Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources Environmental Geology Handbook of Field Methods and Case Studies

This book is based on a joint research project partially funded by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of the Federal Republic of Germany through the Project Agency Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Water Technology and Waste Management Division (PTKA-WTE / FKZ 0261218). The authors are responsible for the scientific content of their contribution.

Klaus Knödel Gerhard Lange Hans-Jürgen Voigt

Environmental Geology

Handbook of Field Methods and Case Studies with contributions by Thekla Abel, Sven Altfelder, Ulrich Beims, Manfred Birke, Norbert Blindow, Antje Bohn, Tilmann Bucher, Reiner Dohrmann, William E. Doll, Dieter Eisenburger, Hagen Hilse, Peter Herms, Bernhard Hörig, Bernhard Illich, Florian Jenn, Stephan Kaufhold, Claus Kohfahl, Franz König, Friedrich Kühn, Manja Liese, Harald Lindner, Reinhard Meyer, Klaus-Henrik Mittenzwey, Kai Müller, Mike Müller, Ranjeet Nagare, Michael Neuhaus, Claus Nitsche, Ricardo A. Olea, Hellfried Petzold, Michael Porzig, Jens Radschinski, Thomas Richter, Knut Seidel, Kathrin R. Schmidt, Dietmar Schmidt, Andreas Schuck, Anke Steinbach, Alejandra Tejedo, Andreas Tiehm, Markus Toloczyki, Peter Weidelt, Thomas Wonik, Ugur Yaramanci with 501 Figures and 204 Tables

Editor: BUNDESANSTALT FÜR GEOWISSENSCHAFTEN UND ROHSTOFFE Stilleweg 2 30655 HANNOVER GERMANY

ISBN 978-3-540-74669-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2007937937 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Production: A. Oelschläger Typesetting: Camera-ready by Claudia Wießner, BGR, Berlin Office Printed on acid-free paper 30/2132/AO 543210

Table of Contents

1 Introduction Klaus Knödel, G Voigt

2 Preparatory Steps and Common Problems

K s Knödel, Ge a Voigt 1

2.1 Placing of Orders an2.2 Collection and U 12 2.3 Information Cam a 14 2.4 Mobilization and2.5 Land Surveying 2.6 Quality Assurance a 3 Remote Sensing

Peter Herms, Ber a mar S dt & Anke S in on by T nn Bucher

3.1 A l Photography D ar Schmidt F

3.1.1 Principle of the M3.1.2 A cations 3.1.3 Fundamentals 3.1.4 Instruments and F3.1.5 Survey Practice 34 3.1.6 Interpretation of Aeri 36 3.1.7 Quality Assurance 43 3.1.8 Personnel, Equipmen 46 3.1.9 Examples 47 3.2 Photogrammetr

D ar Schmidt t ch & Friedrich Kühn

73

3.2.1 Principle of the Meth 73 3.2.2 A tions 3.2.3 F entals 3.2.4 Instruments 3.2.5 Survey Practice 3.2.6 Processing and In p3.2.7 Q Assuranc3.2.8 Personnel, Equipm3.2.9 E es

erhard Lange & Hans-Jürgen1

lau rh rd Lange & Hans-Jürgen d Order Handling

1

11 se of Existing Data p ign and Permit Application Demobilization 16

17 nd Reporting 21

nh rd Hörig, Friedrich Kühn, Diet

utichmiilma

te bach, with a contrib

23

eriaietm & riedrich Kühn

23

ethods 23 ppli 24

25 ilm 27

al Photographs

t, Time Needed

y ietm , Pe er Herms, Anke Steinba

ods pplica 74 undam 74

81 82

ter retation of Data 82 uality e

ent, Time Needed 85 86

xampl 86

Table of Contents VI

3.3 N tographi m Aircraft and Space-borne Platforms Friedrich Kühn, Bern hmidt, with a contribution by Til a

3.3.1 Principle of the M 97 3.3.2 A tions 3.3.3 F entals 13.3.4 Instruments 13.3.5 Survey Practice 124 3.3.6 Processing and In p 13.3.7 Q Assuranc 13.3.8 Personnel, Equip 13.3.9 Exam 13 4 Geophysics

Norbert Blindow, Kla l, Franz König, Gerhard Lange, Harald Lindner, Reinie Meyer, Klaus-Henrik M zwey, Andr idelt, Thomas Wonik, Ugur by Dieter Eisenburger, B rdo A. Olea, Hellfried Petzold T

1

4.1 Magnetic Methods Klaus Knödel

161

4.1.1 Principle of the Meth 161 4.1.2 A tions 14.1.3 F entals 14.1.4 Instruments 4.1.5 Survey Practice 4.1.6 Processing and In p asured Data 4.1.7 Q Assuranc4.1.8 Personnel, Equipm n4.1.9 E es 4.2 G Method

K idel & Ha ld4.2.1 P e of the M4.2.2 A tions 4.2.3 Fundamentals 6 4.2.4 Instruments 191 4.2.5 Survey Practice 192 4.2.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Measured Data 195 4.2.7 Quality Assurance 197 4.2.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 198 4.2.9 Examples 199

onpho c I aging from

hard Hörig & Dietmar Scm nn Bucher

97

ethods pplica 99 undam 00

15

ter retation of Data e

25 34 uality

ment, Time Needed 36 ples 7

us Knöde

itten eas Schuck, Knut Seidel, Peter We Yaramanci, with contributions ernhard Illich, Rica

& homas Richter

ods

61

pplica 62 undam 62

168 170

ter retation of the Me 171 uality e

e t, Time Needed 174 175

xampl 176 ravitynut Se

s ra Lindner

185

rinciplca

ethods 185 86ppli 1

18

Table of Contents VII

4.3 Direct Current R is ds Knut Seidel & Ge ar

4.3.1 Principle of the Meth 205 4.3.2 Applications 207 4.3.3 Fundamentals 207 4.3.4 Instruments 215 4.3.5 Survey Practice 216 4.3.6 Processing and Interp 221 4.3.7 Quality Assurance 225 4.3.8 Personnel, Equipmen 227 4.3.9 Examples 228 4.4 Electromagnetic Me

Gerhard Lange & Kn239

4.4.1 Principle of the Meth 239 4.4.2 A cations 4.4.3 Fundamentals 4.4.4 Instruments 4.4.5 Survey Practice 4.4.6 Processing and In p sured Data 4.4.7 Q Assuranc4.4.8 Personnel, Equip4.4.9 E es 4.5 G Penetra g

Norb lindow, it r Eisenburger, B Illich, H lf

4.5.1 P e of the M4.5.2 Applications 285 4.5.3 F entals 4.5.4 Instruments 4.5.5 Survey Practice 300 4.5.6 Processing, Presentati erpretation of the Measured

D302

4.5.7 Q Assuranc4.5.8 Personnel, Equip4.5.9 E es 4.5.10 S Applicati ments

Dieter Eisenburg4.6 Seismic Methods

A uck & e4.6.1 P e of the M4.6.2 A tions 4.6.3 F entals 4.6.3.1 P tion of Elastic4.6.3.2 Elastic Parameters and Seismic Velocities 343

es tivity Methorh d Lange

ods

retation of Measured Data

t, Time Needed

thods ut Seidel ods

205

ppli 243 243 255 260

ter retation of Mea 263 uality e 266

ment, Time Needed 269 xamplround

270 283 tin Radar

h contributions by Dieteert Bernhard

wel ried Petzold & Thomas Richter ethods rincipl 283

undam 286 297

on and Intata uality e 303

ment, Time Needed 304 xampl 305

pecial ons and New Developer

316

ndreas Sch G rhard Lange 337

rinciplpplica

ethods 337 340

undam ropaga

341 341 Waves

Table of Contents VIII

4.6.3.3 Reflection, Trans4.6.3.4 Surface Waves 350 4.6.3.5 Seismic Resolution 352 4.6.4 Instruments 354 4.6.4.1 S Sources 4.6.4.2 S Sensors 4.6.4.3 S ordin4.6.5 S ction Su4.6.5.1 P e of the M4.6.5.2 S Practice 4.6.5.3 Processing and In p4.6.5.4 Personnel, Equip4.6.6 S ction Su4.6.6.1 P e of the M4.6.6.2 Survey Practice 4.6.6.3 Processing and In p4.6.6.4 Q y Assurance 4.6.6.5 Personnel, Equip 383 4.6.7 Borehole Seismic Me 384 4.6.7.1 P e of the M4.6.7.2 A tions 4.6.7.3 F entals 4.6.7.4 Instruments 4.6.7.5 S Practice 4.6.7.6 Processing and In p4.6.7.7 Quality Assurance 387 4.6.7.8 Personnel, Equip4.6.8 E es 4.7 Surface Nuclear Ma

G Lange, U r i & Reinhard Meyer 4.7.1 P of the M4.7.2 A ions 4.7.3 Fundamentals 404 4.7.4 Instruments 408 4.7.5 Survey Practice 410 4.7.6 Processing and Interp 413 4.7.7 Q Assuranc4.7.8 Personnel, Equip4.7.9 E es 4.8 B le Loggin

T Wonik w a by Ricardo A. Olea 4.8.1 P e of the M4.8.2 Applications 433 4.8.3 Slimhole Logging Equipment and Logging Methods 434

mission and Diffraction 347

eismic 354 eismic 359 eismic Rec g Instruments 362

eismic Refra rveying 363 rincipl ethod 363 urvey

364 365 ter retation

eismic Refle

ment, Time Needed rveying

369 369

rincipl ethod 369 373 376 ter retation of Measured Data

ualit 382 ment and Time Needed

thods rincipl ethods 384

pplica 384 undam 385

386 urvey 386 ter retation of Measured Data 387

ment, Time Needed 388 xampl 388

403 gnetic Resonance erhard

ple gu Yaramanc

rincipplicat

ethod 403 404

retation of the Measured Datauality e

ment, Time Needed 415 416

xampl 416 oreho g homas ith contribution

431

rincipl ethods 431

Table of Contents IX

4.8.3.1 R vity Log n4.8.3.2 Electrical Methods 438 4.8.3.3 Electromagnetic Meth 440 4.8.3.4 A c Method4.8.3.5 O Methods 4.8.3.6 Methods for Determin roperties of Drilling Fluids

(Fluid Logs) 441

4.8.3.7 M for Determin4.8.4 Survey Practice, P rs4.8.5 Quality Assuranc 447 4.8.6 Processing and In p ng Data and

Examples 4.8.7 Expected Future ve 470 4.9 G sical In-s onitoring

F önig, Kla zwey & Peter Weidelt

4.9.1 P of the M4.9.2 A ns 4.9.3 F tals 4.9.3.1 Environmental Param 478 4.9.3.2 O pectrosc y4.9.3.3 EM Monitoring 484 4.9.4 I4.9.5 F4.9.6 Processing 4.9.7 Q ssuranc4.9.8 P quip4.9.9 E 5 G ical, Hyd e

M logical S lder, Ulrich einer D n, Hage i hold, K ödel, Cl r, Mike M anjeet N itsche, Mich l Porzig, J s t, A iem & a

5.1 Methods for Cha c etting K ödel, Ka haus, Florian Jenn &H gen Voi

5.1.1 Geologic Field ObserF enn, Kla K en Voigt

511

5.1.2 TKlaus Knödel & Hans

adioacti gi g Methods

ods

436

cousti s 440 ptical 441

ing the P

ethods ing Borehole Properties e onnel, Equipment, Time Needed

443 443

e ter retation of the Loggi 449

De lopments eophyranz K

itu Groundwater and Soil Mus Knödel, Klaus-Henrik Mitten

475

rinciplepplicatio

ethods 475 477

undamen 478 eters

ptical S op 481

nstruments 488 ield work 492

493 uality A e 494 ersonnel, E ment, Time Needed 494 xamples 495

eolog rog ological, Geochemical and icrobio Investigations

Birke, Rven Altfe Beims, Manfred ohrman n H lse, Florian Jenn, Stephan Kauf

lelaus Knüller, R

aus Kofahl, Manja Liese, Kai Mülagare, Michael Neuhaus, Claus N

Radschinaendreas Th

en ski, Katrin R. Schmid H ns-Jürgen Voigt

507

ra terizing the Geological Slaus Kn i Müller, Michael Neu ans-Jür gt

vations

507

lorian J us nödel & Hans-Jürgrenching

-Jürgen Voigt 519

Table of Contents X

5.1.3 D F enn & H s

5.1.4 Direct Push Tech oK r, Mich N s-Jürgen Voigt

5.2 Methods for Cha c ydrologic and H c Cond nU ims, Flo n ese, R agare, C uH gen Voi

5.2.1 P ion F enn, KlaH en Voig

5.2.2 E tion and pF n Jenn, KlaHans-Jürgen Voigt

5.2.3 Runoff Florian Jenn, Klaus KH en Voig

590

5.2.4 I n F Jenn, Kla Liese & H rgen Voi

5.2.5 G water RecF Jenn, Kla & H rgen Voi

5.2.6 Groundwater MonitorF Jenn, Cla en Voigt

619

5.2.7 D ination of dUlrich Beims, Ranj Porzig & -Jürgen V t

5.2.7.1 Infiltrometer and rmF n Jenn, Ra et g & Hans-Jürgen Voig

5.2.7.2 Pumping Tests U eims

681

5.2.7.3 L ory Meth F Jenn, Cla

5.3 Methods for Cha c cal and

M logical nSve lder, Ma fr hrmann, Hagen H an Je S aus Knödel, C he, Ka ri m & H gen Voi

rillinglorian J an -Jürgen Voigt

524

nol gy ai Mülle ael euhaus & Han

540

ra terizing the Hydrauli itio s lrich Beanjeet N

ria Jenn, Klaus Knödel, Manja Lila s Nitsche, Michael Porzig &

ans-Jür gt

567

recipitatlorian J us Knödel, Manja Liese & ans-Jürgvapora

t Eva otranspirat

569

ion us Knödel, Manja Liese & loria

581

nödel, Manja Liese & ans-Jürg

nfiltratiot

lorian us Knödel, Manja ans-Jü gt

603

round harge lorian us Knödel, Manja Liese ans-Jü gt

ing

612

lorian us Nitsche & Hans-Jürgeterm Hy raulic Parameters

eet Nagare, Claus Nitsche, Michael Hans oig

643

loria

Pe eameter Tests nje Nagare, Michael Porzi

t

649

lrich B aborat

lorianodsus Nitsche & Hans-Jürgen Voigt

terizing the Geochemi

711

raCo ditions

ed Birke, Ricrobion Altfe

ilse, Florin einer Do

nn, tephan Kaufhold, Kllaus Nitsc th n R. Schmidt, Andreas Thieans-Jür gt

749

Table of Contents XI

5.3.1 S and An s er Claus Nitsche & Han

5.3.1.1 Planning and Prepara 759 5.3.1.2 G ater Sam in5.3.1.3 Groundwater Analysi

K nödel 778

5.3.2 Sampling and Analys Lacustrine S nts M Birke, C s

785

5.3.2.1 Plann g and Prep ra5.3.2.2 Sampling of Soil, Roc diments 790 5.3.2.3 A oil, c ustrine Sediments 5.3.3 S g and An s Landfill Gas

H Hilse & H s-5.3.3.1 P ing and Pre a5.3.3.2 Sampling and Analys as 811 5.3.4 Methods for Chem al

Investigations Florian Jenn

816

5.3.5 L ory Meth igration P ters S tfelder wi Claus Nitsche

5.3.5.1 B eory of Sorpt5.3.5.2 B ory of Trans5.3.5.3 S and Pre ra or the

D ation of ig Values 5.3.5.4 B ests 5.3.5.5 C Experim5.3.5.6 C d Clay M er

R ohrmann5.3.5.7 C xchange p

Reiner Dohrmann 5.3.5.8 C tes

Ste ufhold5.3.5.9 Iron and Manganese Oxides

Stephan Kaufhold 867

5.3.5.10 Organic Carbon Klaus Knödel

871

5.3.6 Methods to Evaluate Biodegradation at Contaminated Sites Andreas Thiem & Kathrin R. Schmidt

876

5.3.6.1 Microbial Processes in the Subsurface 877 5.3.6.2 Assessment Methods 883 5.3.6.3 Case Studies 892

ampling aly is of Groundwater and Surface Wats-Jürgen Voigt tion of Work

758

roundw pl g s

768

laus Kis of Soil, Rock, Stream and

edimeanfred

inlau Nitsche & Hans-Jürgen Voigt a tion of Work

k, Stream and Lacustrine Se786

nalysis of Samplin

Ro k, Stream and Lacaly is of Soil Gas and

797 807

agen lann

an Jürgen Voigt par tion of Work

is of Soil Gas and Landfill G810

ical Analysis used in Geochemic

aborat ods for the Determination of Marameven Al th a contribution by

823

asic Th asic The

ion 824 port 830

ampling pa tion of Soil or Sediment fetermin M ration Parameter

831

atch T 832 olumn ents 838 lays an in als

einer D 849

ation E Ca acity 853

arbonaphan Ka

862

Table of Contents XII

5.4 Interpretation o e geological, and Geochemical ResultsFlorian Jenn, Claus , Jens Radschinski & Hans-Jürgen Voigt

5.4.1 Statistical Methods Florian Jenn & H s

941

5.4.1.1 Univariate Statistics 942 5.4.1.2 Multivariate Statistics 952 5.4.1.3 Time Series Analysis 958 5.4.1.4 Geostatistics and Inte 959 5.4.1.5 Specific Tests of Hyd 960 5.4.2 Conceptual Model

Hans-Jürgen Voigt & 962

5.4.3 Groundwater Flow MClaus Kofahl

1001

5.4.3.1 Fundamentals of Gro 1002 5.4.3.2 Programs 1009 5.4.3.3 Guide for Constructio ater Model 1014 5.4.4 C minant Transpo

Mike Müller 1

5.4.4.1 Fundamentals of n 1021 5.4.4.2 Model Application 1041 6 Integration of In st

Thekl bel, Man d l, Gerhard Lange, Al ja ki & U ramanci

1

6.1 D sion Klaus Knödel, Marcu Abel, G Lange & jedo

1

6.1.1 R ssing and eKlaus Knödel & G h

1

6.1.2 G phic Inform tiM Toloczyki, Th

10

6.1.2.1 Fundamentals 1063 6.1.2.2 Hardware, Network, S 1067 6.1.2.3 D cquisition 16.1.2.4 Examples 1075 6.1.3 Other Data Fusion Ex

Klaus Knödel & A je1091

6.2 Joint Interpretation Manfred Birke, Klaus & Ugur Yaramanci

1099

f G ological, Hydro

Kofahl, Mike Müller

941

an -Jürgen Voigt

rpolation of Spatial Data rogeochemical Data

Jens Radschinskiodeling

undwater Flow Modeling

n and Use of a Groundwonta rt Modeling 020

Tra sport Modeling

ve igation Results a A fre Birke, Antje Bohn, Klaus Knöde

e ndra Tejedo, Markus Toloczygur Yaata Fu

053

s Toloczyki, Antje Bohn, Theklaerhardeproce

Alejandro Te

054

N w Data Presentation er ard Lange

on Sys

055

eograarcus

a tems ekla Abel & Alejandra Tejedo

oftware, and Manpower

61

ata A and Analysis

amples

072

nt Bohn

Knödel, Gerhard Lange

Table of Contents XIII

6.2.1 Q ive and Semiq proach Klaus Knödel & G h

1

6.2.2 Quantitative ApproacManfred Birke, Klaus nge & U ramanci

1150

6.2.2.1 Join ntitative Inte physical Measurements and CoUgur Yaramanci G

10

6.2.2.2 Joint Inversion K nödel, Ugur Y ge

1059

6.2.2.3 Join terpretatioManfred Birke

10

Glossary 1 A iations 1 Units of Measur 1333 SI Prefixes 1335 N nits 13 Physical Constants 1 Mathematical Sy b 1337 Subject Index 1339

ualitat uantitative Aper ard Lange

h

099

Knödel, Gerhard Lagur Ya

t Qua rpretation of Several Geore Analysis Results

& erhard Lange

i & Gerhard Lan

50

laus Kt In

aramancn Using Statistical Methods 63

195 319 bbrev

e

one SI U 35 336

m ols and Constants

List of Au s

Dr. Thekla Abel Bundesanstalt für GeowissStilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Dr. Sven Altfelder Bundesanstalt für GeowissenscStilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Prof. Dr rich Beims GFI GrundwasserforschungsinMeraner Straße 10 D-01217 Dresden Dr. Ma reBunde s eowissDienst n Wilhe t 0 D-1359 B Dr. Norbert Blindow Westfälische Wilhelms-Un erInstitut für Geophysik CorrensstraD-481 Antje BohBrandenburgische Technische LS Umweltgeologie Erich-Wei ße 1 D-03406 Cottbus Tilman BDeutsches Zentrum für Luft- unBerlin-Adlershof Einrichtung Optische Informati teme am Institut für Robotik und Mecha nRutherfordstraße 2 D-124 B

thor

enschaften und Rohstoffe

haften und Rohstoffe

.-Ing. Ulstitut GmbH Dresden

nf d Birke san talt für G enschaften und Rohstoffe bereich Berlilms raße 25-3

3 erlin

iv sität

ße 24 49 Münster

n Universität Cottbus

nert-Stra

n ucher d Raumfahrt

onssystro ik

89 erlin

List of Authors XV

Dr. Re r ann Bundesanstalt für Geowissensc ffe Stilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Dr. William Doll Research Leader Batelle - Oak Ridge Operat105 Mitchell Road, Ste 103 Oak Ri e 30 Dieter senburger Bunde s eowisseStilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Dr.-Ing. H se GICO genTierga n D-0121 Peter Herms Hansa Luf Elbestraße 5 D-481 Bernh HBundesanstalt für Geowiss stoffe Dienst rlin Wilhelmstraße 25-30 D-13593 Berlin Bernhard Illich GGU se für Geophy kal ntersuc nAmali trD-761 K Florian Jenn Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus LS Umweltgeologie Erich-Weinert-Straße 1 D-03406 Cottbus

ine Dohrmhaften und Rohsto

ions

dg , TN 378

Eisan talt für G nschaften und Rohstoffe

agen HilN – Großmann Inrte straße 48

ieur Consult GmbH

9 Dresden

tbild AG

45 Münster

ard örig enschaften und Roh

bereich Be

Ge llschaft si ische U hu gen

ens aße 4 33 arlsruhe

List of Authors XVI

Dr. Stepha ufhold Bundesanstalt für Geowissensc hstoffe Stilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Dr. Klaus Knödel Bundesanstalt für GeowissenscDienstbereich Berlin Wilhe t -30 D-13593 Berlin Dr. Cl KFU Berlin Institu r che W nFachri u hemie, Arbeit r ogie Maltes t 100, HaD-122 B Franz nBundesanstalt für GeowissDienst n Wilhe t -30 D-13593 Berlin Dr. Friedrich Kühn Bunde s eowiss Rohstoffe Stillew 2D-30655 Hannover Gerhard Lange Bundesanstalt für Geowiss hstoffe Dienst n Wilhelmstraße 25-30 D-135 B Manja eBrande ische Technisc LS Umweltgeologie Erich-Weinert-Straße 1 D-03406 Cottbus

n Kahaften und Ro

haften und Rohstoffe

lms raße 25

aus ohfahl

t fü Geologis isse schaften ie cht ng Geoc

sbe eich HydrolHydrologie, Mineralog

ers rasse 74-49 erlin

us B

Kö ig enschaften und Rohstoffe

bereich Berlilms raße 25

san talt für G enschaften und eg

enschaften und Robereich Berli

93 erlin

Li se nburg he Universität Cottbus

List of Authors XVII

Prof. Dr. Harald Lindner TU Bergakademie FreibergInstitut für Geophysik Gustav-Zeuner-Straße 12 D-09599 Freiberg Reinhard Meyer Groundwater Sciences ResNatural Resources and the E vCounc tific and PO Box 39Pretoria, 0001 Dr. Kl - ittenzwOPTOSENOptisc opie un eRudower Chaussee 29 (IGZD-124 B Kai M erBoden n dwasserlaTiergartenstrasse 48 D-012 D en Dr. Mike Müller Ingenieurbüro für GrundwNonneD-04229 Leipzig Ranjeet Nagare, M.Sc. Brand u e TechnisLS Umweltgeologie Erich-Weinert-Straße 1 D-03406 Cottbus Dr. MichaeFUGRO Consult GmbH Wolfener Straße 36 V D-12681 Berlin Dr. Claus NBoden n asserlaTiergartenstrasse 48 D-01219 Dresden

earch Group n ironment (NRE),

il for Scien5

Industrial Research (CSIR)

aus Henrik M ey S

he Spektrosk d S nsortechnik GmbH )

89 erlin

üll - u d Grun bor GmbH (BGD)

19 resd

asser GmbH nstrasse 9

enb rgisch che Universität Cottbus

l Neuhaus

itsche - u d Grundw bor GmbH (BGD)

List of Authors XVIII

Ricard Bundesanstalt für Geowissensc nergy Resorces und Rohstoffe, Dienstberei eological Survey Wilhe traße 25-30 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., MS9D-135 B rlin Reston, VA20192 Dr. Hellfried Petzold LAUBAG Lausit B aunkohle AG Knappenstraße 1 D-019 nftenberg Michae ig Brand ische Technis us LS Um el eologie Erich-Weinert-Straße 1 D-03406 Cottbus Jens Radschinski Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus LS Umweltgeologie Erich-Weinert-Straße 1 D-03406 Cottbus Dr. Thomas Richter Bo-Ra-Tec GmbH Damaschkestr. 19a D-99425 Weimar Knut Seidel Geophysik GGD Now: Gesellschaft für GGL Geophysik und Geowissenschaftliche Dienste Geotechnik Leipzig GmbH Ehrensteinstraße 33 Bautzner Straße 67 D-04105 Leipzig D-04347 Leipzig Kathrin R. Schmidt DVGW - Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW) Karlsruher Straße 84 76139 Karlsruhe

o A. Olea Now: haften Eastern E

ch Berlin US Glms 56 93 e

zer r

68 Se

l Porzenburg che Universität Cottbw tg

List of Authors XIX

Dietmar Schmidt Hansa Luftbild AG Elbestraße 5 D-48145 Münster Dr. Andreas Schuck Geophysik GGD Now: Gesellschaft für GGL Geophysik und Geowissenschaftliche Dienste Geotechnik Leipzig GmbH Ehrensteinstraße 33 Bautzner Straße 67 D-04105 Leipzig D-04347 Leipzig Anke Steinbach Hansa Luftbild AG Elbestraße 5 D-48145 Münster Alejandra Tejedo SEGEMAR Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino Buenos Aires Argentina Dr. Andreas Tiehm DVGW - Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW) Karlsruher Straße 84 D-76139 Karlsruhe Dr. Markus Toloczyki Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Stilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Voigt Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus LS Umweltgeologie Erich-Weinert-Straße 1 D-03406 Cottbus Prof. Dr. Peter Weidelt TU Braunschweig Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik Mendelsohnstraße 3 D-38106 Braunschweig

List of Authors XX

Dr. Thomas Wonik GGA Institut für Geowissenschaftliche Gemeinschaftsaufgaben

anci U Berlin, Fakultät 6

enieurwesen und Angewandte Geophysik

n

Stilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Prof. Dr. Ugur YaramTFachbereich BauingAckerstraße 71-76 D-13355 Berli

List of Reviewers

Dr. Ron D. Barker

he University of Birmingham

IS instruments P 6007

r. Manfred Birke eosciences

s Jürgen Burkhardt Berlin

ied Geophysics

-13355 Berlin

eosciences Berlin

-30655 Hannover

ICE ography

iversity Jena oebdergraben 32

Earth Sciences TEdgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom Jean Bernard IR1 Avenue Buffon, B45060 Orleans cedex 02 France DFederal Institute for Gand Natural Resources, DB Berlin Wilhelmstraße 25-30D-13593 Berlin Prof. Dr. HanTechnical UniversityDept. of ApplAckerstrasse 71-76D Dr. Christoph Grissemann Federal Institute for Gand Natural Resources, DB Stilleweg 2 D Dr. Martin Herold ESA GOFC GOLD PROJECT OFFDepartment of GeFriedrich Schiller UnLD-07743 Jena

List of Reviewers XXII

Prof. Dr. Anatoly Legchenko

loppement

8041 Grenoble cedex 9

kner forschungszentrum e.V.

-01217 Dresden

eyer

ttler

Thani Mineral Investment, United Arab Emirates

r. Manfred Teschner Geosciences

eidelt

und Meteorology

hweig

Institut de Recherche pour la DeveLTHE, BP53 3France Prof. Dr. Ludwig LucDresdner GrundwasserMeraner Str. 10 D Reinhard MGroundwater Sciences Research Group Natural Resources and the Environment CSIR Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Dr. Edgar SteCouncil for Geoscience Now: Pretoria, 0001 South Africa DFederal Institute for and Natural Resources Stilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover Prof. Dr. Peter WTechnical University Braunschweig Institut of GeophysicsMendelssohnstraße 3 D-38106 Braunsc

Acknowledgements

This handbook is a product of the Thai-German Research Project WADIS endations for Site Investigations of Waste Disposal

inated Sites in Thailand, funded by the Ministry of ducation and Research (BMBF) of the Federal Republic of Germany (grant

ough its Project Management Agency Forschungszentrum ste Management Division (PTKA-

wledge the financial support earch (BMBF) and the

administrative support by the Project Management Agency. istance of Prof. Dr. D. Mager, Federal Ministry of Economics

nd Technology, Mineral Resources and Geosciences Section, the project d successfully carried out.

IS project was approved by the Thai Cabinet on 30th May 2000 tember 2000 in Bangkok

dustry and the German Federal Institute for Natural Resources (BGR). Strongly appreciated are, in

articular, the support and efforts continually given to the research project by ment of the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) and

tal Geology and Geohazards woot Tantiwanit, and his colleagues in Bangkok and in

ice. An important aspect of the project work was the excellent team spirit

German partners. The joint Thai-German project group ompanies:

ineral k

BGR - Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover

nburg Technische Universität, Cottbus

td., GGD - Geophysik GmbH, Leipzig

ol BGD - Soil and Groundwater Laboratory GmbH, Dresden

kok Hansa Luftbild GmbH, Münster ring Co. Ltd.,

ampang Gicon GmbH, Dresden

rbüro Sehlhoff GmbH, rg

(Waste Disposal: RecommSites and ContamEno. 0261218) thrKarlsruhe, Water Technology and WaWTE). The editors and authors gratefully acknoby the German Federal Ministry of Education and Resscientific andWithout the assawould not have been started an

The WADand the Project Agreement was signed in Sepbetween the Ministry of InGeosciences andpthe manageespecially the director of the EnvironmenDivision, Khun Worathe Chiang Mai off

among Thai andincluded the following institutions and c

DMR - Department of Mesources, BangkoR

CMU - Chiang Mai University, BTU - BrandeChiang Mai ATOP Technology Co. LBangkok PCD - Pollution ContrDepartment, Bangkok Sky Eyes Co. Ltd., BangAZTEC EngineeLMETRIX Associates Co. Ltd., Ingenieu

VilsbibuBangkok

Acknowledgements XXIV

The contributions and achievements of all partners in these institutions and .

cien ties, and a so due the c s

e studies handbook.

semann of the Geophysics for Resource Management the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

of the WADIS project. The editors would like to excellent cooperation and beneficial discussions during the

book. Particular thanks go to all reviewers (see List of Reviewers) for the

n of manuscripts and numerous constructive comments for

comb has linguistically revised most of the contributions cripts have benefited from his helpful comments and

ms was an indispensable help in geoscientific terminology. he authors wish to thank both colleagues for their support.

st, the authors and editors are indebted to Claudia Wießner figures and layout of the

tributed substantially to the design and quality of this laudia Kirsch for her assistance in the handbook

companies are gratefully acknowledgedThis book is a joint venture of s tists in companies, universi

institutions. Thanks are l to olleagues, companies and institutionoutside the WADIS project group whose contributions and casenriched this

Dr. Christoph GrisSection of conducted the final phase thank him for thepreparation of this hand

thorough revisioimprovement.

Dr. R. Clark Newto this book. The manusreviews. Henry ToT

Last but not leaand Ingrid Boller for their careful preparation ofhandbook. They conbook. Thanks also to Cpreparation.

Preface

As earth’s population continues to grow and the detrimental aftereffects of d environmental negligence become more apparent, society

as become more aware of, and concerned about, stewardship of the natural soil, and air. Sustainable development has become more

rld. The need is now gether

ca preserg to the

by 2050. he population is increasing the demand for natural resources and energy, and

on the environment. Thus, protection of the environment and age to the environment must be a priority. It is also

evelop procedures that will help to avert further damage to the o recognize as early as possible the risks associated with

hanges in the environment. logies and technologies have become more advanced in the

ches have been developed, he growing need for environmental assessment, monitoring, and

. As these technologies have grown, the need for interdisciplinary ooperation has also become more apparent. Specialists in remote sensing,

s, hydrogeology, geology, and geochemistry must ithin their sister disciplines in

ctive overall approaches for environmental issues. tion of environmental problems is constrained by political

r economic boundaries. In many parts of the world, standards for acceptable ality must be compromised in order to meet more

ant that cost-effective ary solutions be developed, in order to allow all nations and

ps to benefit from a clean, sustainable environment. Economic development is ultimately limited by environmental quality.

ects of life. All social and economic activities ater. As populations grow

pidly confronted with rcity, which limits economic development. More than in the developing countries, lack an adequate supply

er. By 2050, 25 percent of the people on Earth will live in r is permanently scarce. Contaminated drinking water ease and death in developing countries. An adequate

ot only for drinking, but a direct threat to food

ng countries. The availability of arable land is wth is complicating the situation. According to the

industrialization anhenvironment – water,widely received and promoted in many parts of the wocritical for earth and environmental scientists and engineers to work toto implement technologies that n ve our environment.

The Earth’s population was 6.6 billion as of April 2007 accordinU.S. Census Bureau. This number is expected to rise to 9.4 billionTincreasing stress remediation of damimportant to denvironment and tc

Many methodopast few decades, and new technologies and approaall to address tremediationcgeophysical methodmaintain current awareness of developments worder to formulate effe

Too often, resoluoair, water, and soil qupressing human needs. It is therefore importinterdisciplinsocio-economic grou

Water is needed for all aspdepend on having a reliable supply of high quality w

y increases, many countries are raand economic activitthe problem of water sca

ainly1 billion people, mf safe drinking wato

countries in which watef disis a major cause o

water supply is a prerequisite for human existence, negradation of soils also posesalso for agriculture. D

production in developiecreasing. Population grod

Acknowledgements XXVI

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), there are more refugees rn that water

play a growing role in regional conflicts and wars. High quality inated soil must be given greater priority throughout the

orld.

ental Geology - Handbook of Field Methods and allenging goals.

spectrum of investigatory methods in several disciplines to rtilization among experts in those disciplines and others.

Methods that are treated in this book include remote sensing, geophysics, geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, and microbiology. Most of the methods described in this handbook are available and used in developing countries. Information is provided about the principle of the method, possible applications, fundamentals, instruments, survey practice, processing and interpretation of the data, quality assurance, personnel, equipment, and time needed. Examples are given, as well as references and sources for further reading. Besides geoscientific methods, the procedures for stepwise site investigations are described, as well as common problems encountered in field operations. This handbook is not intended to be used as a textbook, but instead as a reference, providing insights into the fundamentals, application and limits of methods. Interdisciplinary case studies from different parts of the world have been selected as examples for extrapolation to other geoenvironmental concerns. With this structure the handbook can be used as a practical guide for training students.

The descriptions of the methods and case studies also illustrate the advantages of interdisciplinary geoscientific site investigations to decision-makers who deal with environmental investigations. This applies to both remediation assessments and preventative measures. Thorough and knowledgeable application of such an approach will enhance its reliability, credibility, and value to future generations.

William E. Doll Oak Ridge, 2007

from a deteriorating environment than from war. Others waquality will water and uncontamw This book, EnvironmCase Studies, is intended to enable progress toward these chIt provides a broad support cross-fe

Environmental Geology, 1 Introduction 1

1 Introduction

KLAUS KNÖDEL, GERHARD LANGE & HANS-JÜRGEN VOIGT

Increasing population density and industrialization are creating a high strain on the natural environment and resources of many countries. Therefore, precautionary measures to protect the environment and remedial action to repair the damages of the past have high priority. Resources to be protected are surface water and groundwater, soil and air. Hazards to these resources are landfills and industrial sites as well as mining facilities, including tailings, conditioning plants, and smelters, oil refineries, distribution facilities and pipelines, gas stations and other areas used by humans (e.g., military training sites).

Waste disposal, mining, and industrial sites are an absolutely necessary part of the infrastructure of an industrial society. Suitable new sites must be found for the disposal of waste and for mining and industrial facilities. It is often very difficult to obtain political approval and this is possible only if state-of-the-art methods are used to show that such sites have layers that can function as barrier, preventing entry of contaminants into the environment. Areas of both consolidated and unconsolidated rock can be suitable sites for landfills and industrial facilities.

Knowledge and experience with the disposal of waste and the operation of mines and industrial facilities in an ecologically nondetrimental way have been acquired only gradually during the past several decades. On the basis of this knowledge, numerous abandoned landfills, mining, and industrial sites must now be regarded as hazardous.

Impermeable layers at such sites are the most important barrier for impeding the spread of pollutants. It must be assumed that this geological barrier is always of importance, since the currently used techniques for preparing sites for landfills, mines and industrial plants will prevent the spread of pollutants for only a finite time.

A site investigation stepwise is usually carried out in at least two phases: (1) a orientating investigation and (2) a detailed investigation. A flow chart of the stepwise procedure for site investigations is shown in Figure 1-1. Some references to chapters of this book are given in the flow chart. Field and laboratory work as well as data processing, data presentation and interpretation of the data from individual methods are described in the

2 1 Introduction

chapters of Parts 3 to 5. Solutions to common problems are treated in Part 2. For more details of site investigation procedure see books with strategies and recommendations for site investigations (e.g., WILKEN & KNÖDEL, 1999, VOIGT et al., 2006).

Fig. 1-1: Flow chart for site investigations

Environmental Geology, 1 Introduction 3

In the orientating investigation, the following information is obtained from maps and other archived data sources:

topography, land use and vegetation, settlements, roads and railways,

climate: precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, direction and velocity of the wind, as well as the frequency of strong winds,

hydrological and hydrogeological conditions: streams, lakes and ponds, springs, wells, use and quality of surface and groundwater, runoff, water balance, aquifer/aquiclude properties and stratigraphy, groundwater table, groundwater recharge and discharge,

geology: soil, geological structures, stratigraphy and lithology,

ecological aspects: e.g., nature reserves, protected geotopes, water protection areas.

This is accompanied by a reconnaissance survey in the field and by a historical review of earlier use of the site (interviews of persons who lived or worked around the site during the time of mining or industrial operations).

The following aspects or parts of them must be taken into account for a detailed site investigation and assessment:

geology: thickness and lateral extent of strata and geological units, lithology, homogeneity and heterogeneity, bedding conditions and tectonic structures, fractures, impact of weathering,

groundwater: water table, water content, direction and rate of groundwater flow, hydraulic conductivity, value of aquifer,

geochemical site characterization: chemical composition of soil, rocks and groundwater, estimation of contaminant retention,

geotechnical stability: The geological barrier must be capable of adsorbing strain from the weight of a landfill, slag heap or industrial building.

geogenic events: active faults, karst, earthquakes, subsidence, landslides,

anthropogenic activities: mining damage, buildings, quarries, gravel pits, clay pits, etc., and

changes in soil and groundwater quality.

An interdisciplinary geoscientific program is required for a site investigation. Numerous methods are available for such studies. The geological and hydrogeological conditions as well as the surface conditions (e.g., vegetation, surface sealing, buildings) at the site must be taken into consideration when the investigation methods are selected. There are some rules of thumb for site investigations: Start with the less expensive methods, expanding as necessary to more expensive methods for detailed investigations, i.e., remote sensing

4 1 Introduction

before geophysics, geology and hydrogeology before geochemistry and modeling. Mapping should be carried out before sounding and drilling, investigations of the area as a whole before point data. First, a representation of the data is made, it is then interpreted, and an assessment of the conditions at the site is made. Not only the geological structures immediately below a landfill, slag heap or industrial site has to be examined, but also the surrounding area. The investigation of the surrounding area must include that part of the geological barrier that is expected to be needed for contaminant retention and that part of the regional groundwater system that will possibly become contaminated. Each landfill, mining or industrial site, whether in operation or abandoned, is within a groundwater system of several tens of square kilometers. A general survey of this area has to be made. A detailed study must be carried out in an area of 0.1 - 1 km² around the site itself. The structures down to a depth of 50 m are relevant to a study of abandoned and planned waste disposal sites. It is often necessary to extend the investigations down to 150 m to obtain information on the groundwater system. In some cases, the geology and the groundwater system below groundwater protection areas also have to be investigated in order to assess their vulnerability to pollution.

The following methods and tools can be used to assess a geological barrier and the potential for the spread of contaminants: Remote sensing methods can provide geoscientific data for large areas in a relatively very short time. They are not limited by extremes in terrain or hazardous conditions that may be encountered during an on-site appraisal. In many cases aerial photographs and satellite images should be used to prepare a base map of the investigation area. Remote sensing methods can enable a preliminary assessment and site characterization of an area prior to the use of more costly and time consuming techniques, such as field mapping, geophysical surveys and drilling. The data obtained from satellite-based remote-sensing systems is best suited for regional studies as well as for detecting and monitoring large-scale environmental problems. However, for detailed site characterization, satellite data is sometimes of limited use due to relatively low spatial resolution. Mapping scales of 1 : 10 000 or larger are required for a detailed geoenvironmental assessment of landfills, mining, and industrial sites. High-resolution aerial photographs, airborne scanners, and some satellite-based remote-sensing systems provide data at the required spatial resolution (e.g., 70 cm and better). Aerial photographs made at different times can reveal the changes at sites suspected to be hazardous.

Geophysical methods are used to develop a model of the geology below the site, to locate fracture zones, to investigate the groundwater system, to detect and delineate abandoned landfills and contamination plumes, as well as to obtain information on the lithology and physical parameters of the ground. Necessary condition for a meaningful use of geophysical methods is the existence of contrasts in the physical parameter values (magnetization,