Environmental Science and EngineeringSubseries: Environmental Science

Series Editors: R. Allan • U. Förstner • W. Salomons

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/7487

Teja Tscharntke ·Christoph Leuschner ·Edzo Veldkamp · Heiko Faust ·Edi Guhardja · Arifuddin BidinEditors

Tropical Rainforestsand Agroforests underGlobal Change

Ecological and Socio-economic Valuations

123

EditorsProf. Dr. Teja TscharntkeGeorg-August UniversityDept. Crop SciencesAgroecologyWaldweg 2637073 GöttingenGermanyttschar@gwdg.de

Prof. Dr. Edzo VeldkampGeorg-August UniversityBuesgen InstituteSoil Science and Forest NutritionBuesgenweg 237077 GöttingenGermanyeveldka@gwdg.de

Prof. Dr. Edi GuhardjaBogor Agricultural UniversityDept. BiologyIPB Kampus Baranang SiangBogor 16144Indonesiastorma-ipb@indo.net.id

Prof. Dr. Christoph LeuschnerGeorg-August UniversityAlbrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant SciencesPlant EcologyUntere Karspüle 237073 GöttingenGermanycleusch@gwdg.de

Prof. Dr. Heiko FaustGeorg-August UniversityInstitute of GeographyHuman GeographyGoldschmidtstr. 537077 GöttingenGermanyhfaust@gwdg.de

Dr. Arifuddin BidinTadulako UniversityDept. Forest ManagementKampus Bumi TadulakoTondo PaluIndonesiaarif_bidin@yahoo.com

ISSN 1863-5520ISBN 978-3-642-00492-6 e-ISBN 978-3-642-00493-3DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00493-3Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

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Contents

Tropical rainforests and agroforests under global change:Ecological and socio-economic valuations – an introductionTeja Tscharntke, Christoph Leuschner, Edzo Veldkamp, Heiko Faust,Edi Guhardja, Arifuddin Bidin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part I Agroforestry management in an ecological and socio-economic context

Biodiversity patterns and trophic interactions in human-dominated tropical landscapes in Sulawesi (Indonesia): plants,arthropods and vertebratesYann Clough, Stefan Abrahamczyk, Marc-Oliver Adams, AlamAnshary, Nunik Ariyanti, Lydia Betz, Damayanti Buchori, DanieleCicuzza, Kevin Darras, Dadang Dwi Putra, Brigitte Fiala, S. RobbertGradstein, Michael Kessler, Alexandra-Maria Klein, RamadhanilPitopang, Bandung Sahari, Christoph Scherber, Christian H. Schulze,Shahabuddin, Simone Sporn, Kathrin Stenchly, Sri S. Tjitrosoedirdjo,Thomas C. Wanger, Maria Weist, Arno Wielgoss, Teja Tscharntke . . . . 15

The potential of land-use systems for maintaining tropicalforest butterfly diversityChristian H. Schulze, Stefan Schneeweihs, Konrad Fiedler . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Insect pollinator communities under changing land-use intropical landscapes: implications for agricultural managementin IndonesiaBandung Sahari, Akhmad Rizali, Damayanti Buchori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

VI Contents

Structure and management of cocoa agroforestry systems inCentral Sulawesi across an intensification gradientJana Juhrbandt, Thomas Duwe, Jan Barkmann, Gerhard Gerold,Rainer Marggraf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Land tenure rights, village institutions, and rainforestconversion in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia)Jan Barkmann, Gunter Burkard, Heiko Faust, Michael Fremerey,Sebastian Koch, Agus Lanini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Rural income dynamics in post-crisis Indonesia: evidencefrom Central SulawesiJan Priebe, Robert Rudolf, Julian Weisbrod, Stephan Klasen, ImanSugema, Nunung Nuryartono . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Gender division of labor in agroforestry activities withinhouseholds: a case of Wonogiri - Central Java - IndonesiaHerien Puspitawati, Ma’mun Sarma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

The robustness of indicator based poverty assessment tools inchanging environments - empirical evidence from IndonesiaXenia van Edig, Stefan Schwarze, Manfred Zeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Demography, development, and deforestation at the rainforestmargin in IndonesiaStephan Klasen, Heiko Faust, Michael Grimm, Stefan Schwarze . . . . . . . . 213

Part II Climate change effects on tropical rainforests andagroforests

Functional biodiversity and climate change along analtitudinal gradient in a tropical mountain rainforestJorg Bendix, Hermann Behling, Thorsten Peters, Michael Richter,Erwin Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Spatiotemporal trends of forest cover change in SoutheastAsiaStefan Erasmi, Muhammad Ardiansyah, Pavel Propastin, Alfredo Huete . 269

Comparison of tree water use characteristics in reforestationand agroforestry stands across the tropicsDiego Dierick, Norbert Kunert, Michael Kohler, LuitgardSchwendenmann, Dirk Holscher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Contents VII

A comparison of throughfall rate and nutrient fluxes inrainforest and cacao plantation in Central Sulawesi, IndonesiaCarsten Gutzler, Stefan Koehler, Gerhard Gerold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Effects of “ENSO-events” and rainforest conversion on riverdischarge in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia)Gerhard Gerold, Constanze Leemhuis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Adaptation to climate change in Indonesia - livelihoodstrategies of rural households in the face of ENSO relateddroughtsNorbert B. Binternagel, Jana Juhrbandt, Sebastian Koch, MangkuPurnomo, Stefan Schwarze, Jan Barkmann, Heiko Faust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Terrestrial herb communities of tropical submontane andtropical montane forests in Central Sulawesi, IndonesiaDaniele Cicuzza, Michael Kessler, Ramadhanil Pitopang, Sri S.Tjitrosoedirdjo, S. Robbert Gradstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

The hydraulic performance of tropical rainforest trees intheir perhumid environment - is there evidence for droughtvulnerability?Alexandra Zach, Bernhard Schuldt, Viviana Horna, SoekismanTjitrosemito, Christoph Leuschner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Part III Integrated concepts of land use in tropical landscapes

Principle and practice of the buffer zone in biosphere reserves:from global to local – general perspective from managersversus local perspective from villagers in Central Sulawesi,IndonesiaMarion Mehring, Susanne Stoll-Kleemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Institutions for environmental service payment programmes -evidence of community resource management arrangementsin Central Sulawesi, IndonesiaChristina Seeberg-Elverfeldt, Stefan Schwarze, Heiko Faust . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Agricultural expansion in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso;implications for C stocks and greenhouse gas emissionsEleanor Milne, Carlos Eduardo P. Cerri, Joao Luis Nunes Carvalho . . . . 447

VIII Contents

Contribution of agroforestry to biodiversity and livelihoodsimprovement in rural communities of Southern AfricanregionsKanungwe Felix Kalaba, Paxie Chirwa, Stephen Syampungani, CliffordOluyede Ajayi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Human ecological dimensions in sustainable utilization andconservation of tropical mountain rain forests under globalchange in southern EcuadorPerdita Pohle, Andres Gerique, Martina Park, Marıa Fernanda LopezSandoval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Linkages between poverty and sustainable agricultural andrural development in the uplands of Southeast AsiaManfred Zeller, Tina Beuchelt, Isabel Fischer, Franz Heidhues . . . . . . . . . 511

Index of keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

List of Contributors

Stefan AbrahamczykInstitute of Systematic Botany,University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse107 CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland

Marc-Oliver AdamsAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Department of Animal Ecologyand Tropical Biology (Zoology III),Biozentrum, University of Wurzburg,Am Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg,Germany

Clifford Oluyede AjayiWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF),P. O. Box 30798, Lilongwe 03, Malawi

Alam AnsharyFaculty of Agriculture, University ofTadulako, Palu, Central Sulawesi,Indonesia

Muhammad ArdiansyahBogor Agricultural University,Department of Soil Sciences andLand resources, Bogor, Indonesia

Nunik AriyantiDepartment of Biology, Faculty ofMathematics and Natural Sciences,Bogor Agricultural University, JalanPadjajaran, 16144 Bogor, West Java,Indonesia

Jan BarkmannEnvironmental & Resource Eco-nomics, Department of AgriculturalEconomics and Rural Development,Georg-August-University Gottingen,Platz der Gottinger Sieben 5, 37073Gottingen, Germany

Erwin BeckDept. of Plant Physiology, Universityof Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30,D 95440 Bayreuth, Germany

Hermann BehlingDepartment of Palynology and Cli-mate Dynamics, Albrecht-von-HallerInstitute of Plant Sciences, Uni-versity of Goettingen, UntereKarspuele

Jorg BendixLaboratory for Climatology andRemote Sensing, Faculty of

2, D 37073 Goettingen,Germany

X List of Contributors

Geography University of Marburg,Deutschhausstr. 10, D 35032Marburg, Germany

Lydia BetzAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Tina BeucheltDepartment of Agricultural Eco-nomics and Social Sciences in theTropics and Subtropics, SectionRural Development Theory andPolicy, Universitat Hohenheim,(490a), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany

Norbert B. BinternagelGeorg-August-University Gottin-gen, Faculty of Geosciences andGeography, Department of HumanGeography, Goldschmidtstr. 5,37077 Gottingen, Germany

Damayanti BuchoriPeka Indonesia Foundation (In-donesian Nature ConservationFoundation)-Wildlife Trust Alliance.Jl. Uranus Blok H No 1 Perum IPBSindang Barang 2, Bogor, WestJava-Indonesia

Department of Plant Protection,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor-WestJava-Indonesia

Gunter BurkardRural Sociology, Faculty of OrganicAgricultural Sciences, Universityof Kassel, Steinstr. 19, 37213Witzenhausen, Germany

Joao Luis Nunes CarvalhoCenter for Nuclear energy in Agri-culture (CENA), The University ofSao Paulo,C.P. 96, C.E.P. 13.400-970, Piraci-caba, SP, Brazil

Carlos Eduardo P. CerriCenter for Nuclear energy in Agri-culture (CENA), The University ofSao Paulo,C.P. 96, C.E.P. 13.400-970, Piraci-caba, SP, Brazil

Paxie ChirwaStellenbosch University, Depart-ment of Forest and Wood Science,Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa

Daniele CicuzzaInstitute of Systematic Botany,University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse107 CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland

Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute ofPlant Sciences, University of Gottin-gen, Untere Karspule 2, D-37073Gottingen, Germany

Yann CloughAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Kevin Darras14 allee de Frenes F-01210 Verson-nex, France

Agroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Diego DierickTropical Silviculture and ForestEcology, Burckhardt Institute,University of Gottingen, Busgenweg1, D- 37077 Gottingen, Germany

Dadang Dwi PutraCelebes Bird Club, Jl. Thamrin 63A,Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

List of Contributors XI

Thomas DuweDepartment of Landscape Ecology,Institute of Geography, Georg-August University Gottingen,Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Gottingen,Germany

Xenia van EdigDepartment of Agricultural Eco-nomics and Rural Development,University of Gottingen, Germany

Stefan ErasmiUniversity of Gottingen, Institute ofGeography, Goldschmidtstr.Gottingen, Germany

Heiko FaustUniversity of Gottingen, Instituteof Geography, Division of HumanGeography, Goldschmidtstr.Gottingen, Germany

Brigitte FialaDepartment of Animal Ecologyand Tropical Biology (Zoology III),Biozentrum, University of Wurzburg,Am Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg,Germany

Konrad FiedlerDepartment of Population Ecology,Faculty of Life Sciences, Universityof Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030Vienna, Austria

Isabel FischerDepartment of Agricultural Eco-nomics and Social Sciences in theTropics and Subtropics, SectionRural Development Theory andPolicy, Universitat Hohenheim,(490a), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany

Michael FremereyRural Sociology, Faculty of OrganicAgricultural Sciences, Universityof Kassel, Steinstr. 19, 37213Witzenhausen, Germany

Andres GeriqueInstitute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Kochstrasse 4/4,91054 Erlangen, Germany

Gerhard GeroldDepartment of Landscape Ecology,Institute of Geography, Georg-August University Gottingen,Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Gottingen,Germany

S. Robbert GradsteinAlbrecht-von-Haller-Institute ofPlant Sciences, University of Gottin-gen, Untere Karspule 2, D-37073Gottingen, Germany

Michael GrimmInternational Institute of SocialStudies, Erasmus University Rot-terdam, Kortenaerkade 12, 2518AXThe Hague, The Netherlands

Carsten GutzlerInstitute of Geography, Departmentof Landscape Ecology, University ofGottingen, Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077Gottingen, Germany

Franz HeidhuesDepartment of Agricultural Eco-nomics and Social Sciences in theTropics and Subtropics, SectionRural Development Theory andPolicy, Universitat Hohenheim,(490a), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany

5, 37077

5, 37077

XII List of Contributors

Dirk HolscherTropical Silviculture and ForestEcology, Burckhardt Institute,University of Gottingen, Busgenweg1, D- 37077 Gottingen, Germany

Viviana HornaPlant Ecology, Albrecht von HallerInstitute for Plant Sciences, Univer-sity of Gottingen, Untere Karspule2, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Alfredo HueteUniversity of Arizona, Departmentof Soil, Water and EnvironmentalScience, Tucson, AZ, USA

Jana JuhrbandtEnvironmental and Resource Eco-nomics, Department of AgriculturalEconomics and Rural Development,Georg-August University Gottingen,Platz der Gottinger Sieben 5,D-37073 Gottingen, Germany

Kanungwe Felix KalabaCopperbelt University, School ofNatural Resources, P.O. Box 21692,Kitwe, Zambia

Michael KesslerInstitute of Plant Sciences, Univer-sity of Gottingen, Untere Karspule2, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Institute of Systematic Botany,University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse107 CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland

Stephan KlasenUniversity of Gottingen, Faculty ofEconomics, Platz der GottingerSieben 3, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Alexandra-Maria KleinAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Sebastian KochEnvironmental & Resource Eco-nomics, Department of AgriculturalEconomics and Rural Development,Georg-August-University Gottingen,Platz der Gottinger Sieben 5, 37073Gottingen, Germany

Department of Cultural and SocialGeography, Institute of Geography,Georg-August-University Gottingen,Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077 Gottingen,Germany

Michael KohlerTropical Silviculture and ForestEcology, Burckhardt Institute,University of Gottingen, Busgenweg1, D- 37077 Gottingen, Germany

Stefan KoehlerLandscape Ecology and Land Evalu-ation, Faculty for Agricultural- andEnvironmental Sciences, Universityof Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig Weg6, 18059 Rostock, Germany

Norbert KunertTropical Silviculture and ForestEcology, Burckhardt Institute,University of Gottingen, Busgenweg1, D- 37077 Gottingen, Germany

Agus LaniniFaculty of Law, Universitas Tadu-lako, Kampus Bumi Tondo, Palu94118, Indonesia

Constanze LeemhuisCenter for Development Research,University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str.3, 53113 Bonn, Germany

List of Contributors XIII

Christoph LeuschnerPlant Ecology, Albrecht von HallerInstitute for Plant Sciences, Univer-sity of Gottingen, Untere Karspule2, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Marıa Fernanda Lopez SandovalEscuela de Geografıa, Facultadde Ciencia Humana, PontificiaUniversidad Catolica del Ecuador(PUCE), Quito

Rainer MarggrafEnvironmental and Resource Eco-nomics, Department of AgriculturalEconomics and Rural Development,Georg-August University Gottingen,Platz der Gottinger Sieben 5,D-37073 Gottingen, Germany

Marion MehringApplied Geography and Sustain-ability Science, GoBi (Governanceof Biodiversity) Research Group,Institute of Geography and Geology,Ernst-Moritz-Arndt UniversitatGreifswald, Jahnstr. 16, 17487Greifswald, Germany

Eleanor MilneThe Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuck-ler, Aberdeen, AB158QH, UK

Colorado State University (NREL),Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499 USA

Nunung NuryartonoInstitut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia,16710 Bogor, International Centerfor

Martina ParkInstitute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Kochstrasse 4/4,91054 Erlangen, Germany

Thorsten PetersInstitute of Geography, University ofErlangen, Kochstr.4/4, D 91054Erlangen, Germany

Ramadhanil PitopangPeka Indonesia Foundation (In-donesian Nature ConservationFoundation)-Wildlife Trust Alliance.Jl. Uranus Blok H No 1 Perum IPBSindang Barang 2, Bogor, West Java,Indonesia

Department of Forest Managmentand Herbarium Celebense, TadulakoUniversity, Palu, Indonesia

Perdita PohleInstitute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Kochstrasse 4/4,91054 Erlangen, Germany

Jan PriebeUniversity of Gottingen, Faculty ofEconomics, Platz der GottingerSieben 3, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Pavel PropastinUniversity of Gottingen, Institute ofGeography, Goldschmidtstr. 5, 37077Gottingen, Germany

Mangku PurnomoBrawijaya University of Malang,Faculty of Agriculture, Departmentof Socio-Economics, Jalan Veteran,65145 Malang, Indonesia

Applied Finance and Economics,Kampus IPB Baranang Siang,Gedung Utama Lt.II, Jalan Raya Paiajaran

XIV List of Contributors

Herien PuspitawatiDepartment of Family and ConsumerSciences, Faculty of Human Ecology,Bogor Agricultural University, JalanLingkar Akademik Kampus IPB,Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Jawa Barat,Indonesia

Michael RichterInstitute of Geography, University ofErlangen, Kochstr. 4/4, D 91054Erlangen, Germany

Akhmad RizaliPeka Indonesia Foundation (In-donesian Nature ConservationFoundation)-Wildlife Trust Alliance.Jl. Uranus Blok H No 1 Perum IPBSindang Barang 2, Bogor, WestJava-Indonesia

Department of Plant Protection,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor-WestJava-Indonesia

Agroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Goettingen,Germany

Robert RudolfUniversity of Gottingen, Faculty ofEconomics, Platz der GottingerSieben 3, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Bandung SahariPeka Indonesia Foundation (In-donesian Nature ConservationFoundation)-Wildlife Trust Alliance.Jl. Uranus Blok H No 1 Perum IPBSindang Barang 2, Bogor, WestJava-Indonesia

Ma’mun SarmaDepartment of Management, Facultyof Economics and Management,Bogor Agricultural University,Indonesia

Christoph ScherberAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Stefan SchneeweihsDepartment of Population Ecology,Faculty of Life Sciences, Universityof Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030Vienna, Austria

Bernhard SchuldtPlant Ecology, Albrecht von HallerInstitute for Plant Sciences, Univer-sity of Gottingen, Untere Karspule2, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Christian H. SchulzeDepartment of Population Ecology,Faculty of Life Sciences, Universityof Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030Vienna, Austria

Stefan SchwarzeUniversity of Gottingen, Departmentof Agricultural Economics and RuralDevelopment, Platz der GottingerSieben 5, 37073 Gottingen

Luitgard SchwendenmannTropical Silviculture and ForestEcology, Burckhardt Institute,University of Gottingen, Busgenweg1, D- 37077 Gottingen, Germany

Christina Seeberg-ElverfeldtNatural Resources Management andEnvironment Department (NRD),FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,00153 Rome, Italy

ShahabuddinFaculty of Agriculture, University ofTadulako, Palu, Central Sulawesi,Indonesia

List of Contributors XV

Simone SpornAlbrecht-von-Haller-Institute ofPlant Sciences, University of Gottin-gen, Untere Karspule 2, D-37073Gottingen, Germany

Kathrin StenchlyAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Susanne Stoll-KleemannApplied Geography and Sustain-ability Science, GoBi (Governanceof Biodiversity) Research Group,Institute of Geography and Geology,Ernst-Moritz-Arndt UniversitatGreifswald, Jahnstr. 16, 17487Greifswald, Germany

Iman SugemaInstitut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia,16710 Bogor, International Centerfor

Stephen SyampunganiCopperbelt University, School ofNatural Resources, P.O. Box 21692,Kitwe, Zambia

Soekisman TjitrosemitoFaculty of Science and Mathematics,Institute Pertanian Bogor, Jl. RayaPajajaran, Bogor, 16144 Indonesia

Sri S. TjitrosoedirdjoDepartment of Biology, Faculty ofMathematics and Natural Sciences,Bogor Agricultural University, JalanPadjajaran, 16144 Bogor, West Java,Indonesia

Teja TscharntkeAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Thomas C. WangerAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Environment Institute, School ofEarth and Environmental Sciences,University of Adelaide, Australia

Julian WeisbrodUniversity of Gottingen, Faculty ofEconomics, Platz der GottingerSieben 3, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Maria WeistAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Arno WielgossAgroecology, University of Gottin-gen, Waldweg 26, D-37073 Gottingen,Germany

Department of Animal Ecologyand Tropical Biology (Zoology III),Biozentrum, University of Wurzburg,Am Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg,Germany

Alexandra ZachPlant Ecology, Albrecht von HallerInstitute for Plant Sciences, Univer-sity of Gottingen, Untere Karspule2, 37073 Gottingen, Germany

Manfred ZellerDepartment of Agricultural Eco-nomics and Social Sciences in theTropics and Subtropics, SectionRural Development Theory andPolicy, Universitat Hohenheim,(490a), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany

Applied Finance and Economics,Kampus IPB Baranang Siang,Gedung Utama Lt.II, Jalan Raya Paiajaran