GG 103 Aloha and Welcome to Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Nasir Gazdar, Ph.D, MPH
Geology 103 field assignment 2014
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Transcript of Geology 103 field assignment 2014
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GEOLOGY FIELD ASSIGNMENT
By: Jenna Cooper
Geology 103-01
Mark Lawler
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Tehachapi, California35°07'55.9"N 118°26'56.3"W
• 50,000 acres
• Tehachapi Mountains ranging from 4,000 - 8,000 feet elevation
• Located in mountains between the Mojave Desert and San Joaquin Valley
• The first people to settle in Tehachapi were the Native American tribe, Kawaiisu (Nuwa), which means “The People.”
• Tehachapi derived from Kawaiisu word “tihachipia” meaning “hard climb.”
(Tehachapi, 2014).
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Quartz (SiO2)
• Silicate Mineral
• Found in Sedimentary, Igneous, and Metamorphic Rocks
• Most commonly found mineral on Earth
Milky Quartz
Composition: Silicon dioxide
Cleavage: None
Moh’s Hardness Scale: 7
Streak: White or Clear
Color: White, Pink, Red, Black, Gray, Purple, Brown, Green, Blue, Multi, Colorless
Luster: Vitreous
Crystal System: Hexagonal
Gray Quartz
(Alden, n.d.)
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Conglomerate
• Clastic Sedimentary Rock
• Large (greater than two millimeters in diameter) rounded clasts (King, n.d.b).
• Contains various rock and mineral particles stuck together by sand, mud, or chemical cement due to weathering
• Pebbles and rocks often go downstream and become cemented together as clay and soil fill in gaps
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Basalt• Igneous Rock
• Dark colored, fine-grained “composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals” (King, n.d.a).
• Produced in oceanic divergent boundaries, oceanic hotspots, and plumes and/or hotspots below continents
• Usually in extrusive, lava forms
• Underlines majority of Earth’s surface and ocean basins
• Used for asphalt pavements, tiles, concrete aggregate, etc.
Vesicular Basalt or Scoria
Basalt Outcropping
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Granite• Igneous Rock
• Red, Pink, Gray, or White in color with dark mineral grains
• Composed “mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and other minerals” (King, n.d.c).
• Forms from slow crystallization of magma
• Most common igneous rock on Earth’s surface
• Used for countertops, tiles, monuments, etc.
• Tehachapi, CA is mostly made up of granite
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Siltstone
• Clastic Sedimentary Rock
• Composed of silica, mica, “chlorite, and other micaceous clay minerals” (Editors, n.d.).
• Under heat and pressure, it can change into metamorphic rocks, gneiss or schist
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Evolution of Lizards
• Not a lot of fossil evidence found
• First appeared during the Mesozoic Era during the Triassic and some evidence has suggested existence during the Permian (Datta & Ray, 2006).
• Existed on Earth for approximately 200 million years
• Amniotes – lay amniotic eggs “in which the embryo develops in a fluid-filled amnion” (Monroe & Wicander, 2012).
• Over time, majority of lizards have reduced in size
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Lacertilia
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Evolution of Raccoons
• Lived during the late Oligocene epoch, 25 million years ago (Zeveloff, 2002).
• First appeared in Europe
• First were carnivorous, now are omnivorous
• Lived in trees, but adapted to trees, dens, and now urban areas
• Intelligence level has increased greatly due to their dwelling in urban areas
• Increased in decaying of teeth, obesity, heart defects, blood pressure, and laziness (Kaufman, 2012).
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Procyonidae
Genus: Procyon
Species: P. lotor
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Evolution of the LandKawaiisu (Nuwa) Native American Pictograph Site
• Discovered in 1973 by two girls in Golden Hills, Tehachapi, CA.
• Pictographs predate to approximately 800 A.D.
• Inside the rock shelter are large pictographs, but much of it has been destroyed due to fire damage.
• Other pictographs have faded due to weathering from snow and rain
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Kawaiisu (Nuwa) Native American Pictograph Site
Shelter from fire damageShelter digitally remastered to show what
pictographs should look like (Mattern, 2013).
Various pictographs digitally remastered (Mattern, 2013).
Various pictographs
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Elizabeth Lake34° 39′ 56.95″ N, 118° 24′ 9.29″ W
• Part of Los Angeles County in California, west of the Antelope Valley and surrounded by the Sierra Pelona Mountains.
• Lake was created by motions from the Earth’s tectonic plates (U.S., 2004).
• Originally named La Laguna de Diablo (Devil’s Lake) because legend was the Devil’s monster lived within the lake.
(Elizabeth Lake, 2014).
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Evolution of the LandElizabeth Lake Fire
• In 2013, there was a fire, known as the Powerhouse Fire, that burned approximately 30,000 acres and left the hills covered in ash
Elizabeth Lake Before
Elizabeth Lake After
Fire
After
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Evolution of LandFire
• “Fire can impact a variety of soil physical and chemical properties including the loss or reduction of structure and soil organic matter, reduced porosity, and increased pH” (British, n.d.).
• Increased hydrophobicity, runoff, and decreased infiltration which causes increase in erosion
• Loss of organic matter and soil moisture
• Loss of vegetation
• Vegetation evolves to become more resistant to heat or takes a longer time to regenerate and repopulate the area
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References• Alden, A. (n.d.). Quartz: How to Tell It, Different Kinds, What It Means. About.com Geology. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from
http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/a/aboutquartz.htm
• British Colombia Ministry of Agriculture. (n.d.). Fire Effects on Rangeland Factsheet. Retrieved from
http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/range/publications/documents/fire2.htm
• Datta, P. M. & Ray, S. (2006). "Earliest lizards from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (4):
795–800. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[795:ELFTLT]2.0.CO;2.
• Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Siltstone (rock). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/544686/siltstone
• Elizabeth Lake [Map]. (2014). Retrieved from Google Maps website:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lake+Elizabeth/@34.6662381,-118.4024062,1574m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!
1s0x80c26f30ce4c5577:0x2377cb34cdcff66f?hl=en
• Kaufman, F. (Executive Producer). (2012, February 8). Raccoons and the City [Television broadcast]. PBS.
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References• King, H. (n.d.a). Basalt. : Igneous Rock. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from http://geology.com/rocks/basalt.shtml
• King, H. (n.d.b). Conglomerate. : Sedimentary Rock. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from http://geology.com/rocks/conglomerate.shtml
• King, H. (n.d.c). Granite. : Igneous Rock. Retrieved June 17, 2014, from http://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml
• Mattern, J. (2013, March 16). Kawaiisu Pictographs. [Rock Art]. Tehachapi, CA.
• Monroe, J.S., & Wicander, R. (2012). The Changing Earth Exploring Geology and Evolution.
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
• Tehachapi [Map]. (2014). Retrieved from Google Maps website:
https://www.google.com/maps/@35.128353,-118.4933395,25041m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en
• U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. (May 2004). Draft Land Management Plan: Part 2-Angeles National Forest Strategy
(.PDF). R5-MB-041. p. 47.
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References• Zeveloff, S. I. (2002). Raccoons: a natural history. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.