ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS OF ENERGY SECTOR...

ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS OF ENERGYSECTOR (NON-RENEWABLE)

Suresh Jain, Ph.D.Professor,

TERI University, 10 Institutional AreaVasant Kunj, New Delhi-110070

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Training schedule for environment audit of infrastructure andrenewable energy projects (9th to 13th March, 2015)

Non-renewable energy sources

Non-renewable energy is energy from fossil fuelssuch as coal, crude oil, natural gas and uranium.

Fossil fuels are mainly made up of Carbon.

Usage of non-renewable energy resources

Source: November 15, 2014: www.globalpost.com

Usage of non-renewable energy resources

Background – Indian context

The energy sector is the major contributor toeconomic and industrial accomplishments as wellas a pre-requisite for providing the basic humanneeds.

In India, the main source of electricity generation iscoal, which contributes to about ~56% of theelectricity generation, whereas natural gas alsocontributes a significant ~10% towards electricitygeneration.

Overview of installed generation capacityof power in India

REGION

Installed capacity (MW)

ThermalNuclear HYDRO RES* TOTAL

COAL GAS DSL TOTAL

Northern 29924 4671 13 34608 1620 15424 4438 56089

Western 42479 8255 17 50752 1840 7448 8147 68186

Southern 23032 4963 939 28935 1320 11338 11769 53362

Eastern 22338 190 17 2254 0 3882 411 26838

N. Eastern 60 824 143 1027 0 1200 228 2455

Islands - - 70 70 0 0 6 76

All India 117833 18903 1199 117646 4780 39291 24998 207006

*RES - Renewable Energy Sources includes Small Hydro Project(SHP), Biomass Gas(BG), Biomass Power(BP), Urban &Industrial waste Power(U&I), and Wind Energy categorized by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. Source: CEA, 2012

Overview of installed generation capacity ofpower in India

COAL57%

GAS9%DSL

1%

Nuclear2%

Hydro19%

RES12%

Classifying the impacts of energy use

By source For example, oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, biomass, hydroelectricity etc.

By pollutant Pb, CO, Nox, SOx, RSPM (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10), SPM, HC, VOC, CH4 etc.

By scale Household scale

wood burning in developing countries Workplace scale

Biomass harvesting and forestry Hydro and wind power Coal, oil and gas Nuclear power

Community scale Sulphur dioxide, NOx, CO, Dioxins etc.

Regional scale Acid deposition

Global scale Global climate change

Impact on human health

The impact pathway approach

Case study

Examples from thermal power

Life cycle assessment -a case study of thermal power plant

Methodology

The CML 2001 and Eco-Indicator 99 (H) methods havebeen used for midpoint and endpoint impacts,respectively using life cycle analysis (LCA).

This study uses ISO 14040 methodology along with‘cradle to gate’ approach which includes upstream andpower generation processes.

The primary data collected by personal visits for airemissions, wastewater, fuel used, and technicalspecifications.

The impacts category comprised of global warming,acidification, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, carcinogens,respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics and climatechange.

Environmental impact assessment

Source: Eco indicator 1999-H method would be used for environmental impact assessment using LCA approach

LCA framework usedto estimate the lifecycle environmentalimpacts from NGCCthermal power plant

Source: Agrawal, K., Jain, S., Jain, A.K.,Dahiya, S., 2014. Assessment ofEnvironmental Impacts of Natural GasCombined Cycle Power Plant using life cycleapproach. Environmental Development ,doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2014.04.002

Boundary conditions

Global warming and climate changepotential - NGCC thermal power plant

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

Combustion process Remaining process

GW

P (k

g C

O2

eq./k

Wh)

(a) Global Warming Potential (CML)

0.0E+00

2.0E-08

4.0E-08

6.0E-08

8.0E-08

1.0E-07

1.2E-07

Combustion process Remaining process

CC

P (D

AL

Y/k

Wh)

(b) Climate Change potential (Eco-Indicator)

Human health damage potential - NGCC

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Combustion process Remaining processes

HT

P (

kg 1

,4-D

B e

q./k

Wh)

(a) Human Toxicity potential (CML 2001)

5.08E-08

5.1E-08

5.12E-08

5.14E-08

5.16E-08

5.18E-08

5.2E-08


Res

pira

tory

inor

gani

cs (

DA

LY

/kW

h)

(c) Respiratory Inorganics potential(Eco-Indicator-99)

0

5E-11

1E-10

1.5E-10

2E-10

2.5E-10

3E-10

3.5E-10

4E-10


Res

pira

tory

org

anic

s (D

AL

Y/k

Wh)

(d) Respiratory Organics potential(Eco-Indicator-99)

0

5E-10

1E-09

1.5E-09

2E-09

2.5E-09

3E-09


CP

(D

AL

Y/k

Wh)

(b) Carcinogens potential (Eco-Indicator-99)

Globalwarming andclimate changepotential of 1kWh electricitygeneration –Imported coalvs. natural gas

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

Upstream + Combustionprocesses

Combustion process

GW

P (k

g C

O2

eq./k

Wh) (a) Global Warming Potential (IPCC 2001)

Imported coal NGCC

0.0E+00

5.0E-08

1.0E-07

1.5E-07

2.0E-07

2.5E-07

3.0E-07

3.5E-07

Upstream + Combustionprocesses

Combustion process

CC

P (D

ALY/

kWh)

(b) Climate Change Potential (Eco-Indicator 99-H)

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

Total of all processes Combustion process

kg 1

,4-D

B e

q.

(a) Human Toxicity Impacts (CML 2001)

Coal TPP with FGD Coal TPP without FGD Natural Gas TPP

0.0E+00

5.0E-11

1.0E-10

1.5E-10

2.0E-10

2.5E-10

3.0E-10

3.5E-10

4.0E-10

4.5E-10


DA

LY

(c) Respiratory Organic Impacts (Eco-Indicator 99-H)


0.0E+00

2.0E-08

4.0E-08

6.0E-08

8.0E-08

1.0E-07

1.2E-07

1.4E-07


DA

LY

(d) Carcinogenic Impacts (Eco-Indicator99-H)


0.0E+00

3.0E-07

6.0E-07

9.0E-07

1.2E-06

1.5E-06

1.8E-06


DA

LY

(b) Respiratory Inorganics Impacts (Eco-Indicator 99-H)


Human health damage potential

0.E+00

2.E-03

4.E-03

6.E-03

8.E-03

1.E-02

1.E-02

1.E-02

2.E-02


kg S

O2

eq.

(a) Acidification Impacts (CML 2001)

0.E+00

2.E-04

4.E-04

6.E-04

8.E-04

1.E-03

1.E-03

1.E-03


kg P

O4

eq.

(b) Eutrophication Impacts (CML 2001)

0.0E+00

5.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.5E-02

2.0E-02

2.5E-02

3.0E-02

3.5E-02

4.0E-02


PDF×

m2

×yr

(c) Acidification/ Eutrophication Impacts (Eco-Indicator 99-H)

Coal TPP with FGDCoal TPP without FGDNatural Gas TPP

0.E+00

2.E-02

4.E-02

6.E-02

8.E-02

1.E-01

1.E-01

1.E-01

2.E-01


kg 1

,4-D

B e

q.

(a) Fresh Water Aquatic Toxicity Impacts (CML 2001)

0.E+00

1.E-01

2.E-01

3.E-01

4.E-01

5.E-01

6.E-01


kg 1

,4-D

B e

q.

(b) Marine Water Aquatic Toxicity Impacts (CML 2001)

0.0E+00

2.0E-02

4.0E-02

6.0E-02

8.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.2E-01


PA

F×

m2

×yr

(c) Ecotoxicity impacts (Eco-Indicator 99-H)

Coal TPP with FGDCoal TPP without FGDNatural Gas TPP

Uncertainty analysis for imported coal withFGD vs. without FGD technology

Conti..

Cost analysis

Parameter Units Coal based TPP Gas based TPP

Fixed Cost Rs/kWh 1.55 1.54

Variable Cost Rs/kWh 2.11 3.09

Total Cost Rs/kWh 3.66 4.63

References

Agrawal, K., Jain, S., Jain, A.K., Dahiya, S., 2014. Assessment ofEnvironmental Impacts of Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant usinglife cycle approach. Environmental Development,doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2014.04.002.

Agrawal, K., Jain, S., Jain, A.K., Dahiya, S., 2014. Assessment ofgreenhouse gas emissions from imported coal and natural gas combinedcycle thermal power plants using life cycle approach in India. InternationalJournal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(4): 1157-64.

Cobert, A., 2009. Environmental Comparison of Michelin Tweel™ AndPneumatic Tire using Life Cycle Analysis, Georgia Institute of Technology.

Bibliography

http://www.slideshare.net/sandeep7162/analysis-of-environmental-impact-on-oil-gas-company?related=1

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=18491

Case study

Impacts from transport sector

Introduction

• Nine districts spread in an area of 1483 square kilometers (in 2011)• Population is 16.75 million (2011) and projected to grow up to 23 million

by 2020• Largest road network with 7.49 million registered vehicles• Current traffic volume 182.7 million PKM and projected to increase up

to 280.9 million by 2021

Urbanization & transportation in Delhi

• Automobiles cause 66% of total transport-based carbon emissions inDelhi

• Ambient air pollutants from automobile violates NAAQS reflecting poorair quality and deteriorating human health

• Policy interventions till date focus more on controlling the ambient airemissions; while, the impact of urban transport on climate remainsunrecognized (Aggarwal and Jain, 2014)

Energy demand and CO2 emissions

Scope of work & objectives

Inventorizingand

characterizing on-road

vehicleactivity

Energydemandmodeling

Carbonemission

accounting

Future policyintervention

using ScenarioAnalysis

To assess the impact of transport policyinterventions on energy demand and carbonemission in Delhi region; using ASIF energymodelling and scenario analysis approach

Study area

ASI and ASF framework for estimationof energy demand and CO2 emissions

Where, EEnergy is energy demand from all modes of transport; ECO2-emissionis CO2 emission load from all modes of transport;‘k’ represents mode-type (scooter, motorcycle, cars, auto, bus and Delhi metro); ‘j’ represents vehicle technology (2/4stroke); ‘i’ represents fuel type (gasoline/diesel/CNG); represents travel demand activity (in km); represents modalstructure (in percentage); represents vehicle mileage by mode and fuel type (km/kg or km/l); represents fuel-basedcalorific value (MJ/kg or MJ/l); represents CO2emission factor (g/km).

ASF framework for estimation of air emissions

According to the ASIF framework

E = A x S x I x F A is activity level expressed as total travel demand in passenger-kilometers

(PKM). Passenger-kilometer demand by each mode has been estimated usingvehicle kilometers (VKM) travelled and occupancy of each mode. VKM = Total number of vehicles in each mode x Average vehicle utilization Travel demand = ∑ PKM = ∑ VKM x Occupancy

S stands for structure, which is the modal split of travel demand. I is energy intensity i.e. energy consumed per passenger kilometer. Energy

intensity depends upon occupancy and fuel efficiency of the mode. I = 1/(Mileage x occupancy)

F is emission factor of the fuel used. Energy consumed in passenger transport = ∑Total passenger kilometers x Share of

each mode x Energy intensity of each mode Total emissions resulting from passenger transport = ∑Energy consumed in

passenger transport x emission factors for each of the fuels used in different modes

37

Scenario analysisScenario Description and Rationale2007-REF Lines 1 to 3 of the Delhi metro (part of IMRTS), covering a distance of 65 km are taken as

operational2021-BAU No policy interventions except covered under 2007-REF year

BS IV was introduced in the year 2010 and others have been have been assumed inaccordance to BS III norms, respectively.

2021-ALT-I Full phase of IMRTS implementation, which includes 4 phases of Delhi metro and BusRapid Transit (BRT) system, has been considered by the year 2021 (see SI Table S.3), inaddition to the assumptions taken in 2021-BAU.

2021-ALT-II Two interventions have been added to the 2021-ALT-I scenario, in addition to theassumptions taken in 2021-BAU –(i) bus speed has been regulated to 25 km h–1 because of new infrastructural developmentfor dedicated bus corridors, and (ii) parking fees has been hiked (from Rs. 10-20 to Rs. 60-200) for private vehicles.

2021-ALT-III One intervention have been added to 2021-ALT-II scenario, in addition to the assumptionstaken in 2021-BAU –(i) Fuel economy standards have been implemented for gasoline and diesel cars in India,by 2017 (as proposed by EU).

2021-ALT-IV One intervention have been added to 2021-ALT-II scenario, in addition to the assumptionstaken in 2021-BAU –(i) Occupancy for two-wheelers has been increased from 1.2 to 1.5 and for car willincrease from 1.8 to 3.

Energy and CO2 emission in 2021 (BAU & ALT)

• Energy demand reduced from 65.4 billion MJ to 44.6 billion MJ (32% reduction)• CO2 emission reduced from 4.1 million tons to 2.9 million tons

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

125%

2021-BAU 2021-ALT-I 2021-ALT-II 2021-ALT-III 2021-ALT-IV

% c

hang

e in

Ene

rgy

and

CO

2

2021 Scenarios

Energy CO2

Private and public share in 2021 (ALT scenario)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2021-ALT-I 2021-ALT-II 2021-ALT-III 2021-ALT-IV

% c

hang

e in

Ene

rgy

and

CO

2

2021 Scenario

Energy-Private Energy-Public CO2-Private CO2-Public

Fuel and CNG usage in 2007 and 2021 (All scenario)

• 48% reduction in fuel demand in 2021-ALT-IV• Demand for electricity increased by 71%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2007-REF 2021-BAU 2021-ALT-I 2021-ALT-II 2021-ALT-III 2021-ALT-IV

Die

sel (

in li

tre) a

nd E

lect

ricity

(in

MJ)

*

Gas

olin

e (in

litre

) and

CN

G (i

n kg

)*

Gasoline (l) CNG (kg) Diesel (l) Electricity (kWh)

Annual emissions from passengertransport under different scenarios

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2007-BASE 2021-BAU 2021-ALT-I 2021-ALT-II 2021-ALT-III

PM10

(in

tons

/yea

r)

Emis

sion

s (in

thou

sand

s to

ns/y

ear)

CO HC NO2 PM10

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