EOI notesI. Cells 1) There are 5 levels of organization:

cell tissue organ system organism

2) Cell theory:a) Cells are the basic unit of living thingsb) Cells come only from other cells

3) Function of appendix: unknown

4) Sight

Light enters the pupil, is flipped & focused by the lens on the retina & the image moves along the optic tract to the occipital lobe of the brain

5) Hearing:

sound waves vibrate the eardrum, which passes the sound over the ossicles to the fluid in the cochlea. Hair cells in the Organ of Corti are stimulated sending the impulse over the acoustic nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain.

3) Major cell parts:

a) Plasma membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell

b) Nucleus: the control center for the cell

c) Mitochondria: performs cellular respiration and produces energy

d) Lysosome: performs digestion for the cell

e) Vacuole storage area in the cell

4) Fluid mosaic model: shows the arrangement of the proteins and lipids in the cell membrane

 37 C 98.6 F

Gall Bladder

70-75

120/80

 II Integumentary system:

 1) This system consists of the skin, hair, glands and nails

2) The skin is divided into 2 layers & connective tissue

a) Epidermis: outer layer of skin consisting of dead cells

b) Dermis: inner layer of skin, this is where the glands, nerves and vessels are located

c) Hypodermis: the layer of connective tissue contains the fat, which insulates the body

3) The major functions of the skin: protection, insulation, and sensation

4) Melanin: pigment producing skin color and is controlled by genetics, hormones & to UV light

5) Glands:

a) Sebaceous: produces oil

b) Sudoriferous: produces sweat

 III. Skeletal

1) The skeletal system consists of bone, cartilage & ligaments

2) Major functions: support, protection, movement, storage & blood cell formation

3) Basic structure:

a) The bone is made up of microscopic units called osteons

b) osteocyte: bone cells located in small cavities surrounded by calcified layers

c) The long bones

1. Diaphysis: shaft of the bone

2. Epiphysis: enlarged end of the bone

3. Medullary canal: Hollow center of the bone

4) Ossification: Process replacing cartilage and membrane with bone

5) Ligaments: connective tissue used to tie the bones together

 IV. Muscular system

 1) 3 types of muscle tissue:

a) Smooth: involuntary, contracts & tires slowly

b) Cardiac: involuntary, contracts rhythmically

c) Skeletal: voluntary, contracts & tires fast

2) Tendons: tie muscle to bone

3) Myofibrils: muscle fibers

Fasiculi: bundles of muscle fibers

4) Muscle ends:

a) Origin: fixed end of the muscle

b) Insertion: movable end of the muscle

5) Functions: movement, body shape & heat production

 V. Respiratory system

 1) Consists of the diaphragm, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea & nose

2) Functions to take in oxygen & remove carbon dioxide

3) Nose functions to warm, clean and moisten air

4) Pharynx: throat

5) Larynx: voice box

6) Trachea: windpipe

7) Lungs:

a) Divided into bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli & support tissue

b) Alveoli are dead end sacs, surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange

c) Ciliated cells: move debris trapped in mucous toward the throat

8) Diaphragm: Large muscular sheet that causes air to enter and leave the lungs

9) Breathing occurs due to pressure changes caused by the movement of the diaphragm. As the diaphragm moves down, the volume increases pressure decreases.

As it moves up, the opposite occurs

VI. Digestive system 1) Consists of the mouth, esophagus,

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas & liver

2) Function: breakdown & absorb food

3) Mouth:a) Cuts food into smaller pieces & moistens the food for swallowing

b) Uvula: the back part of the soft palate that blocks the nose when swallowing

4) Esophagus: tube between the throat & stomach

5) Peristalsis: smooth muscle contractions moving food through the digestive tract

6) Stomach:

a) Hollow muscular organ that stores food, absorbs small chemicals, sugar & alcohol, Mostly mechanical breakdown, but does begin protein digestion

b) Rugae: allows the stomach to change size

7) Small intestine

a) All foods are chemically broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

b) Villi: finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption

8) Large intestine:

a) Final part of the system

b) Absorbs water and some vitamins

c) The appendix has no known function

9) Liver:

a) Largest most versatile organ in the body

b) Function:

1. Produce bile

2. Regulates food metabolism & sugar levels

3) Produces blood proteins

4) Detoxifies & stores vitamins

10) Pancreas:

a) Produces insulin & glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels

b) Produces digestive enzymes

 VII. Urinary system

 1) Consists of the kidney, ureter, bladder & urethra

2) Function: remove waste and maintain water & electrolyte balance

3) Kidney structure

a) Nephron: Functional filtering unit of the kidney consisting of glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule & a series of tubes for reabsorbing material

b) The kidney is divided into 3 major portions: cortex, medulla & renal pelvis

4) Urine is formed as the blood moves through capillaries of the glomerulus Most of the blood material (except cells) is forced into the capsule. As the filtrate moves through the tubules, water and other important material is reabsorbed into the blood

5) The urine then moves through the ureter to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until voided through the urethra

 VIII Circulatory & Lymphatic system 1) Consists of the heart, blood and

vessels2) Functions: transport material

around the body

3) Heart:

a) 4 chambers: Atria: receive bloodVentricles: pump blood

b) The heartbeat is initiated by the SA node, passed through a series of fibers causing the heart to beat together

4) Vascular systema) Artery: carry blood away from the heartb) Veins: carry blood toward the heartc) Capillaries are the small vessels, which act as a point of exchanged) Pulmonary arteries & veins carry blood between the heart and lungs

e) Vena cava: return the blood to the heart

f) Aorta: large vessel branching off of the heart

5) Blood:

a) Plasma: fluid part of the blood. Mostly water with chemicals dissolved

b) Red blood cells: carry the gases, which bond to hemoglobin

c) Platelets: initiate clotting

d) White blood cells: help fight infection

6) Blood pressure: force of blood against the vessels.

7) Lymphatic systema) Functions to return fluid to the blood & help fight infectionb) This system has no pump, so fluid moves slowly due to pressure changesc) The lymph nodes filter the fluid and remove debris & microorganisms

d) Fighting infection1. Inflammation: heat, redness, swelling & pain2. Various white blood cells attack the invader or damaged cell either directly or with chemicals3. The body stores memory cells to prepare for the next invasion resulting in immunity

IX. Reproductive system 1) Function: to produce offspring and

hormones2) Male system

a) Teste: produce hormones & sperm cellsb) Spermatic tube: transfers the sperm to the urethrac) Penis: delivers the sperm

3) Female systema) Ovaries: produces the hormones and the egg cellsb) Fallopian tubes carry eggs to the uterusc) Uterus: where the baby developsd) Vagina: conducts the sperm to the egg in the fallopian tube & is the birth canal

X. Nervous system 1) Consists of brain, spinal cord &

nerves2) Major divisions include

a) CNS: brain & spinal cordb) PNS: The nerves

3) Major functions: respond to stimuli & conducting impulses

4) Nerve cells called neurons consist of

a) Body: normal cell activity

b) Dendrite: Carry impulse toward the body

c) Axon: Carry impulse away from the body

5) Schwann cells produce myelin, which insulates & speeds up impulses along the axon

6) Synapse: a small gap between neurons, To carry the impulse across the gap a neurotransmitter is released.

7) Impulses move by sodium ions entering the cell, which changes polarity. The sodium is pumped out of the cell to repolarize it.

8) Brain parts:

a) Cerebrum: Largest part, controls all voluntary action, thought & personality

b) Cerebellum: controls coordination

c) Diencephalon: controls wakefulness & survival instincts

d) Brainstem: regulates breathing, heart rate & other basic reflexes

9) Spinal cord: consists of nerves running between brain and body

10) Nerves are divided into 2 major groups

a) Cranial: 12 pairs of nerves branching off of the brain

b) Spinal: 31 pairs of nerves branching off the spinal cord

11) Nerves are classified intoa) Motor: carry impulses away from the CNSb) Sensory: carry impulses toward the CNSc) Mixed: carry impulses both directions

12) A reflex is an involuntary response to stimuli.

13) Protection for the CNS includesa) Skeletal systemb) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fluid shock absorberc) Meninges: 3 membrane around the CNS

 XI. Special senses

1) Vision:

a) Parts:

1. Cornea: clear cover of the eye

2. Iris: colored muscle that regulates the pupil size to allow light in

3. Lens: crystalline disc of protein that focuses the light

b) Sight is a photochemical sense. 2) Hearing & balance

a) Consists of1. Pinna: outer part of the ear

2. Tympanic membrane: eardrum3. Ossicles: 3 bones in the ear4. Cochlea: snail shaped organ

containing the organ of Corti, where receptors are located

5. Semicircular canals: 3 loops that help regulate equilibrium

b) Sound is a mechanical sense: 3) Olfactory (nose) & Gustatory

(taste)a) Smell occurs in the upper region of

the nose where olfactory receptors send impulses across the olfactory nerve

b) Taste occurs in the gustatory receptors located in the taste buds. These impulses are sent to the brain along the glossopharyngeal nerve.

c) Smell and taste are chemical sensesd) Taste involves only sweet, salt, sour,

bitter, and umani so smell is very important

 XII Endocrine system 1) Endocrine system is a group of

ductless glands producing hormones2) Hormones are chemical that regulate

long term processes3) Major glands:

a) Pituitary: releases hormones mostly responsible for controlling other glands

b) Thyroid: located in the throat, regulates metabolism

c) Adrenal: on the kidney, produces 36 steroids and adrenaline

d) Pineal: regulates the internal clock