Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Transcript of Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Main Ideas
• 1550-1800
- Ideas laid the foundation for a modern worldview based on rationalism and secularism
- Enlightenment intellectuals advocate individual rights, paving the way for the rise of democracy
- Man’s concept of his place in the universe changes
- New philosophies bring about social change
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Background• “Natural Philosophers” did not make observations but
relied on ancient authorities (especially Aristotle). This slowly began to change as
• Technical problems stimulated scientific activity• Printing Press spread new ideas
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What’s Changing?• Systematic doubt• Sensory Verification/Empiricism• Separation of Sciences/specialization• view of the “clockwork” universe
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3
Universes (Two of
which could get you
burned at the stake)
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Ptolemaic Universe• geocentric- Earth centered• universe is a series of concentric spheres• the spheres move around the Earth
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Copernican Universe• Heliocentric- sun centered• believed the sun contained God• Humans are no longer the “center” of the universe
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Copernicus was a mathematician, astronomer, physician, classical scholar, translator, Catholic
cleric, jurist, governor, military leader, and economist. Astronomy was just a hobby for
him…….and he changed the world through it!
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Keplerian Universe• Heliocentric- sun centered• paths of orbit are elliptical instead of circular• perfectly predicted planetary motions
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Galileo Galilei• Provided the Empirical discoveries
that clinched the Copernican-Keplerian view of the universe
• used the telescope to systematically study the heavens, realizing the moon was not gaseous (saw mountains), and discovering planets (moons) orbiting Jupiter
• was charged with heresy by the Catholic church
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Number SystemsCalculate this:MDMCXLVII x CCCLXXIII Exactly.
- Roman numerals were difficult to deal with
- The adoption of Arabic numerals (which were actually Hindu) in the Middle Ages enabled the calculations which led to Ptolemy’s model being overthrown
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Rene Descartes
Philosopher, Mathematician,
Tutor, Mercenary, And……….
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Inventor of the Matrix!
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Descartes’ Ideas• Descartes’ “demon”- How do you know a demon is not
tricking you into believing this is all real?• Cogito Ergo Sum- “I think therefore I am”
- the only thing man can really be sure of is his existence• Dualism- mind vs. matter• Reason=chief form of knowledge= Rationalism
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Newton• Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
(Principia Mathematica)• Defined three laws of motion that governed the universe• Universal law of gravitation= every object in the universe is
attracted to another object by gravity (this explains the elliptical orbits of the planets)
• Invented calculus (along with Leibniz)
***BY THE WAY, IS MATH INVENTED OR DISCOVERED?***
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Francis Bacon
• Philosopher Francis Bacon most responsible for Scientific Method
• He emphasized inductive reasoning – making generalizations about nature from observation & experiments organized to test a hypotheses (educated guess)
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The Enlightenment• 18th century philosophical movement built on Scientific
revolution• Philosophical Characteristics:
- The universe is fundamentally rational, that is, it can be understood through the use of reason alone
- Truth can be arrived at through empirical observation, the use of reason, and systematic doubt
- Human society is governed by natural laws just like the Newtonian physical universe
- Human beings can be improved through education and the development of their rational facilities
- Religious doctrines have no place in the understanding of the physical and human worlds