PREFACELIST OF CONTRIBUTORSCONTENTSCHAPTER 1. IntroductionCHAPTER 2. Origin, composition and properties of petroleumIntroductionGeneration of petroleumGiogenic originThermal generationBiogenic methane

MigrationCompositional changes in the reservoirThermal maturationWater washingBacterial degradation

Composition of petroleumIntroductionSampling, storage and analysis

Compounds in crude oilIntroductionHydrocarbonsCompounds with heteroatomsMetalsAsphaltic components

Physical propertiesClassificationREFERENCES

CHAPTER 3. Fundamentals of enhanced recoveryIntroductionPore geometryMicroscopic aspects of displacementImmiscible displacement and the frontal regionResidual oilResidual oil - magnitudeResidual oil - mobilizationPrevention of trappingBuoyancy forces and prevention of trappingWettabilityWettability and residual oilWettability and oir recoveryMiscible displacementConditionally miscible displacementMacroscopic aspects of displacementSummary and conclusionsREFERENCES

CHAPTER 4. Relative permeabilities IntroductionMathematical models for predicting two- and three-phase relative permeabilitiesExperimental methods for relative permeability measurementSteady-state methodsUnsteady-state (displacement) methods

Nandling of test coresFactors affecting relative permeabilityFluid saturation and saturation historyViscous, capillary, and gravitational forcesWettabilityTemperature

Concluding remarksACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES

CHAPTER 5. Flow tests' analysis: liquid caseThe physical system and its mathematical descriptionThe mass balance equationThe equation of motionThe equation of state

The application of the equation of flow to the physical systemStates of flowFundamantal solution and superpositionThe fundamental solutionSuperposition

Constant-rate drawdown and buildupDrawdownBuildup

SkinThe two-rate flow testMultiple flow rate, drawdownVariable-rate buildupApproximate methodThe t*q* methodThe exact method - superposition

Average reservoir pressureHeterogeneities and flow tests' interpretationWellbore storageMultiphase flowInterference and pulse testingInjection wellsCurve matchingREFERENCES

CHAPTER 6. Enhanced oil recovery injection watersIntroductionOccurrence, origin and evolution of oilfield watersScale compaction and membrane filtration

Chemical and physical properties of oilfield watersInorganic constituentsCationsAnionsPhysical propertiesDissolved gasesStable isotopesOrganic constituents

SamplingDrill-stem testDissolved hydrocarbonsSampling at the flowlineSampling at the wellheadSample for determining unstable properties or speciesSample for stable-isotope analysisSample containersTabulation of sample description

Methods of analysis of oilfield watersEnhanced oil recovery operationsSurfactant and polymer floodsPolymer operationAlkaline flood operationCarbon dioxide floodingMiscible hydrocarbon floodingInert gas injectionIn-situ combustionSteam operations

Injection waterWater sourcesSeawaterSeawater vs. formation water as source water

Water quality testsMembrane filter testWater compatibilityAnhydrite and gypsumWater compatibility testClay sensitivityCore flow testCorrosionBacteriaSulfate-reducing bacteria countTotal bacterial count

Injectivity lossesConclusionsREFERENCES

CHAPTER 7. Some chemical and physical problems in enhanced oil recovery operationsIntroductionPrecipitation and deposition of asphaltenes and paraffinsChemistry of asphaltenes and paraffinsFactors determining asphalt and paraffin depositionRemoval of deposits

Scaling problemsStability criterion for oilfield brines (CaCO3 scale)Calcium sulfate scaleMiscellaneous scalesScale controlScale removal

Formation damage due to migration of finesThe physical chemistry of clay migration and swelling Fines migration in EOR processes

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8. WaterfloodingIntroductionWaterflooding "Rules of thumb"Flood design by analogySweep efficiencyPattern selectionOff-pattern wellsUnconfined patternsFracturesReservoir heterogeneityContinued injection after breakthroughMobility ratio

Major predictive techniquesBuckley-Leverett predictive techniqueDouble Buckley-Leverett techniqueDykstra-Parsons methodStiles method

Carbonate reservoir waterflood predictions and performanceIntroductionIntercrystalling - intergranula porosity systemsPrediction methods and comparison with actual performanceWaterflood performance

Fracture-matrix porosity systems Imbibition flooding

Vugular-solution porosity systemsImproved waterflood processesPolymersSurfactants

Performance of some resent important waterfloodsJay/Little Escambia Creek FieldBell Creek FieldWest Delta Block 73 FieldWichita County Regular Field Salem Unit, Marion County, Illinois

REFERENCES

REFERENCES INDEXSUBJECT INDEX