Enlightenment & Revolution
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Transcript of Enlightenment & Revolution
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The Scientific Revolution The Renaissance inspired curiosity
between 1300 and 1600 Questioning ideas that had been accepted Answers came from Ancient Greek or
Roman writers or the Bible
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Geocentric theory People believed the earth was an
immovable object in the center of the universe
Came from ancient Greek philosophers Earth was a special place
Christianity- God placed Earth at the center of the universe
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Scientific Revolution- new ideas challenging old philosophers and the church ways of thinking
Before this nobody dared to question the church
Traveling to Asia, Africa and the Americas showed people that they didn’t know everything
Printing press (first copy machine) helped spread ideas quickly
3,600 pages a day compared to 40
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NEW VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE Geocentric theory didn’t explain reality Copernicus studied movement of sun, stars
and planets for over 25 years Came up with heliocentric theory (sun centered) Knew his ideas would be rejected by the Church Published his book in his last year alive Other philosophers continued his ideas
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Galileo built a telescope to study the heavens in 1609
Church was frightened by this Went against what they taught
Pope called Galileo to stand trial before the Inquisition Threatened torture and forced to say his
ideas were false Lived under house arrest until his death in
1642 Ideas still spread Catholic church admitted he was right in
1992
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Scientific Method
A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Hypothesis, test, and conclusion Used instead of relying on the church or
ancient readings Based on the ideas of Bacon and
Descartes Bacon-experiment Descartes- mathematics/logic
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Newton and the Law of Gravity
Every object in the universe attracts every other object, depending on the mass
Explained the way all the parts in the universe worked together like a clock Believed God was the clockmaker
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Scientific Revolution Spreads
New tools to make better observations First microscope in 1590
Used to examine bacteria Barometer
Measured atmospheric pressure Thermometer
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Medicine Previously believed ancient writings Never dissected a human being Galen gave detailed drawings of the
human anatomy Smallpox vaccine
Injected germs from cowpox into humans Protected them from the much worse
smallpox
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The Enlightenment in Europe
Enlightenment- a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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2 Views on Government Hobbes
Hobbes Social Contract Ruler in total power to keep the order Absolute Monarchy
Locke Humans learned from experience Could govern their own affairs Natural rights-life, liberty and property Absolute monarchy bad-self government
good Power comes from the people-democracy
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Philosophes
French word for philosophers People could apply reason to life
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Voltaire Combats Intolerance Pen name Published 70+ books/essays Used satire Made many enemies
Sent to prison, then exiled Used his pen to fight intolerance,
prejudice and injustice “I do not agree with a word you say but
will defend to the death your right to say it”
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Women and the Enlightenment Many ideas about improving education
Still thought women’s education should focus on the being a wife and mother
Thought women shouldn’t read novels “If absolute sovereignty be not
neccesary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family…If all men are born free how is it that all women are slaves?”
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Mary Wolstonecraft Women needed education Urged women to enter medicine and
politics
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Legacy of the Enlightenment
Belief in progress Scientific discoveries opened people’s eyes
Secular outlook (non-religious) Importance of the Individual
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The Enlightenment Spreads
Philosophes ideas causing trouble It was illegal to criticize the church or
government Salons- social gatherings where
philosophers writers, artists and scientists discussed ideas Ex. PC Cafe
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Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot- created a large set of books with essays from leading scholars Many Enlightenment ideas Angered the Church “moral corruption, irreligion and unbelief”
Helped spread ideas all over Europe Also spread through newspapers,
pamphlets and even songs
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Middle class growing and becoming literate Able to afford art and books
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New Artistic Styles
Baroque- old style of art, very grand
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Neoclassical- simple, elegant style “new classical” Inspired by Roman art
New forms of music and literature followed Mozart, Beethoven Popular novels with drama/ suspense
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Enlightenment and Monarchy Voltaire thought a monarch was best as
long as they respect the people’s rights Enlightened despots- absolute ruler,
making new reforms for the people Wanted to make countries stronger and
more effective rule, not just to be “nice” Frederick II of Prussia
“First servant of the state” Joseph II of Austria
Freedom of the press, freedom of religion Abolished serfdom
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Catherine the Great Ruled Russia for 34 years Read the Philosophes and wrote letters w/
Voltaire Tried to improve Russia for serfs, but failed Serf rebellion crushed w/ Army Expanded empire
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The American Revolution
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British formed colonies on the East Coast
Over time, colonists saw themselves as less and less British
Business thriving Navigation Act
Most valuable products only sold to Britain Higher taxes on good from other countries
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Americans Win Independence
French and Indian War France (with help of Indians) v Britain Britain wins and takes all French land in
America 9 years of fighting cost the British $$$ Expected colonists to pay it back
Stamp Act Any printed document must have a paid
stamp Taxation without representation!
Nobody in Parliament to approve
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New tax on tea Boston Tea Party British close the harbor
This made many people angry at the King
Shooting exchange Colonists raise an Army Commanded by George Washington
Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson wrote Based on Locke’s ideas
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Mismatched fight
British soldiers trained and experienced Colonists untrained Reasons for success:
Americans fighting for their homeland British overconfident (many mistakes) 3,000 miles apart, very expensive for British Cost too much, called for peace Help from France, wanted to weaken Britain
Americans shocked the world!
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America Creates a Republic
Weak national government under Articles of Confederation No executive or judicial, only Congress No power to collect taxes or regulate trade
New constitution Separation of powers Checks and balances Federal system
Power divided between federal and state governments