics
Pulin Wang, Ph.D., M.S.T.C.Cofounder and CEO
Stretch Med, Inc.
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Wearable Health Monitoring Devices
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$3,040 MM
Wearable Device Market
2013 2014 2019
$ Millions
Global Market for Wearable Health and Fitness
Monitoring Devices(Source: BCC research report, 2015)
43% Compound
Annual Growth Rate
$1,041 MM
$18,430 MM
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1. Mobile Health
2. Human-Machine Interface
Applications of Skin-Mounted Sensors
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Challenges for Heart Rate Monitors
Iyriboz, Y., et. al., British Journal of Sports Medicine, 25, 162 (1991)
Pulse oximetry: used in
all smartwatches
ECG: gold standard for
heart rate measurement
Oximetry fails
above 150
heart rate
Quotes from customer feedbacks on Amazon.com
• Need to wet the strap
• Restrict chest movement
• Cause skin irritation
“Works great - if you “Lick it
like a Dog...””
“Slips when it gets to wet.”
“Chafes, doesn't work
reliably.”
Inaccurate Uncomfortable
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When Bio Meets Electronics
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Skin vs. Silicon
ESi = 130 x 109 PaESkin = 130 x 103 Pa
Credit: IntelCredit: ICTGraphicsLab @ USC
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Flexible Electronics
Sony, 2007
PolyIC, 2006
Rogers, UIUC, 2008 Lumalive, Philips, 2010
Someya, U of Tokyo, 2005PowerFilm, 2004
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Science 333, 838 (2011). Nature Materials 10, 316 (2011).
Epidermal Electronics Balloon Catheter Heart “Sock”
Nature Comm. 5, 3329 (2014).
PNAS 108, 1788 (2010).
Tunable Electronic
Eyeball
Nature Materials 9, 929 (2010).
Conformal LEDStretchable Transistors
Science 321, 1468 (2008).
Stretchable Electronics
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Strategies for Stretchable Electronics
Out-of-Plane Buckling
Nat. Nanotech. 1, 201 (2006) PNAS 105, 18675 (2008)
In-Plane Serpentines
Nat. Comm. 4, 1543 (2008) Adv. Mat. 25, 2773 (2012)
Island + serpentineFilamentary
serpentineFractal serpentine
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e = 100%
3cm
1.04%
0.01%
0.61%
Experiment Numerical Simulation
3cme = 40%
0.28%
-0.02%
0.13%
e = 30%
3cm
0.36%
0.00%
0.18%
Stretchable Structure - Serpentine
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Rigid wafer
PI precursor
Flexible
substrate
SOI
PDMS Stamp
Doped Si nanomembranePI
Au
Si PI
Microfabrication of Stretchable Electronics
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Au
Ecoflex
PI
30µm
1.4µm
1mm
Compliance of Filamentary Serpentines
Strain (%)0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Str
ess (
kP
a)
0
30
60
90skin: 160 kPay: 150 kPax: 130 kPaFEM x FEM y
Ecoflex
0.5mm
EP sensorx
y
Au
Ecoflex
PI
30µm
0.5µm
Kim*, Lu*, Ma* (*equal contribution), Rogers, et al., Science 333, 838, (2011).
0.15%
0.05%
0%
0.1%
exx=30%
e yy=
30%
e
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Stretchability & Cycleability
0 50 100 150 2000
2
4
6AlAu RTDEPCoil
R/R
0
Applied Strain (%)
5 mm0% 30% 90% 199%
0% 30% 90%
30% 90%
115%
68%
2
mm
a
b0%
c
Coil
EP
RTD1 10 100 1000 10000
-2
0
2
4
6
8e= 20%
e= 30%
R
/R0 (
%)
Number of Cycles
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Multi-Functionality
antenna LED
wireless power coil RF coil
temp. sensorstrain gauge
RF diode ECG/EMG sensor
0.5mm
Kim*, Lu*, Ma* (*equal contribution), Rogers, et al., Science 333, 838, (2011).
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Apps
Amplifie
r
LED Solar Cell
T Sensor e
Gauge
L Coil
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Mounting and Removal of Epidermal
Electronics
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Epidermal Electronics on A Skin Replica
Yeo, Rogers, et al, Advanced Materials 25, 2773–2778 (2013).
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Why Is Conformability Important?
Fully-Conformal (FC)
Non-Conformal (NC)
Partially conformal (PC)
Jeong, et. al., Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 6839
Conformable contact ensures
• Low interface impedance
higher signal to noise ratio
• Less relative motion less motion
artifacts
• Better heat or mass transfer
Skin
Conventional
Jeong, et. al., Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2014, 3, 642–
648
Epidermal
Skin
Skin
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Kim*, Lu*, Ma* (*equal contribution), Rogers, et al., Science 333, 838, (2011).
Memory & drug delivery
Son et al, Nat. Nanotech. 9, 397 (2014).
Skin temp. mapping
Webb et al, Nat. Mater. 12, 938 (2013).
Jeong et al, Adv. Mater. 25, 6839 (2013).
HMI
Xu et al, Science 344, 70 (2014).
Wireless ECG sensor
Dagdeviren et al, Nat. Mater. 14, 728 (2015).
Skin stiffness
Yeo et al, Adv. Mater. 25, 2773 (2013).
Respiratory rate sensor
Recent Development in Epidermal
Electronics
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Rigid wafer
PI precursor
Flexible
substrate
SOI
PDMS Stamp
Doped Si nanomembranePI
Au
Si PI
Cleanroom, time consuming, low yield, high cost, wafer-based
Microfabrication of Stretchable Electronics
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a. APT_Cutting Mat b. Cutting c. Peeling from
mat
d. Removalf. ESS
Au_PETThermal Release Tape (TRT)Cutting Mat
Deactivated TRTTarget Substrate
e. Printing
Yang, et al, Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502386 (2015).
Subtractive, dry, desktop, portable, green & roll-to-roll compatible
Cost and Time Effective “Cut-and-Paste”
Method
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Planar FS coil
RTD
EP sensor
Hydration sensor
20 mmCapacitor
Multiparametric Epidermal Sensor System
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Disposable Epidermal Sensor System (ESS)
Yang, et al, Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502386 (2015).
0
10
20
30
Res
ista
nc
e
RTD (100)
Before
After
Al Coil ()
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Different Types of Substrates
On KRST
On tattoo paper
On Tegaderm
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
Yang, et al, Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502386 (2015).
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ECG
Heart
Muscl
e
0 1 2 3 4-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8 ESS
Conventional
Vo
ltag
e (
mV
)
Time (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time (s)
Vo
lta
ge
(m
V)
Force 44N
Force 14NEMG
Skin Hydration
0 1 2 3 428.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
Thermal couple
RTD on ESS
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
oC
)
Time(min)
Skin Temp.
Skin temperature
0 4 8 12 1660
70
80
90
100
110
Time (min)
Hy
dr.
Le
ve
l (a
.u.)
H Sensor on ESS
Corneometer
Calm Espresso
0 5 10 15 20-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
R
/R (
%)
Time (s)Respiration
Respiratory rate
0123
Conventional
ESS
× 10- 4
0 20 40 60 80 1000369
×10- 12
Frequency (Hz)
Eye open
Eye closed
EEG
a rhythm
FFT
(mV
/Hz)
Brain
Yang, et al, Adv. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502386 (2015).
Multifunctional Epidermal Sensor System (ESS)
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Chen et al, to be submitted (2016).
Core T
Skin T
Skin T
Skin HHeart Rate
ECG by gel electrodes
ECG by EES
Synchronous Multimodal Measurements
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Exp. 1 - EMG Sensor on Muscles
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Quantification of Muscle Fatigue
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0 5 10 15 20-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
R
/R (
%)
Time (s)Respiration
Respiratory rate
Exp. 2 - Soft Strain Gauges Measuring Skin
Deformation
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Exp. 3 - Skin Mounted Heater
Perioperative Warming
Expedited Transdermal Drug Delivery
Son et al, Nature Nanotechnology 9, 397–404 (2014).
Thermal joint therapy
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Epidermal Programmable Heater
Epidermal heater integrated
with T sensor allowed
feedback control
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10 mm
hand mold
Ying, Bonifas, Lu et al., Nanotech 23, 344004 (2012).
10 mm
finger-
tube
flattened finger-tube
PDMS stamp
gla
ss
device
10 mm
electrotactilestimulator
10 mm
So
urc
e V
olt
ag
e (V
)
Sensation
No
Sensation
28
36
32
0 40 80 120
40
Frequency (Hz)
Exp. 4 - Electrotactile Stimulator
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Long-term ECG
ZioPatch V-Patch VitalPatch
Stretch Med Guardian Patch
Conventional
Holter Monitor
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The Ultimate Goal – One Patch Solution for
Telemedicine
“The basic signals captured in home care units are electrocardiogram
(ECG), oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure
(NIBP), respiration and temperature.”
– BCC Research on tele-home hardware market
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
2013 2014 2019
Tele-hospital
Tele-home
$B
illio
n
Global Telemedicine Hardware Market
“Global markets for telemedicine technologies”, BCC Research 2014
“The basic signals captured in home care units are electrocardiogram
(ECG), oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure
(NIBP), respiration and temperature.”
– BCC Research on tele-home hardware market
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Acknowledgement
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Thank you
Stretch Med, Inc., A spin-off from the University of Texas at Austin
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Application of
Stretchable Electronics
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Up
Time (sec)0 1 2 3
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-800
-400
0
400
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-30
0
30
60
Down
Time (sec)0 1 2 3
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-800
-400
0
400
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-30
0
30
60
Left
Time (sec)0 1 2 3
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-800
-400
0
400
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-20
0
20
40
60
up down
left
Right
Time (sec)0 1 2 3
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-800
-400
0
400
Am
pli
tud
e (m
V)
-30
0
30
60right
up right
leftdown
Neck
Epidermal Electronics
Sokoban
Prof. Roger at UIUC Kim, D., et al., Science, 333, 838 (2014)
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Charge-Trap Floating-Gate Memory and
Logic Devices
Son, D., et al., ACS Nano, 9, 5585 (2015)
Prof. Dae-Hyeong Kim at Seoul National U, Korea
• Single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWNT)-based devices
• Consists of units, capacitors, and logic circuits
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Near-Field Communication (NFC)
Kim, J., et al., Small, 11, 906 (2015)
Prof. Roger at UIUC
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Skin Prosthesis
Kim, J., et al., Nature Communication, 5, 5747, doi:10.1038/ncomms6747, (2014)
Prof. Dae-Hyeong Kim at Seoul National U, Korea
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Skin Prosthesis
Kim, J., et al., Nature Communication, 5, 5747, doi:10.1038/ncomms6747, (2014)
Prof. Dae-Hyeong Kim at Seoul National U, Korea
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Stretchable and Transparent Heater
Hong, S., et al., Advanced Materials, 27, 4744 (2015)
Prof. Seung Hwan Ko at Seoul National U, Korea
• Stretching up to 60%
• Device thickness less than 500 µm
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Transcutaneous Monitoring
Jang, K., et al., Nature Communication, 5, 4779, doi:10.1038/ncomms5779, (2014)
Prof. Roger at UIUC
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ESS for Drug Delivery
Son, J., et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 9, 397 (2014)
Prof. Dae-Hyeong Kim at Seoul National U, Korea
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Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Kim, K. N., et al., ACS Nano, 9, 6394, doi: 10.1038/ncomms8647, (2015)
Prof. Jeong Min Baik at UNIST, Korea
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Stretchable Electroluminescent Device
Wang, J., et al., Advanced Materials, 27, 2876 (2015)
Prof. Pooi See Lee at Nanyang Technological U, Singapore
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Fabrication of
Stretchable Electronics
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Gold Nanobelts with Sinusoidal
Structures (Change to Rogers)
Qi, D., et al., Advanced Materials, 27, 3145 (2015)
Prof. Zhe Yu at Nanyang Technological U, Singapore
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Kirigami-Inspired Engineering
Shyum T. C., et al., Nature Materials, 14, 785 (2015)
Prof. Shtein at U Michigan
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Mesh-Like Engineering
Guo C. F., et al., Proceeding of National Academy of Science, 112, 12332 (2015)
Prof. Ching-Wu Chua at U Houston
• Fatigue-free, superstretchable, transparent, and biocompatible
metal electrodes
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Printable Electronics
Bandodkar, A., et al., Advanced Materials, 27, 3060 (2015)
Prof. Wang at UCSD
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Printable Silver Nanowires
Liang, J., et al., Nature Communication, 6, 7647, doi: 10.1038/ncomms8647, (2015)
Prof. Pei at UCLA
• Stretching up to 50%, 500 cycle at 20% without significant loss in
electrical property
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Wet Spinning Method
Lee, L., et al., Advanced Functional Materials, 25, 3114 (2015)
Prof. Taeyoon Lee at Yonsei U, Korea
• Stretching up to 220%
• Only biaxial stretch
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NTS () based Conductive Yarn
Liu, Z. F., et al., Science 349, 400 (2015)
Ghosh, T., Science 349, 382 (2015)
Prof. Baughman at UT Dallas
• Stretchable Carbon Nanotube Texile• Highly stretchable (up to 1320%)