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Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies
Safety of Dams
International Waterways
Disputed areas
Use of country systems
Transparency
Accountability
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
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©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
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EXAMPLES:RWANDA BURUNDI-
TRANSBOUNDARY MARSHLAND
MALI-MINING DEVELOPMENT
AFRICA- ERADICATION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS
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©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
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CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE
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CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE
Emerging issue for Africa
How to avoid contributing to climate change or help attenuate the problem?
How to adapt to a changing and variable climate ?
How to integrate resilience to climate variablity and change into development?
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
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Programme Pilote pour la Résilience Climatique
INVENTAIRE ET PRIORITÉS Résilience Climatique au Niger
REPUBLIQUE DU NIGER -------------------
MINISTERE DE L’ECONOMIE ET DES FINANCES
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5 PRIORITÉS
DEVELOP TOOLS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE SUCH AS SEA WHICH INTEGRATE CLIMATE RESILIENCE INTO PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING
IMPROVE CLIMATE MODELING AND DOWSCALING CAPABILITIES AND IMPROVE THE DATA BASE FOR CLIMATE LONG RUN VIEW
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5 PRIORITÉS
SLM AND IWRM: PROMOTE AND SUSTAIN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND EROSION CONTROL
DEVELOP AND SET UP AN INSURANCE SYSTEM AND A MUTUAL-COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
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5 PRIORITÉS
VENIR EN APPUI À LA CONSOLIDATION ET AU RENFORCEMENT DE LA COORDINATION DES PROGRAMMES, PLANS, INITIATIVES ET STRATÉGIES EN MATIÈRE DE CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES
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CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE TOOLS ?
TOOL DEVELOPED FOR DEVELOPED BY
CLIMATE MAPPER USAID NASA/U.COLORADO
CC DATA PORTAL WORLD BANK Numerous incl MCGILL
WE-ADAPT SIDA STOCKHOLM ENV. INS.
ORCHID DFID
CLLIMATE PROOF GTZ POTSDAM INST.
CRISTAL IISD
PRECIS HADLEY MET CENTER
VULNERABILITY ASS JICA
+SEVERAL OTHERS
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CAN WE COMBINE SEA AND CG TOOLS ?
©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
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EXAMPLE OF MALICLIMATE PROOFING
AND SEA OF NATIONAL SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION
PROGRAMME
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COLLAPSE OF GOVERNANCE
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ÉVALUATIONS ÉVALUATIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES ET ENVIRONNEMENTALES ET
CONFLITS ARMÉSCONFLITS ARMÉSMichel A. BouchardMichel A. Bouchard
Al Hamndou DorsoumaAl Hamndou Dorsouma
Les impacts des conflits armés sur la qualité de vie, la santé humaine et la diversité biologique en Afrique, Kinshasa, 26-29 mai 2008
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L’environnement est devenu depuis quelques années une préoccupation importante en situation de conflit armé ou de catastrophes naturelles, et une partie du PNUE y est consacré.
Environmental Assessment of Armed Conflict has been going on for many years now, especially within « POST CONFLICT » context and even structured organisations such as UNEP-Post Conflict Branch
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2. Les préoccupations se sont centrées principalement sur les EFFETS et l’Évaluation des dommages en situation immédiate de la phase Post Conflit , surtout à l’aide deA) DESK STUDIESB) EXPERTISES RAPIDES SUR
LES LIEUX
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1. POUR ÉVALUER LES DOMMAGES AUX FINS DE COMPENSATION MONÉTAIRE
2. AUX FINS DE GUIDER ET D’ASSISTER LA RECONSTRUCTION ET LA RÉHABILITATION
3. AUX FINS DE PRÉVENTION
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1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information
Direct environmental impacts:
What are the environmetal impacts of war?• Bomb damage• Landmines and UXO’s• Depleted Uranium• Military Waste disposal• Troop movements
What are the environmental impacts of war?
Sabotage of resources
Depleted uranium
Landmines and UXOsBomb damage
Military waste Troop movements
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1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information
Indirect environmental impacts:
Indirect Impacts• Refugees• Sanctions• Collapse of Management• Military Exploitation• Opportunity costs• Use of marginal lands
What are the environmental impacts of war?
Collapse of management
Military exploitation
SanctionsRefugees
Corruption Use of marginal lands
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UNEP post-conflict assessmentsUNEP post-conflict assessments
Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:
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UNEP post-conflict assessmentsUNEP post-conflict assessments
Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo conflict:conflict:
Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo conflict:conflict:
1999 2000 2000
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de P. Haavisto (2005) 26
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ToolsTools
Collection of existing environmental Collection of existing environmental informationinformation
Sharing of information between UN Sharing of information between UN agencies and NGOsagencies and NGOs
GIS and remote sensing analysesGIS and remote sensing analyses
Interviews and meetingsInterviews and meetings
Site inspections Site inspections
Repeat photographyRepeat photography
Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and analyses analyses
Review of material received during the Review of material received during the missionsmissions
Expert panel analyses of the resultsExpert panel analyses of the results
Collection of existing environmental Collection of existing environmental informationinformation
Sharing of information between UN Sharing of information between UN agencies and NGOsagencies and NGOs
GIS and remote sensing analysesGIS and remote sensing analyses
Interviews and meetingsInterviews and meetings
Site inspections Site inspections
Repeat photographyRepeat photography
Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and analyses analyses
Review of material received during the Review of material received during the missionsmissions
Expert panel analyses of the resultsExpert panel analyses of the results
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PRE CONFLIT
SYN CONFLIT
POST CONFLIT
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REHAB
ASSISTANCERELIEF
PO
ST-C
ON
FLIT
RECONSTRUCTION
« REA » méthodes multiples
ÉES
ÉIE
TYPE PNUE
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SY
N-C
ON
FLIT
DEPLOIEMENT
CONVENTIONS DE GENÈVE
ENMOD
CICR
su
rveilla
nce?
Milit
ary
Op
s
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PR
E-C
ON
FLIT
PRE-DEPLOIEMENT
« ÉES » OUDIAGNOSTIC
ENVIRONMENTAL INTELLIGENCE
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©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008
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Orbites Landsat 7
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Landsat 7 - 11 décembre 2001
Perturbationsenvironnementales
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GOLD EXPORT FROM OUGANDA
Source: Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development cited by (GRIP 2003)
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conclusion
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3 general and unrelated conclusions
1) There is an ambiguous link between development and natural resources endowment2) There is a link between poverty and environment3) We need to tools at a new integrated level
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DÉVELOPPEMENT ET RESSOURCES NATURELLES?
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20%
80%30
5
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40©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
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Management and Governance challenges
GOUVERNANCETOOLS
MONITORING OBSERVATORYTOOLS
COUNTRIESECOSYSTEM BASEDCHALLENGES
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• Traditional Natural Resources Management strategies are being challenged while inability to cope with changing conditions lead rapidly to irreversible land degradation.
• Challenges have changed scales and new factors have compounded the issues: namely demographic growth, climate change, global trade rules and others.
• New threats and challenges cross national boundaries while still all requiring local-based actions or solutions.
• Emerging and growing national transboundary issues include urbanisation, migration, land use conflicts and resource-based potential conflicts.
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• While there are many solutions at various scales, including local based initiatives, and numerous opportunities for developing drylands, two major issues need to be confronted now: – Developing resilience to climatic variability– Stopping irreversible losses of agricultural capabilities
by erosion (loss of soils)
• Both issues raise questions of the need for integrated MONITORING and GOVERNANCE
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MONITORING
Agrégation/Sélection
Intégration et homogénéisation Diagnostic Suivi/Monitoring sur le long terme
OBSERVATION LO CALE
OBSERVATION SATELLITALE
New tools needed
NATIONAL LEVEL
LARGE ECOSYSTEM SCALES
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
GOVERNANCE
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45©Michel A. Bouchard 2010
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THANK YOU
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• Drylands have given the World a profound contribution and legacy, notably the semi-nomadic and associated land tenure and land management practices and associated arts and cultures.
• Traditional ways of living were capable of coping with numerous vagaries of nature and resilience was the norm.
• Challenges have changed scales and new factors have compounded the issues: namely demographic growth, climate change, global trade rules and others.
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Politique et Critères de performance en matière de Durabilité sociale et environnementale
Évaluation environnementale et sociale et systèmes de management
Main d’œuvre et conditions de travail
Prévention et Réduction de la pollution
Hygiène, Sécurité et relations communautaires
Acquisition des terres et déplacements forcés
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Politique et Critères de performance en matière de Durabilité sociale et environnementale
Conservation de la biodiversité et gestion durable des terres
Populations autochtones
Héritage culturel
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Natural resources have fuelled the conflictNatural resources have fuelled the conflict
Liberia is a country with an area Liberia is a country with an area of 111 370 km2of 111 370 km2
Population of 3,3 million Population of 3,3 million
Rich forest resources, minerals Rich forest resources, minerals include diamonds, gold, and iron include diamonds, gold, and iron ore ore
14 years of civil war have lead to 14 years of civil war have lead to the ruin of the countrythe ruin of the country
Country’s rich natural resources Country’s rich natural resources have created and fuelled the have created and fuelled the conflictconflict
United Nations sanctions on United Nations sanctions on diamonds and timberdiamonds and timber
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Liberia has a lot of child soldiersLiberia has a lot of child soldiers
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Some IDP´s have moved 7 timesSome IDP´s have moved 7 times
275 000 people in IDP 275 000 people in IDP camps camps
Problems in providing Problems in providing freshwater, sanitation freshwater, sanitation and waste and waste managementmanagement
Areas around the IDP Areas around the IDP camps are subject to a camps are subject to a higher environmental higher environmental impact – such as impact – such as deforestation as a deforestation as a result of the collection result of the collection of fuel woodof fuel wood
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Monrovia currently has 800 000 inhabitants - its sewage Monrovia currently has 800 000 inhabitants - its sewage treatment system was designed for a population of 130 000treatment system was designed for a population of 130 000
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Lack of electricity is increasing reliance on charcoal and fuel woodLack of electricity is increasing reliance on charcoal and fuel wood
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Shifting cultivation (slash and burn) is threateningShifting cultivation (slash and burn) is threateningLiberian forestsLiberian forests
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New logging roads are part of the illegal timber trade, but are New logging roads are part of the illegal timber trade, but are also used by bushmeat huntersalso used by bushmeat hunters
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Alluvial diamond mining Alluvial diamond mining poses threats to riparian poses threats to riparian
habitat and increases the habitat and increases the environmental risks for environmental risks for
downstreamdownstream
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UNEP work in Liberia
Unregulated sandmining along a river outside Gbarnga and along the coast outside of
Monrovia is causing erosion