ENGLISH PAPER ASSIGNMENT

CREATED BY : PUTRI SAGITA UTAMI

CLASS : XII MIA 2

1

SMA N 36 JAKARTAPREFACE

Thank to Almighty God who has given His bless to the writer for finishing the

English paper assignment. The writer also wish to express his deep and sincere gratitude for

those who have guided in completing this paper, especially to Mrs.Nurintan Tarigan,M.Pd as

the english teacher that always teaches us and give much knowledge about how to practice

English well.

This English paper contains some question of understanding reading, dialogue, and

grammar that can help to improve the skill. I realized this assighment is not perfect. But I

hope it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this assignment be

better.

Jakarta, December 30th, 2015

Putri Sagita Utami

NIS : 25313

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface.......................................................................................................................................2Table of contents........................................................................................................................3 CHAPTER I : Reading (text).....................................................................................................4Narrative..................................................................................................................................5-

8 Report (VIDEO)....................................................................................................................9-14Spoof...................................................................................................................................15-18Descriptive..........................................................................................................................19-22News Item (VIDEO)...........................................................................................................23-28Hortatory Exposition...........................................................................................................29-32Procedure (VIDEO)............................................................................................................33-37Recount...............................................................................................................................38-41Analitical Expotition...........................................................................................................42-46Discussion...........................................................................................................................47-52Advertisments.....................................................................................................................53-56Brocures..............................................................................................................................57-61Poster/Phamplets.................................................................................................................62-64Aplication Letter.................................................................................................................65-70Formal/Informal Invitation Card.........................................................................................71-78Caption................................................................................................................................79-83CHAPTER II : Dialogue..........................................................................................................84Giving Advice.....................................................................................................................85-89Asking Information.............................................................................................................90-93Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction..........................................................................................94-99Agree and Disagree.........................................................................................................100-104Offering and Asking for Help (VIDEO).........................................................................105-108Surprising........................................................................................................................109-113Giving Sympathy............................................................................................................114-118Like and Dislike..............................................................................................................119-123Asking, Giving, and Refusing Permission......................................................................124-130Apologizing.....................................................................................................................131-136Ability and Inability (VIDEO)........................................................................................137-140Giving Opinion...............................................................................................................141-144Inviting (VIDEO)............................................................................................................145-150Wish and Hopes..............................................................................................................151-157Expressing Necessity......................................................................................................158-162CHAPTER III : Grammar......................................................................................................163Active and Passive..........................................................................................................164-169Direct and Indirect..........................................................................................................170-178Conditional If (VIDEO)..................................................................................................179-182Subjunctive wish (VIDEO).............................................................................................183-185Causative have and get (VIDEO)....................................................................................186-189Noun Phrase and Adjective Phrase.................................................................................190-197

3

Closing....................................................................................................................................198

Reference................................................................................................................................202

CHAPTER I

READING (TEXT)

4

NARRATIVE TEXT

A. The definition of narrative text

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

B. The purpose of narrative text

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

C. Generic Structures of Narrative Text

1) Orientation

Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.

2) Complication

Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants.

3) Resolution

The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending

4) Re-orientation/Coda

This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a  moral  lesson,  advice  or  teaching  from  the writer

5

Here the generic structure of Snow White

After we discuss about the definition, social function, and generic structure of narrative, now we will learn about language features of narrative.

LANGUAGE FEATURES OF NARRATIVE TEXT

Past tense (killed, drunk,etc) Adverb of time (Once upun a time, one day, etc) Time conjunction (when, then, suddenly, etc) Specific character. The character of the story is specific, not general. (Cinderella,

Snow White, Alibaba, etc) Action verbs. A verb that shows an action. (killed, dug, walked, etc) Direct speech. It is to make the story lively. (Snow White said,”My name is Snow

White). The direct speech uses present tense.

6

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

The Rats and The Elephants

Once upon a time their lived a group of mice under a tree in peace. However, a group of elephants crossing the jungle unknowingly destroyed the homes of all the rats. Many of them were even crushed to death.

Then taking of rats decided to approach the elephant's chief and request him to guide his herd through another route. On hearing the sad story, the elephant's king apologized and agreed to take another route. And so the lives of the rats were saved.

One day elephant-hunters came to the jungle and trapped a group of elephants in huge nets. Then the elephant king suddenly remembered the king of the rats. He summoned on of the elephants of his herd, which had not been trapped, to go seek help from the king and told him about the trapped elephants.

The rat's king immediately took his entire group of rats and they cut open the nets which had trapped the elephant's herd. The elephant herd was totally set free. They danced with joy and thank the rats.

1. What type of text is the above text? It is …A. a narrative text B. a description textC. a recount textD. an anecdote textE. an expository text

2. What destroyed the homes of all rats?A. a group of mice didB. the hunter didC. elephant-hunter didD. a group of elephant did E. elephant's herd

3. What helped the elephant's herd free?A. the elephant-hunter didB. the hunters didC. the trapped elephants didD. a group of king didE. entire group of rats did 

4. What is generic structure of "once upon a time there lived a group of mice under a tree in peace"? A. IdentificationB. OrientationC. ComplicationD. ResolutionE. Description

5. At the end of the story, how was the elephant's herd?

7

A. angryB. sadC. happyD. deadE. disappointed

8

REPORT TEXT

In general, report text is one type of text that include into "factual texts" category. This text also have purpose, generic structure commonly. This text is often called a "twin brother" as descriptive text so there's a lot of students are "confused" about how to distinguish between thoose texts.

DEFINITION

The report text often also known as informational report. "Report", the Concise Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition, is defined as :1) An account is given of a matter after investigation or consideration. 2) A piece of information about an event or situation. So we can conclude, in a language view, a report text is used to serves to provide information about an event or situation, after the investigation and through the multi consideration.

Definition of text report is also fairly similar to what is often mentioned in various books in English at the intermediate level, "Report is a text roomates present information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analyzes." 

GENERIC STRUCTURE

As same as descriptive text,  A report text also has two common structures [generic structure], there are :

1) General Clasification » statements that describe the common subject of the report, common description, and classification.2) Description » Tells what the phenomenon under discussion; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors; This section gives us an overview of commonly occurring phenomenon, either of its parts, its properties, habit, or behavior. The point is, presenting elaboration of scientific classification.

There is also some information on the generic text structure report, which includes :1) General information, is the part that mentions the general information of the theme of writing. 2) Bundles of Specific Information, give us the elaboration of general information.

9

PURPOSE / SOCIAL FUNCTION

Everyone knows that each article certainly have a purpose why the article was written. As well as a report text. Some experts say that the purpose of the report is the text is :

Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, Whether natural or made: Mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on.

So we can concluded, the purpose of the report is to convey information text observations and systematic analysis. The information described in the report text is usually general in nature, be it natural or artificial like a mammals, planets, rocks, plants, state, cultural, transportation, etc.

LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Here is a common grammar patterns used in the text report, which includes :1) Use of general nouns, that is, an object (be it alive or dead) of a general nature. Just

compare beetwen  "Hunting dogs" and "My dog". Hunting dogs are common, while my dog is more spesific.

2) Use of Relating verbs to describe features, the grammar is also called linking verbs. As to be [is, am, are: present], seem, look, taste, etc.

3) Some use of action verbs when describing behavior, eg Emus can not fly;

4) Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, is one time in the simple present markers such as "often, Usually, always" and others. eg Tropical cyclonesalways begin over the sea;

5) Use of technical terms, eg "Isobars" are lines drawn on a weather map; For example, on "music" then, the terms of the music should be there.

10

6) Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organize bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

EXAMPLE OF REPORT TEXT

KOMODO DRAGON

Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of a few Indonesian islands.

Komodo dragon is the world’s heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg)

Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.

The Komodo dragon’s teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed, creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon’s saliva causes septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too weak to carry on.

This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.

Note on Generic Structure of Report Text about Komodo :

Here are the important details from the generic structure of report text about komodo. Remember you can make by yourself. The quotation is the guide to show the element of structure.

1. General classification: It is stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in generals. Today we have a topic in animal.

11

This lizard is called komodo.

2. Description: It is describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials. What komodo looks like is described below:

Komodo dragon is the world’s heaviest lizard

Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail.

12

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

According to the video, please answer 5 question below by choosing the right answer !

1. What is the text about ?a. sea-living mammalsb. the description of mammalsc. the difference between dolphin and whaled. dolphine. how dolphin survive themselves

2. Dolphin breathe with....a. gillb. lungsc. skind. air bage. mouth

3. Which one of the following sentences is NOT TRUE according to the video?a. dolphin are parts of whale family b. dolphin eat up to 20 pounds per day c. dolphin are mammals d. dolphin can breath underwatere. dolphin are very intelligence

4. From the text we can conclude that both whale and dolphin are …….a. the part of family (mammals)b. herbivorc. they used gill to breathd. have scalese. fish

13

5. Dolphins are warm bloodedThe word “warm blooded” means....a. they eat the warm bloodb. have body temperatures that usually not the samec.  take on the temperature of their surroundingsd. They are hot when their environment is hot and cold when their environment is cold.e.  they can make their own body heat even when it is cold outside.

Answer : e. they can make their own body heat even when it is cold outside.Because warm-blooded animals have body temperatures that usually

14

SPOOF TEXT

Definition

There are two meanings of spoof text. First, as a noun, the meaning is, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music, theater, etc.. Spoof of the second meaning above, it can be concluded that the definition of spoof text is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending.

Language Characteristiccs

There are several linguistic characteristics that can distinguish Spoof Text with English Text types (Types of Text) the other, there are :

1. Using the Past Tense; was, were, did, etc.

2. Using action verbs (action verb), did, went, walked, etc.

3. Using adverb of time and place adverbs.

4. Told chronologically.

The Generic Structure

Generic Structure (general arrangement) in a spoof text are :» Orientation, provides an introduction to the characters, setting, settings etc..» Events, provides even or events» Twist, ending the story (the ending is considered funny, sometimes unexpected)

A description of the orientation and the event is oftenly discussed, especially on the subject narrative text and recount text. In any spoof text, orientation and the event was not much different from the one in the narrative and recount.

Looking for a twist, for those not used to writing a humorous story may be very difficult to understand the twist was hard enough, let alone making up their own.

Yes, to understand the twist, we need a sense of humor until we are able to digest what's behind the humor contained in this twist. Because usually very difficult to predict, "what's the punchline?" Let's see the examples :

15

Private Conversation

Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly.I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman angrily. They did not pay any attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I said angrily.“It’s none of your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation” (From: English New Concept)

Note on Generic Structure

Every spoof texts must have a twist ending. If the text is absent of such element, it can not be called a spoof story. Due to the twisting element of the plot, the story brings an image of funny impression for the readers. Here is the generic structure of the above story.

This story is very short but keeping clear elements of the generic structure which belongs to a twisting story. Then the story is called a spoof text.

16

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

The Blonde and the Lawyer

A blonde and a lawyer are seated next to each other on a flight from LA to NY. The lawyer asks if she would like to play a fun game. The blonde, tired, just wants to take a nap, politely declines and rolls over to the window to catch a few winks. The lawyer persists and explains that the game is easy and a lot of fun. He explains, "I ask you a question, and if you don't know the answer, you pay me $5.00, and vise versa." Again, she declines and tries to get some sleep. The lawyer, now agitated, says, "Okay, if you don't know the answer you pay me $5.00, and if I don't know the answer, I will pay you $500.00."

This catches the blonde's attention and, figuring there will be no end to this torment unless she plays, agrees to the game. The lawyer asks the first question. "What's the distance from the earth to the moon?" The blonde doesn't say a word, reaches into her purse, pulls out a $5.00 bill and hands it to the lawyer. "Okay" says the lawyer, "your turn." She asks the lawyer, "What goes up a hill with three legs and comes down with four legs?" The lawyer, puzzled, takes out his laptop computer and searches all his references, no answer. He taps into the air phone with his modem and searches the net and the library of congress, no answer. Frustrated, he sends e-mails to all his friends and coworkers, to no avail.

After an hour, he wakes the blonde, and hands her $500.00. The blonde says, "Thank you", and turns back to get some more sleep. The lawyer, who is more than a little miffed, wakes the blonde and asks, "Well, what's the answer?" Without a word, the blonde reaches into her purse, hands the lawyer $5.00, and goes back to sleep.

1. The story tells us about …a. A plane which a blonde and a lawyer took.b. A lawyer who played a game with a blonde.c. A lawyer who bet on something with a blonde.d. A blonde who was tricked by a lawyer.e. A blonde who lost her money.

2. What did the lawyer want to play with the blonde?a. hide and seekb. chicken limboc. jump roped. guessing gamee. scrabble

3. What was the rule of the game finally?a. If the blonde could not answer the lawyer’s question, she paid him $5.00, and vise versa.b. If the blonde could not answer the question, she should pay $5.00. If the lawyer could not answer her question, he should pay $500.00.c. If the blonde could not answer the lawyer’s question, she paid him $500.00, and vise versa.d. If the blonde could not answer the lawyer’s question, she paid him $500.00. If the lawyer could not answer her question, he paid her $5.00.e. If the lawyer could not answer her question, he paid her $500.00. If the blonde could not

17

answer his question, she did not have to pay him.

4. How much money did the blonde benefit from the game?a. $5.00b. $50.00c. $500.00d. $510.00e. $490.00

5. The word “miffed’ in the last paragraph has the similar meaning to…a. shyb. happyc. generousd. doubte. angry

18

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

1. Definition

Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe

and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

2. Generic Structure

Descriptive text has structure as below:

Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.

Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and

characteristics.

3.  The Language Feature of Descriptive Text

The use of adjectives and compound adjectives.

example:

- a five hundred seated football stadium.

- a beautiful ancient Roman opera house.

The use of Linking Verbs/ relating verbs.

example :

- The temple is so magnificent.

- The temple consists of five terraces.

The use of Simple Present Tense

example. :

- The museum houses hundreds of Greek Statues.

- The hotel provides 450 rooms and a large swimming pool

The use of degree of comparison

example :

19

- The weather in Jakarta is hotter than Bandung.

- Bogor has the same weather as Ungaran.

4.      Examples and structures of the text

 

MacQuarie University

Identification Macquarie University is one of the largest universities in Australia.

This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40thanniversary.

Description The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, where

the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectares for the

institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a rural retreat on the city

fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings have evolved

beyond recognition. The North Ryde District has grown into a district

of intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and growing

university.Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe,

Macquarie can be proud of that careful planning that retains and

enrich the university’s most attractive natural features. A pleasing

balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus.

This emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of

Macquarie as a place that members of the university are most likely

to pleasurably recollect.

One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars Creek zone. It

comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a grass

amphitheatre, and artificial lake… surrounded by rocks and pebbles,

native plants and eucalypts.

Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1 time,

Macquarie will be the only university in Australia with a railway

station on site. Macquarie is poised to be the most readily accessible

in Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful

site.

20

 

21

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

This text is for no.1-3

Petruk Cave

Petruk cave is one of the leading tourist attractions in Kebumen, Central Java. The cave is located in the dukuh Mandayana Candirenggo Village, Ayah District, Kebumen regency. In the petruk cave there is no lighting that illuminates the cave. It is still very natural cave so that petruk cave is very dark to be entered. Petruk cave’s name is taken from the punokawan of puppet characters that is Petruk. The cave Named Petruk cave because the length of cave is as long as petruk’s nose.

In the cave there are 3 floors that are the first is a basic cave, Hindu caves and Petruk cave. The base cave is a short cave which is just 100 meters away. The cave is used for tourist attractions. Hindu cave is part of the cave that is usually used to put offerings to the ancestor. Inside Petruk cave there are so many stalactites and stalagmites which are really awesome. If you want to explore this cave, you must be led by guides who are ready to take you through the cave. After arriving at the end of the cave, you can see the beach or waterfall located near at the end of the cave

1. What is the text purpose?a. To inform readers about tourism in Kebumenb. To entertain reader about Petruk Cavec. To explain the reader about floors in Petruk Caved. To Introduce The Local tourism in Kebumene. To describe Petruk Cave

2. Why did Petruk cave named as one of character in Punokawan puppet?a. Because the cave is belong to Petrukb. Because Petruk is the first explorer of the cavec. Because Petruk is buried at the caved. Because the cave’s length is as long as Petruk’s nosee. Because the cave’s depth is as deep as Petruk’s hair

3. Which part of Petruk Cave which used for place to put foods for ancestor?a. In the basic caveb. In petruk cavec. In Hindu cave

22

d. In front of the cavee. Inside the cave

This text is for no. 4-5

Orchard Road

Orchard Road is a Boulevard which becomes business and entertainment center in Singapore. Orchard Road is surrounded by a lush tropical and flower gardens which are beautiful. At first, Orchard Road is just a suburban street lined with orchards, plantations nutmeg, and pepper farming. However, in the 1970s, it turned into a shopping center in Singapore. In 1960 and 1970 entertainment industries began to enter this road. Shopping centers such as mall and Plaza was built in 1974.

Orchard Road runs along about 2.2 km. This road is one-way street flanked by a variety of shopping malls, hotels and restaurants. The shopping area which is nearly 800,000 square meters provides a wide range of Things, food, and entertainment. In this area there are many options that can satisfy visitors from all walks of life starting from the luxury branded things to the Popular branded, from exclusive restaurants to fast food.

There are so many ways that can be accessed to get to Orchard road such as: by taxi, bus or drive your own car. For those who are driving to Orchard Road can be entered from the west through the Napier Road. Vehicles from Dunearn Road can turn to left at the intersection of the Marriott Hotel junction. Vehicles that come from Paterson can turn right onto Orchard Road. Orchard is always crowded so you have to be careful in order not to get lost.

4. The text mainly focuses ona. Singaporeb. Orchard Plantationc. Plaza and Malld. Orchard road as business and entertainment centere. Shopping Center

5. Which statement is TRUE?a. At first Orchard Road is a crowded settlementb. Orchard road became business and entertainment center since 1974c. Vehicles from Dunrean road turn to the left at intersection of the Marriott Hotel junctiond. Orchard road is infamous place at Singaporee. Orchard road is not surrounded by flower garden

23

NEWS ITEM

DEFINITION

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. The way to get news is by reading or listening to the news.

PURPOSE

The purpose of news item text is to inform the readers about newsworthy or important events of the day.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

Newsworthy event (Main event) The main topic of the news.

Background event (Elaboration) Additional information related to the news.

Source The resource of the news.

FEATURES

Use of Headlines: short words, involve word play, and sometimes ambiguous.

Straight forward language: direct, not beat around the bush.

Passive voice: emphasizes the event or the action instead of the doer.

Action verbs:verbs that expresses something that a person, animal, thing, or process can do.For example:

a. The government   proposed   a new program. b. The ministry claimed to be the one who is responsible.

24

Reported/ Indirect speech: used to report what someone said.For Example :

a. The authority said that the last night event was very unfortunate for the local residents.

b. One of the visitors   exclaimed  that the show was the best one she had ever seen.

c. “We are not in crisis and we will be able to improve our economy condition soon enough,” the minister  argued.

Adverb: used to add more detailed information about the event reported. Adverb of time (recently, currently, yesterday, today) is used to report the time it actually happened. Adverb of place (here, there, inside, outside) is used to report the location where it happened. Adverb of manner (clearly, frankly, quickly) is also commonly used in a news item.

25

Now, let’s take a look at how a news text is written.

26

For another example:

In your daily life, you will also hear some news when you watch television or listen to the radio. Even if you avoid the news program, there will be times when your favorite television show is interrupted by a breaking news program. Here is the example to help you get familiar to news item.

27

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

According to the video, please answer 5 questions below :

1. What is the code of the airplane which has fallen?

A. WD1050

B. QZ8501

C. 107WS2

D. QZ8571

E. AS6789

2. Which airport of departure and destination of the lost contacted airplane?

A. Soekarno Hatta Airport to Changi Airport

B. Djuanda Airport to Soekarno Hatta Airport

C. Djuanda Airport to Changi Airport

28

D. Changi Airport to Djuanda Airport

E. Halim Airport to Changi Airport

Answer : C. Djuanda Airport to Changi Airport

airport of departure is Djuanda airport (Surabaya) and destination of the lost contacted airplane is Changi airport (Singapore).

3. When did the incident happen?

A. December 29th 2014

B. December 30th 2014

C. December 28th 2014

D. November 6th 2014

E. November 28th 2014

4. What time did the airplane lose contact?

A. 7.30 am, December 29th 2014

B. 7.24 pm, December 28th 2014

C. 7.24 am, December 28th 2014

D. 8.10 am, December 30th 2014

E. 7.45 am, December 28th 2014

5. Which the other countries have got involved in rescuing the lose airplane?

A. Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam

B. Malaysia and Indonesia

C. Timor Leste and New Guinea

D. Malaysia and Singapore

E. Singapore and Thailand

29

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Definition :A text that explain an arguments or reasons to support the writer opinion.

Purpose :To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.

Generic Structure: Thesis (announcement of issue concern) Arguments (reasons for concern, leading to recommendation) Recommendation (statement of what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features : Focus on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or write

referring to self. The use of mental processes : to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g.

realize, feel, appreciate. The use of material processes : to state what happens, e.g., is polluting, drive, travel,

spend, should be treated. The use of relational processes : to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn't seem to

have been, is. The use of simple present tense. The use of emotive words (ex : alarmed, worried) The use of words that qualify statements (ex : usual, probably) The use of words that link arguments (ex : firstly, however, on the other hand,

therefore) The use of compound and complex sentences. The use of modals and adverbs (ex : can, may, certainly, get, stop) The use of subjective opinions using pronoun I and we.

Types :Letters to the editorPlead in a trial caseSpeechesAdvertising

Examples of hortatory Exposition :

Country Concern

ThesisIn all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there doesn't seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and in the country.

Argument 1

30

While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel throught the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.

Argument 2Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don't seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one's own vehicle is the only way to get about.

RecommendationI feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend get deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who lives in the city.

31

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

The following passage is for questions 1 to 3.

Keeping Dogs

There are many reasons for keeping dogs as pets in the city area, but many people feel that keeping pet dogs should not be allowed in the city. Dogs are often not taken care properly. They are kept in small backyards and rarely taken for walks. They are left in the yard all day by themselves while the family is at work. Very little attention is given to the dog and it is not a very good life for it. It is no wonder why these dogs bark and disturb the neighbours and become a nuisance to the community.

On the other hand, not all people treat their dogs this way and why should the people receive a lot of pleasure and enjoyment from dog's suffer? Dogs can make a lonely person's life happy or make wonderful playmate. It can also teach a child responsibility as they not only get to lay with the dog, but also need to exercise, feed, and care for the dog.

I feel that we should be allowed to keep dogs in the city, because if it is taken care of properly, dogs can be a great source of pleasure. As a child I used to enjoy playing and taking care of my pet. There is not greater loyalty a person can get than from a well-cared dog.

1. Some people do not like the presence of pet dogs in their surroundings because ....A. the dogs are left in the yardsB. the dogs are often neglectedC. the dogs often bark and disturb the neighbours D. the dogs play with the owner's childE. the dogs guard the security of the environment

2. The main idea of the last paragraph is ....A. pet dogs are loyal animalsB. pet dogs are more loyal than humansC. dogs can be a great source of pleasure D. the writer has no objection to keeping dogs in the cityE. the writer used to play and took care of his pet when he was a child

3. We can infer from the text that keeping pet dogs in the city will not cause any problem as long as ....A. the dogs are amusingB. the neighbours like having pet dogsC. the dogs do not bark at the neighboursD. the writer has succeeded in persuading the neighboursE. its presence does not disturb the neighbourhood

32

The following passage is for questions 4 to 5.

Faster Planes and Cheaper Flights

Faster planes and cheaper flights are making it easier than ever before for people to travel. In the most 'developed' societies, visiting exotic places is a sought-after status symbol. The tourism industries of both developed and developing countries have recognised this fact and are learning to take advantage of it.

There are, however, some problems associated with this new industry.Firstly, there is the increasing crime rate. Some local's tourists as an easy prey because, not only are they in unfamiliar territory and therefore less able to take care of themselves, but also they carry visible items of wealth, such as cameras and jewelery which can be disposed of quickly for profit.

Another major problem is health. With greater mobility comes greater danger of spreading contagious diseases around the world. One carrier returning home could easily start an epidemic before their illness was diagnosed. Moreover, the emergence of many diseases which resist antibiotics is causing scientists to be increasingly concerned about this issue.

Also to be considered is the natural environment, which can be seriously threatened by too many visitors. Australia's Great Barrier Reef, for example, is in danger of being destroyed by tourists and there are plans to restrict visitors to some of the more delicate coral cays.

These are just three of the reasons why any country should be wary of committing itself to an extensive tourism development program.

4. Why does the natural environment become one of the serious problem associated with the faster planes ail cheaper flight? Because ....A. it easily started an epidemic before their illness was diagnosedB. it can be destroyed by too many visitors C. the health problem will increaseD. they carry visible items of wealthE. it can increase crime rate

5. Why is the crime rate increasing due to the new industry?A. Some tourists carry visible items of wealth. B. The tourists are spreading contagious diseases.C. The government is planning to restrict visitors to some coral cays.D. The new industry makes the number of unemployment increase.E. The tourists come by plane.

33

PROCEDURAL TEXT

DEFINITION

Procedural text is a text which is written to show how to do something, such as recipe. It designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps.

PURPOSE

The text is intended to tell the reader how to do something through steps. Similar to other type of texts, procedural text also has generic structure.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

The generic structures of procedure text are  :

1. Goal/aim ( or title) : The goal of the text gives the writer’s purpose of explaining what

to do in the text. The goal of the text is  the title of the text itself.

2. Materials (not required for all procedural texts) : This part explains what things are required. It maybe tools, spices or ingredients

3. Steps (the actions that must be taken) : These are the points on the process of doing

something in a sequence order.

LANGUAGE FEATURES

In the Procedure Text, we use : SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE. And: Use of imperatives (e.g.: cut, don’t mix)

Use of action verbs (e.g.: turn, put, mix)

Use of connectives (e.g. : first, then, finally, …) 

Use of adverbial phrases (e.g. : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)

 

34

35

The example of  of procedure

How to Create A Twitter Account

Twitter is a famous social media that allows you to share what you feel or what you do to

other people. It allows you to keep in touch with other people ( other twitter users ) in all over

the world. Now, you can be the part of social media users by signing up to make your own

twitter account. Here are the steps.

Steps:

1. Visit the official website twitter page at http://www.twitter.com

2. Register yourself by filling in the form, fill in your name, email and password and click the

Sign up for twitter button.

3. Twitter registration form will appear directly, fill in your data completely and do not forget

to choose your username. Look at this picture given!

4. Click the Create my account for the next stage. And fill in the captcha correctly. Look at

this picture!

5. Click the Create my account. Wait until the process is complete, if successful welcome

page will appear.

6. Do the confirmation on your registered email that you fill on twitter and you have

successfully created a twitter account.

36

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

According to the video, please answer 5 question below by choosing the right answer !

1. How many banana do we need to cook banana cake?

A. 1 kilogram

B. 2 pcs

C. 5 pcs

D. 200 grams

E. 1 pack

2. First, put .....,.....,.....,....., and ...... then mix it.

A. Flour, sugar, baking soda, baking powder, salt

B. Flour, vanila extract, butter, salt, sugar

C. Sugar, salt, butter, egg, flour

D. Sugar, flour, salt, egg, baking soda

E. Flour, sugar, baking powder, butter, egg

3. Bake the mixture at ..... oC

A. 165

37

B. 200

C. 350

D. 180

E. 185

4. Materials which are not required to make a banana cake is...

A. vanila extract

B. butter

C. flour

D. salt

E. milk powder

5. How many pan of cake that can be served?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 1

D. 5

E. ½

38

RECOUNT TEXT

1.      Definition of RecountRecount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. The purpose or the social function of Recount text is to retell or to inform the reader about what was happened to the writer with series of events. 2.      Generic Structure of Recount1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

3.      Language Feature of Recount• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc• Using simple past tense

4.      Examples and structures of the text 

Our trip to the Blue Mountain

Orientation

On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and Della’s house. It has a big garden with lots of colourful flowers and a tennis court.

Events

On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway. It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went shopping with Della. We went to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats.On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw cockatoos having a shower.

Reorientation In the afternoon we went home.

39

My Horrible Experience

Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.

Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.

Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.

When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured. 

Generic Structure Analysis

Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I was on the car las week.

Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.

Re-orientation; stating the writer’s personal note. Thanking God because nobody was seriously injured.

Language Feature Analysis Using personal participant; I Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly Using linking verb; was, were Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car

lunched on one side, etc

Notes:A recount text is a text that tells you a part of experience. A recount text has an orientation, a series of events in chronological order, personal remarks on the events and a reorientation that “rounds off” the sequence of events. In the text, you find words and phrases used to start, connect a sentence with the next one, and end your composition. Those words and phrases are:First,Then,After that,Finally,

40

 

Between Recount and Narrative

Something which happened in the past is the main resource to compose both recount and narrative text. In writer’s point of view, the thing is an experience. It can be what the writer has done, hear, read, and felt. Composing recount and narrative is retelling the experiences of the past event to be a present event.

What does recount differ from narrative?

The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing the generic structure. Recount text presents the past experiences in order of time or place; what happened on Sunday, then on Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way, recount describes series of events in detail. It does not expose the struggle on how to make them happen. The event happened smoothly.

On the other hand, narrative introduces crises and how to solve them. Narrative text always appear as a hard potrait of participant’s past experience. It reveals the conflict among the participants. Cinderella’s conflicts with her step mother and sister are the example. The conflict is the most important element in a narrative text. Narrative without comflicts is not narrative any more.

41

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Last holiday my students and I went to Jogjakarta. We stayed at Morison Hotel which is not a long way from Malioboro. On Friday, we went to the sanctuaries in Prambanan. There are three major sanctuaries, the Brahmana, Syiwa and Wisnu sanctuaries. They are truly stunning. We went by just Brahmana and Syiwa sanctuaries, on the grounds that Wisnu sanctuary is being remodeled. On Saturday morning we went to Yogya Kraton. We spent around two hours there. We were fortunate on the grounds that we were driven by a brilliant and amicable aide. At that point we proceeded with our adventure to Borobudur. We touched base there at four p.m. At 6 p.m. we heard the declaration that Borobudur entryway would be closed. In the evening we left Jogjakarta by bus.

1. The content above basically talks about ……..a. the writer’s trip to Yogyakartab. the writer’s first visit to Prambananc. the writer’s impression about the guided. the writer’s experience at Yogya Kratone. the writer’s impression about Borobudur

2. What is purpose of the text……….a. tell past eventsb. entertain readersc. describe the smugglersd. report an event to the policee. inform readers about events of the day

3. What else the big temples in Prambanan?a. angkor wat, syiwa, and sudra templesb. paria, brahmana, and templesc. brahmana, syiwa, and wisnu templesd. wisnu, syiwa, and borobudur templese. borobudur, syiwa, and brahmana temples

4. When did they go home?a. On Saturday morningb. On Friday eveningc. On Thursday eveningd. On Friday afternoone. On Saturday evening

5. Why did they just visit Brahmana and Syiwa sanctuaries?a. because there was no wisnu templeb. because wisnu temple was amazingc. because wisnu temple was too smalld. because wisnu temple was being repairede. because wisnu temple was being destroyed

42

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Analytical Exposition

DefinitionAnalytical exposition text is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about the phenomenonsurrounding.

Purpose: To persuade the reader or listener that there is something that, certainly, needs to get

attention To analyze a topic and to persuade the reader that this opinion is correct and

supported by arguments          Examples: argumentative essay, exploratory essay

Generic Structure:1. Thesis : Introduces the topic and shows speaker or writer’s position; Outlines of the

arguments to be presented.2. Arguments : It consists about Point and Elaboration Point, states the main argument.

Elaboration: develops and supports each point of argument3. Conclusion : Reiteration (restatement), restates speaker or writer’s position

Language Features: Focus on generic human and non human participants. Use mental   processes . It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or

feels about something, for example: realize, feel, etc. Need material processes. It is used to state what happens, for example: has polluted,

etc. Use of simple present tense. Use of relational processes. Use of internal conjunction to state argument. Reasoning through casual conjunction or nominalization.

The example of Analytical Exposition:

Cars should be banned in the city

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents. Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world.Carsemit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers. Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone. In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

43

Cars should be banned in the city

Thesis Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

Arguments Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world.

Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.

Reiteration In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

44

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Answer the question based on the following text.

Illegal Mining

The activities of illegal mining must become our concern. It is undeniable that illegal mining activities can be a livelihood for the people near the site. However, these activities bring harmful effects to our environment, especially the impact on the quality of human life. Therefore, illegal mining activities must be banned and stopped.

If we take a deeper look, illegal mining activities bring negative impacts to the environment (i.e. soil and water), ecology (i.e. plants and animals), and the miners.

Firstly, Illegal mining activities produce toxic waste and harmful chemicals. These toxic and chemicals are dumped into the river and the land. When the river gets polluted, the ecosystem in the river gets disturbed. The fish will be poisoned yet the water quality is no longer safe to be consumed.

Secondly, if the toxic waste and harmful chemicals are released into the land, it will also get spoiled. The plants cannot grow because the soil water get intoxicated. The area of the illegal mining activities will also be in great damage. Without recovery, these areas will turn into useless wastelands.

Moreover, an illegal mining activity is harmful for the miners. Those illegal miners are mostly not a skillful labor. Yet, they are not equipped with proper safety tools. Their safety during mining activities is in a great risk. It surely endangers their health in the future.

The fact that illegal mining activities bring harmful impact to the environment must be our consideration to ban and to stop it as soon as possible.

1. From the first paragraph of the passage, we can predict the the purpose of the text which is ....

A. persuading people to involve in the legal mining activities that is not harmful for our environment

B. persuading people to support the idea that illegal mining should be stoppedC. informing readers the harmful effect of illegal mining to environment and human life

and activities

45

D. persuading people to support the idea that illegal mining has a great economic valueE. enganging people in the story of illegal mining activities and risk

Answer : B. persuading people to support the idea that illegal mining should be stopped

Look at the last sentence of the first paragraph. It says: Therefore, illegal mining activities must be banned and stopped.

2. It is undeniable that illegal mining activities can be a livelihood for the people near the site. However, these activities bring harmful effects to our environment, especially the impact on the quality of human life.

The statement above concludes that...

A. llegal mining activities have greater harmful effects compared to the positive effect.

B. Illegal mining activities is harmful for the livelihood of the people near the mining site.

C. The illegal mining activities give a good income for the people near the site.D. The harmful effects of illegal mining can be overcome by the economic value that it

brings.E. Illegal mining activities bring negative and positive impacts equally.

Answer : A. llegal mining activities have greater harmful effects compared to the positive effect. From the passage we can conclude that illegal mining activities have greater harmful effects compared to the positive effect. It can be seen from the first and the second sentences repeatedly.

3. We can see the argument part of the text in paragraph ...

A. 2, 3, 4B. 1, 3, 5C. 1, 2, 3D. 3, 4, 5E. 4, 5, 6

Answer : D. 3, 4, 5

In analytical exposition, the writer arranges the ideas in sequential order. Therefore the arguments are usually started with connectives. From the third, fourth, and fifth paragraphs, we can see the arguments conveyed by the writer.

46

4. The following information are correct based on the fifth paragraph, except....

A. Most of illegal miners are well-trained and fully-equipped.B. Illegal miners risk their safety whey they are doing the illegal activitiesC. Illegal mining endangers the miners.D. Most of illegal miners are lack of skill and equipment.E. Illegal miners might have serious health problem in the future.

Answer : A. Most of illegal miners are well-trained and fully-equipped.

The statement above is not in line with the paragraph.

5. The word consideration in the last paragraph has a similar meaning with ....

A. BeliefB. RestrictionC. InterferenceD. AttentionE. decision

Answer : D. Attention

In this context, the word consideration has a similar meaning with attention.

47

DISCUSSION TEXT

1.      Definition of DiscussionDiscussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

2.      Generic Structure of Discussion1. Statement of issue ; stating the issue which is to discussed2. List of supporting points ; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue3. List of contrastive point ; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting

point4. Recommendation; stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse

3.      Language Feature of Discussion

Introducing category or generic participant Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however,

etc Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

4.      Examples and structures of the text

Homework

Issue I have been wondering if homework is necessary.

Statement of issue and Preview

I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and revise our work.Homework helps people who aren’t very smart to remember what they have learned. Homework is really good because it helps with our education.

Statement of various viewpoints

But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I think we shouldn’t have homework because I like to go out after school to a restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and not important.I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things with my family.

 Example of Discussion Text

A.     Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

48

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:

It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make. It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the

greenhouse effect. It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium. It produces small amount of waste. It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.

People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990’s nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world. Note on the Generic Structure of Discussion Text

Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas. It is important to to get the understanding between the two differences. In many social activities, discussion is the effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and recommendation.

This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which need to be talked and discussed from two points. They are represented in the generic structure which is used:

Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.

Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the world’s energy needed

Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.

Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.

B.      Hunting Fox

Foxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people believe that it is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.

49

Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is a pest which attacks livestock and must be controlled. 

(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk) Generic Structure Analysis

Stating the issue; hunting fox. Supporting point; farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox because they attack

livestok. Contrastive point; many people disagree hunting fox with dog because it is cruel. Recommendation; Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in safe way.

Language Feature Analysis Introducing category participant; farmer, conservationists. Using thinking verb; believe. Using connectives; however Using modalities; must, always

 

50

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

The government has just published a report which suggest that television is partly responsible for the serious increase in crime over the last ten years. The exposure of violence or pornography harmfully effects on children.

Many people who are alive today know what it is like to live in a world without television. Television as we know is only about forty years old. Yet it is so much a part of our lives that it seems as if it had always existed.

Some people think that the years before the invention of television were a better time. They claim that families talked more and did more things together. More books were read. People used their imaginations more fully. People got more outdoor exercises.

But others disagree. They claim that television is a powerful educational tool. It informs us of what is going on in the world, from a famine in Africa to a local politics and fashion. It helps us understand how people live, work, and struggle.

In 1961, Newton Minow, a government official, called prime-time schedules “ a vast wasteland.” Television is credited with being a great teacher, but it is also blamed for the poor reading and writing skills of our population. Television gets praised for helping us understand the people of the world. But it has been accused of helping to destroy family life. Television keeps us informed about the political issues of the day.

Experts will probably continue to argue about television’s value. But everyone agrees that it is one of the most significant inventions of the twentieth century.

1. The writer wants to tell …..a. the development of televisionb. the advantages of television programc. how television destroys people’s lifed. how television improves people’s knowledgee. the influence of television on people’s daily life

2. Which of the following is good for children in watching TV?a. The children should watch the violence on TVb. Children may watch TV whenever they likec. There shouldn’t be government censorship of TV programd. Children should spend all their time to watch TV programe. Children should be accompanied by their parents in watching TV

3. “ ….. what is going on in the world, from famine Africa …” (Paragraph 4)The underlined word means lack of ….a. foodb. waterc. nutrientd. educatione. entertainment

51

The following text is for questions 4 to 5.

Vegetarians, about 3.2% of the US population, do not eat meat. The US Department of Agriculture does not only include meat as part of a balanced diet, but it also states that a vegetarian diet can meet “the recommended dietary allowances for nutrients”

Many proponents of vegetarianism say that eating meat harms health, wastes resources, causes deforestation and creates pollution. They often argue that killing animals for food is cruel and unethical since non-animal food sources are plentiful.

Humans evolved to be primarily vegetarians. Humans do not have the large mouth or long, pointed teeth of carnivores. Human teeth are short and flat for chewing fibrous food. The liver of a carnivore can detoxify the excess vitamin A absorbed from a meat-based diet. The human liver cannot exceed vitamin A.

It is unnecessary to take an animal’s life when vegetarian options are available. In the US about 35 million cows, 115 million pigs and 9 billion birds are killed for food each year. These animals should not have to die to satisfy an unnecessary dietary preference.

On the other hand, many opponents of a vegetarian diet say that moderate meat consumption is healthy, humane and that producing vegetables causes many of the same environmental problems as producing meat.

Eating meat is not cruel or unethical. Every organism on earth dies, at some point, so others can live. There is nothing wrong with this cycle; it is how nature works. Humans have been eating meat in their ancestral diet provided a dense form of nutrients and protein that, when combined with high-calorie low nutrient carbohydrates such as roots, allowed us to develop our large brains and intelligence.

Meat is the most convenient protein sources since it provides all 10 essential proteins (amino acids), as well as essential nutrients such as iron, zinc and the B vitamins, in one serving. Most individual plant foods do not provide adequate levels of all 100 essential proteins in a single serving.

In my opinion, meat eaters don’t need to feel guilty. Everything we consume, including vegetables or meat has environmental, ethical and health consequences.

3. The proponents of vegetarianism believe that...a. Moderate meat consumption is healthfulb. Killing animals for food is cruel ad unethicalc. Animals can only be killed in an appropriate wayd. The liver of a carnivore cannot exceed vitamin Ae. Humans do not need met to develop their brain

5. All in all, the writer seems to disagree with the arguments stated by...a. The US Department of Agricultureb. Proponents of vegetarianismc. Opponents of vegetarianism

52

d. Animal loverse. Meat eaters 

53

ADVERTISEMENT

DEFINITIONText advertisement is a text that has the objective to announce a something that appeals to many people and that adds a well-known product in all public.

According to many experts, advertisement text is a public announcement commonly found in a newspaper, television, or internet advertising. Sometimes it is about a product, services, or an event for sale.

PURPOSE To announce about a case or a product to the public, or in other words to introduce a product to the public in order to buy and attracted to the product being advertised

GENERIC STRUTURE1. Purpose: What is the purpose of the writer to compose the advertisement text?2. Name of product: This is about name and brand. What product, service or events to sell?3. User: Who need the product? What ares the product and service for?

LANGUAGE FEATURES Hyperbole - exaggeration, often by use of adjectives and adverbs. Long noun phrases, frequent use of pre and post modifiers for descriptions. Short sentences for impact on the reader. This impact is especially clear at the

beginning of a text, often using bold or large type for the "Headline" or "slogan" to capture the attention of the reader.

Ambiguity is common. This may make a phrase memorable and re-readable. Ambiguity may be syntactic (the grammatical structure) or semantic (puns for example).

Weasel words are often used. These are words which suggest a meaning without actually being specific.

Use of Imperatives Avoidance of negatives. Advertising normally emphasises the positive side of a

product. Simple and Colloquial language. Familiar language: use of second person pronouns to address an audience and suggest

a friendly attitude. Present tense is used most commonly. Simple vocabulary is most common.

54

EXAMPLE :

Vianesia Hotel         Kramatwatu 31-39 road nursepi 

      phone: 421465       Room rate: 

      Economy: Rp 150.000.00       Standard: USD 200.000.00 

           Suite: Rp 490.000.00 

       For a card that has a vianesia hotel, rental prices can be discounted by 20%, vianesia hotel card can be purchased for RP. 150.000.00 

      facilities:       Air conditioning, swimming pool, restaurant, children's playground, a computer room, a

bookstore, a golf course, and much more. 

      for a 85% discount Monday       check out time: 13 noon

Sale Blackberry mobile

phone Q10, black 100% intact and complete. Stillnew, official Match Price SCM 4.3 million. 2 Year. Preferably COD's,Locations in Sedayu Bantul Yogyakarta. Serious interest please

contact us, Phone 081328886002, Thank you.EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

55

This text is for questions number 1-3

Sylla Pizza

Authentic Italian Pizza by True-blue Neapolitan ChefA cozy little restaurant with creamy sand-colored walls, deep-toned wood counters and

furnishings and natural grey stone.

Food and Beverage :• Italian Cuisine

• Italian Pizza and Pasta• Various Kinds of juice

• Best Italian Wine

Business Hour Details :Sunday to Thursday : 11.30 AM to 2.30 PMFriday to Saturday : 11.30 AM to 5.30 PM

Address :30 Robertson Quay Riverside View

#01-14 Singapore 277798Tel :  +659484938

1. What does Sylla Pizza Offer ?..a.      Chefb.      Pizzac.      Food and drinkd.      Biscuite.      Cake

2. “Authentic Italian Pizza by True-blue Neapolitan Chef”. What does the underlined word mean?..a.       A special cookb.      An original recipec.      An inherited reciped.      A professional cooke.      A diner waitress

3. When does Sylla Pizza open?..a.       Every dayb.      Six days in a weekc.       Five days in a weekd.      Four days in a weeke.      Two days in a weekThis text is for questions number 4-5

56

4.What is the focus of the study at the course?A.TeachingB.ReadingC.WritingD.SpeakingE. Watching  5.What does the advertisement offer?A.We will get our money back if we can’t speak English.B.We will learn the best mmethod to teach English.C.We will find Jalan Cukang jati 11 as the right place.D.We would be a qualified English teacher in this place.E. We can’t speak English well

57

BROCHURE

Definition: brochure is a promotional tool made of paper in which there is some informations and offers about products or services.

Generic structure:

1.      Title: the name of products or service offered in brochure.

2.      Contain: the information given about the products or service offered in brochure.

3.      Contact person: name, address, or phone number person to find out more information about something that’s offered in brochure.

Specific text: brochure usually succinct in languange and eye-catching in design, and usually using a headlines.

Purpose: the purpose of brochure is to inform about products or services to a target audience.

Example:

Tittle:                  Yum Yummy Cafe

Contain :

in this cafe are available a variety of ice creams, that is:

·         Happy ice cream

·         Sweet ice cream

·         And many more

Contact Person :

Information and reservation:

081908858536

Cempaka 7 street, tangerang 

58

59

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

60

Read the following text to answer question number 1 and 2.

COLD BREAKERLIKE YOU NEVER FEEL ANY COLD

Fast relief for:

Congestion                         100 tabletsRunny nose                        USPCoughs                               200 mgHeadacheFever

AVAILABLE IN EVERY STORE INDONESIA

1. Which of the following sickness cannot be relieved by this medicine?A. Headache.B. Coughs.C. Cancer.D. Fever.E. Runny nose

2. What's the writer's purpose to write the text above?A. To inform the process of making Cold Breaker.B. To persuade people to use the product.C. To explain the ingredients of the product.D. To describe the illnesses that can be cured.E. To entertain people about the product

Read the following text to answer question number 3-5.

  

3. The brochure is about…..

61

Orchid Hotel· -106 ocean drive· -Enjoy the privacy of a small family style hotel· -Only 15 minutes from the airport & right next to the beach· -Only 40 rooms ( TV, AC, Bath)

-Outdoor restaurant beside the pool, room from Rp 240.000,00 to Rp. 550.000,00 Phone : 985.-3344

A. Outdoor restaurant                        B. The hotel’s location                       C. The list price of the roomD. Orchid hotel and it’s facilitiesE. The facilities offered by the hotel.

4.       It is called “a small family style” hotel because….A. Is not expensive                               B. Is near the city                                C. Is located near the beachD. Provider outdoor restaurantE. Has only a small number of rooms

5.   “Only 15 minutes from the airport and right next to the beach. The underline word is similar is meaning to…

A. Correctly                            B. Precisely                             C. Certainly D. Factually                                           E. Perfectly

62

POSTER/PAMPHLETS

Definition :   

A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative.

The function of poster :

Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly

of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to

communicate a message.

The characteristic of the poster:

o Using a simple statement

o There are some pictures that can describe the content of the message of the poster

o It made a simple depend on the theme.

Examples:

o Theme: drug Theme: Environment

63

  A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book.

The characteristic of pamphlet:

o There are more detail about the information

o Usually it made from a piece of paper

o It shows the message about something completely.

Example of pamphlet:

64

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

Read the following poster then answer the question number 1 and 2

1. Based on the above poster, people must ... their speed on the street.a.    diminish                                                 b.    improve                                                            c.    increased.    enhancee.    boost

2. The poster warns ... not to speed up their vehicles on the street.a.    pedestrians                                                        b.    passengers             c.    employersd.    spectatorse.    drivers

Read the following pamphlet then answer the question number 3-5

3. What is the pamphlet about?a. Importance of septic tank systemb. Tank carc. Soil absorption d. air pollutione. health hazard

4. What’s the function of septic tank in rural area? a. provide the functions of both sewers and treatment facilitiesb. municiple wastewater treatment facilitiesc. carry householdd. make essential to public and private healthe. make a good health and environment

5. How many questions must we answer to know enough about septic tank system?a. 2b. 4c. 6d. 5e. 7

65

APPLICATION LETTER

Application letter is written to apply for a job. We use it to let the company know about our skills and our track record, and all information they need about us.

Writing an English application letter is quite simple, but we have to make it as interesting as we can to get the attention from the company. The first thing we have to do is by knowing the text structure or parts of application letter.

Parts of the Application letters are:

1. Sender address  : You can put your address in the left side or in the right side

2. Date  : the date you make the application letter

3. Company address  : put the address of the company you want to apply

4. Salutation  : Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Mr. Agus, etc.

5. Opening paragraph  : tell the job or position you want to apply for. You can also mention from where you get the information

6. Body  : tell about your past experience (if you have already had the job experience) or any activities or skills that matches or similar with the job. Give a strong/ convincing statement that you are qualified and the right one to get the job.

7. Closing paragraph  : write the closing paragraph to ask the possibility to have an interview. You can put your contact number or email address to make the company easier to follow up. Don’t forget to thank to them.

8. Closing  : Sincerely, Yours faithfully, sincerely Yours, Best Regards, etc.

66

67

We can use more variations in how to open and express our interest on filling certain position in opening paragraph. Look at some examples here:

I am writing to you in response to your advertisement for a tour guide position. In response to your advertisement in the local newspaper, I hereby submit my

application for a marketing manager position. I am writing to express my interest in a graphic designer position in your company. I am applying for the position of a fashion designer. I wish to apply for the job of a flight attendant advertised in the Jakarta Post. I am writing to apply for the secretary position. I would like to apply for the position.

Furthermore, there are some ways on how to close our application letter:

Thank you for your time and consideration. Please give my application strong consideration. Thank you for considering my request. I am available for an interview at your convenience. I am available for an interview scheduled at your convenience. I look forward to hearing from you at your convenience.

There are some characteristics we have to know in composing the application letter if we want the company pays attention to our letter:

1. Use short words and short sentences.2. Avoid using informal words and sentences.3. Use active voice to emphasize our skills.4. Use action verb.

68

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

1. Rearrange these jumbled sentences into a good text. Thank you for considering my request 1

Dear Mr Gerrard, 2

In addition, I can control the target given to my team, good at creating the atmosphere among my workers so everything run smoothly. 3

Sincerely, 4

I would like to apply for the supervisor position advertised to SUARA MERDEKA in August 25, 2015. 5

Ardian Manurung 6

I have been working for 2 years as supervisor for Delta Mart and having some skills during the time in managing and monitoring my workers team. 7

The correct arrangement of the jumbled sentences above is ….

A. 1 – 5 – 7 – 3 – 6 – 4 – 2B. 2 – 5 – 7 – 3 – 1 – 6 – 4C. 2 – 5 – 7 – 3 – 1 – 4 – 6D. 2 – 5 – 3 – 7 – 1 – 4 – 6E. 5 – 2 – 7 – 3 – 1 – 4 – 6

Answer : C. 2 – 5 – 7 – 3 – 1 – 4 – 6

Parts of the Application letters are: sender address, date, company address, salutation, opening paragraph, body, closing paragraph and closing. The correct order of the jumbled sentences above is “2 – 5 – 7 – 3 – 1 – 4 – 6”

2. Arrange these jumbled words into a good sentence.

the1 – nurse2 – apply3 – position4– I5 – for6 – writing7 – to8 – am9

The best arrangement for the jumbled words above is ….

A. 1 – 2 – 4 – 5 – 9 – 7 – 8 – 3 – 6B. 5 – 9 – 3 – 6 – 1 – 2 – 4 – 7 – 8C. 1 – 2 – 4 – 5 – 9 – 7 – 6 – 3 – 8D. 5 – 9 – 7 – 6 – 3 – 8 – 1 – 2 – 4E. 5 – 9 – 7 – 8 – 3 – 6 – 1 – 2 – 4

Answers : E. 5 – 9 – 7 – 8 – 3 – 6 – 1 – 2 – 4

The correct expression is “I am writing to apply for the nurse position”

69

This text is for questions number 3-5

3. Who is the sender of the letter....A. Mr. Adam SmithB. Mr. AdamC. Mrs. Lia AuliaD. Mrs. Ria AuliaE. Mrs. Ria Maulia

Answer : D. Mrs Ria Ulia

writer's position is located at the end of the letter

4. When was Mrs. Ria Aulia born...A. 1995B. 1996C. 1993D. 1994E. 1992

70

December, 1st 2015

Mr. Adam SmithManager HRDGudang Garam CompanyCempaka Putih, East Jakarta

Dear Mr. Smith,

In response to the November 28th advertisement in the Jakarta Post, i have enclosed my resume for the Accounting staff in your company.

My name is Ria Aulia, I’m 21 years old. I am fresh graduated from Indonesia University, Accounting Major. My GPA is 3.7. I have capability in English actively. I studied in English First for three years.

I am always eager to seek new responibilities and learn new skills in the workplace. I am self-motivated and enjoy taking initiative to achieve better results for the bussines. I also can work in team. I would love the opportunity ti discuss my application with you in further detail, and look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,

Ria Aulia

Answer : D. 1994

Because he is 21 years old and she wrote a letter in 2015

5. This is the writer’s personality, Except....A. ResponsibilitiesB. Can learn new skills in the workplaceC. Self-motivatedD. Can work in teamE. Can work under pressure

Answer : E. Can work under pressure

it is not written in the letter.

71

FORMAL AND INFORMAL INVITATION

DEFINITION

An invitation is a document written or printed or spoken words, conveying the message by which one is invited

PURPOSE

It is used to invite someone to come, to invite people to join, to ask someone to attend, and to ask people to take part in something

GENERIC STRUCTURE :

1. Title or type of event : including the purpose or type of event will be held2. Orientation : inform about what will or who will come3. Date and time : including when or where the event will be held4. Closing : including hope of the writter to the reader to come to his/her event

LANGUAGE FEATURES

How To Express Invitation?

1. Address Heading : this is the writter’s full addrres. An address Heading is optional for informal letters2. Date : this is day, month, and year that the letter is written on3. Inside Address : the recipient’s full name and address. Generally informal letters do not include an inside address4. Greeting : also known salutation. This is the introductory phrase. Ex: dear....5. Subject line : a word phrase to indicate the main subject of the letter. This is located direcrtly after the “inside address”6.  Body : the complete text of the letter7. Closing : this is the farewell phrase or word that precedes the signature and is followed by a comma. Ex : yours truly, regards, sincerely yours8.  Signature : the signed name of the writer.9.  Postscript : is a brief sentence or paragraph introduced by the initials.10. Notation : part of a formal letter consisting of brief words or abbreviations as notations.

72

There are 2 types of invitation :

Formal Invitation Usually originate from institues companies and a kind of it, normally formal invitation is written invitation.

Informal Invitation Personal invitation given to friends, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written and verbal invitation.

A. FORMAL INVITATION

Formal invitation is an invitation which follows a dignified form, tone or style in agreement with an establish norm, custom or values. (Websters, 2012).

For example : - An invitation to a wedding

- An Invitation to the graduation ceremony

The initials R.S.V.P. are often found at the end of an invitation. These initials stand for the French phrase "repondez s'il vous plait," which means "please respond." the person sending

73

the invitation would like you to tell him or whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not.

Formal Invitation are written on a cards. The text is written in calligraphy stlye.

B. INFORMAL INVITATION

In Formal Invitations date and time are written in words not in numbers.

Informal invitations is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc.

For example; - Invitation to a birthday party

- Invitation to dinner

74

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

1. Formal reply should always be written in third person

2. Informal reply is written in first person

3. Only body must be there in formal reply

4. Informal reply is like an informal invitation in the format

FORMAL REPLY (ACCEPTANCE)

FORMAL REPLY (REFUSAL)

75

INFORMAL REPLY (ACCEPTANCE)

INFORMAL REPLY (REFUSAL)

76

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Question number 1 to 3 is based on the following invitation.

Bandung, 2nd September 2014We are honored to invite you to attend our 10th wedding anniversary at:Place : Ballroom Hotel Savoy HomanDate : Sunday, September 6th 2014Dress code : party dress for ladies, tuxedo for gentlemenIt is a great expectation for us to have you as our guests.Sincerely Yours,Ronny and Astri

1. Question: What kind of invitation is the text above?

A. Wedding anniversary party

B. Graduation party

C. Wedding party invitation

D. Garden party

E. Birthday party invitation

Answer : A. Wedding anniversary party

it is said in the text.

2. Where will be the party held?

A. In a restaurant

B. In the hotel

C. In the house

D. In the garden

E. At school

Answer: B. In the hotel

77

it is said in the text.

3. What does dress code mean?

A. All party guests must wear formal clothes

B. All party guests must wear different costumes

C. All party guests must wear same costumes

D. All party guests must wear dress

E. All party guests can wear whatever they want, as long as it is in the theme

Answer : E. All party guests can wear whatever they want, as long as it is in the theme

“dress code” means a certain way of dressing that required by the host of some events. For example: heroic costume or traditional costume in commemorating Independence Day.

4. From the invitation, we know that Jessica Pearson is.

A. the guest

B. the one who deliver the invitation

C. the invitation designers

D. the host

78

E. the employee

Answer : D. the host

“Expression of Our Appreciation” shows that the event is held as employee appreciation event. This is usually hosted by the CEO or the boss of the company where all employees are invited. In the above invitation the name of the leader of the corporation is Jessica Pearson. She will be the host of the dinner party.

5. The number of person can come with one invitation is ….

A. 1 person only

B. 1 person who work for the firm

C. 2 persons who work for the firm

D. 1 person who doesn’t work for the firm

E. 2 people

Answer : E. 2 people

The invitation says “you and a guest are invited to attend a barbeque party hosted by Specter Law Firm”. It means that the invitation is valid for 2 people. One person who works for the firm and a guest. By a guest it means that it can be anyone outside the company’s employees.

79

CAPTION

DEFINITION: a caption refers to the text that appears under a photo in a newspaper. A caption can be as short as one sentence or consist of several sentences.

PURPOSE : describes the scene in the photo (name of person or persons photographed, location, date (sometimes), what they are doing in the photo, etc.)

GENERIC STRUCTURE : Attention getter , a mini headline that makes a direct link from the caption to the photo

Basic information , the first sentence that tells who and what is happening in the photo. It uses present tense

Complementary information , a past tense sentence that adds information that is not readily obvious in the photo. Usually contains information that indicates the outcome or consequence of the action in the photo

Direct quote , a quote from someone in the photo discussing an aspect of the event captured in the picture. Quotes capture the thoughts of those who were part of the event. Sometimes the quote swaps positions with the complimentary information

CONTENT : Every caption should contain the 5 W’s and H – Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.

CAPTION CHECKLIST : o Caption contains an Attention-Grabber (one to three words). o The Attention-Grabber makes sense with the photo.o Action verbs are used. o First sentence identifies who is in the photo and describes the action. o All subjects in the photo are identified. o Following information is past tense and gives additional information. o Caption lists the Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. o Active voice used, as opposed to passive.o Meaningful direct quote used. o Spelling, grammar, and punctuation are all correct

80

EXAMPLE

Attention Getter : MUSICAL CHAIRS Basic Information : Juniors Jessica Peterson (left) and Mary Lopez (right). Participate

in blindfolded musical chairs at the first pep rally of the year on Sept 6th 2014 at their High School.

Complementary Information : This was a competition between the classes. It was 97 degrees outside and two people suffered from heat exhaustion, the seniors won this event.

Direct quotes : “I couldn’t see so I sat really quickly on someone and when I looked, it was Mary [my best friend], so it was the perfect person to sit on. It just stunk I was still out,” Peterson said. “The music ended so quickly. I just sat as quickly as I could. I thought it was so funny that Jessica ended up on my lap,” Lopez said.

Who : Jessica Peterson and Mary Lopez. What : Participate in blindfolded musical chairs at the first pep rally of the year When : on Sept 6th 2014 Where : at their High School. Why : This was a competition between the classes. How : It was 97 degrees outside and two people suffered from heat exhaustion, the

seniors won this event.

81

MUSICAL CHAIRS : Juniors Jessica Peterson (left) and Mary Lopez (right). Participate in blindfolded musical chairs at the first pep rally of the year on Sept 6 th 2014 at their High School . This was a competition between the classes. It was 97 degrees outside and two people suffered from heat exhaustion, the seniors won this event. “I couldn’t see so I sat really quickly on someone and when I looked, it was Mary [my best friend], so it was the perfect person to sit on. It just stunk I was still out,” Peterson said. “The music ended so quickly. I just sat as quickly as I could. I thought it was so funny that Jessica ended up on my lap,” Lopez said.

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

1. Pay attention to the situation in the picture.

The followings are suitable captions for the picture, except ….

A. Fortunately, the traffic is not busy.B. Waiting for the traffic light to turn greenC. The road is busy but the heaven remains calm.D. Such a lovely evening on the streetE. car-free road

Answer B. Waiting for the traffic light to turn green.Waiting for the traffic light to turn green is not a good caption since the picture does not represent so.

2. Decide the most appropriate caption that is relevant to the picture as well the article….

A. Due to the deserted situation, tons of carrots turned rotten.B. My rabbit is the only believer in health-carroty food.C. Market deserted, tons of carrot unsold.D. Carrot price currently reached forty thousand rupiah per kg.E. The carroty carrots could be found in traditional market.

Answer : D. Carrot price currently reached forty thousand rupiah per kg. the most appropriate caption that is suitable with the picture and also the headline of article is "Carrot price currently reached forty thousand rupiah per kg".

82

Please pay attention. This picture is for questions number 3 and 4.

3. The following is not the meaning behind the caption….

A. The content of the media is just for adult.B. The media does not allow people under the age of 15 to watch TV.C. The media might provide scenes that are not appropriate for children to view.D. The viewers are asked to be more aware with their children when watching TV.E. The content of the media may be harmful for people under the age of 15.

Answer : B. The media does not allow people under the age of 15 to watch TV.The caption is only provided for the show being presented, not for all TV program, so the caption does not mean to prohibit people under age to watch TV.

4. What issue that might cause misunderstanding among the viewers that the show program is supposed to be watched by all ages?

A. The caption at the beginning of the showB. The title of the show program, Happy TogetherC. The national hosts of the showD. The animations as the opening sceneE. The TV station that broadcast the show

Answer : D. The animations as the opening sceneThe misunderstanding might be occurred when the viewers see the animations in the scene and assume that the show is also for children, but then the caption says otherwise.

83

Indonesia is a tropical country, so we only experience two seasons, namely rainy season and summer. We almost never get ... (5) since we do not experience winter. We also hardly experience a windy periods of time which usually come in fall and spring. In our country the windy weather usually comes in a short period when the season changes from rainy season to summer on February or March. The wind direction strongly influences weather and we never have it hit too hard. So we almost never experience an extreme weather due to the wind direction in summer or even in our rainy season.

A. windy weatherB. rainy seasonC. windy and rainy seasonD. summerE. snowy or icy weather

Answer : E. snowy or icy weatherWe almost never get ... since we do not experience winter.The most logical answer is snowy or icy weather. It is related to the next sentence.

84

CHAPTER II :

Dialogue

85

GIVING ADVICE

Asking For Advice :

What do you think I should do? What do you recommend we do about ... ? What should I do? What do you suggest? What would you advice us to do? What do you advise me to do? If you were me what would you do? What ought I to do? Do you think that I should…? Do you have any suggestions?  What would you do about ...? 

Giving Advice :

If I were you I would/wouldn’t…. If I were in your shoes/position I would… You had better/ you’d better….. You should… Maybe you should…  Your only option is to…. Why don’t you…. Have you thought about…. Have you tried… I would recommend that you ...  My advice would be to ...  May I suggest that we ... If I were you, I would ...

Accepting Advice

Yes, I agree with that. That sounds like a good idea! I don't think that's a good idea.  OK, why don't we do that. That's very interesting.  

Rejecting Advice 

I'm sorry, i can't agree with that.  I don't think we should do that.  That's very interesting, but ... I don't know what to advise, I'm afraid. I wish I could suggest something, but I can't.

86

I wish I could help. I'm afraid I can't really help you.

EXAMPLE

Student : I'm terrible at English and I think I should do something about it. What do you advise me to do?

Teacher : I think you should try this website. It's a fantastic website for beginners.    

Student : I've heard about it, but what do you think I should start with?    Teacher : You'd better start with the lessons.Then, try the exercises.    Student : I would like to improve my speaking. What should I do?

Teacher : You should watch English channels and listen English musics.

Student : Thank you sir.    Teacher : Don’t mention it.   

This conversation taking place at Iqbal’s bedroom

Mother    : Iqbal…bal...oh my god. Wake up my dear. It’s Monday morning, don't you go to school.

Iqbal        : Mom, I have got a headache.

Mother    : Let me check. You have got a high temperature. You should stay at home.

Iqba         : That sounds like a good idea!

Mother    : Just a moment, I will call your daddy. You should go to a doctor.

Iqbal        : No...Mom, I don't think that's a good idea.

87

This conversation taking place at the park

Aufa : I have a serious problem today. I have just lost my wallet.

Tami : Don't be so sad my friend, let us search it around the park.

Aufa : I have looked for it for hours but I do not find it, do you have some ideas?

Tami : You had better tell the securities to announce it to other students.

Aufa : Yeah, that sounds good. I do hope it helps.

Tami : Let’s go.. !   

88

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Read the conversation below. Then answer questions number 1-4.

Gifta: Dyah, do you know that the selection of English debate team of our school will be closed soon?

Dyah: Really? I don’t know about that. I am still confused if I am able to be the in Englis debate team for competition.

Gifta: I think you are good in English debate. If you do not register  for the selection, you will have no chance at all.

Dyah: Yeah, you’re right.

Gifta: Don’t worry. You can do it. Just keep practicing. Unless you stop practicing, (........)4

1. The word register in the conversation has a close meaning to....

A. WaitB. EnrollC. HoldD. DropE. Refuse

Answer : B. enrollRegister means that we put our name on a list, especially for an official event. Enroll also means that we put our name on an official list. So, the correct answer is ‘enroll’.

2. The selection for English debate will be....

A. Opened soonB. LengthenedC. Opened in short periodD. Held soonE. soon closed

Answer : E. soon closedIn the conversation, we can find statement “the selection of English debate team of our school will be closed soon”. So, the correct answer is “soon closed”.

3. “If you do not register for the selection, you will have no chance at all.”The statement above can be replaced by....

A. Unless you do not register for the selection, you will have no chance at all.B. You will have many chances unless you register for the selection.C. You will have not many chances unless you do not register for the selection.D. Unless you register for the selection, you will have no chance at all.

89

E. Unless you register for the selection, you will have a chance.Answer : D. Unless you register for the selection, you will have no chance at all.The statement means that by registering for the selection, the chance is possible. Therefore, the most appropriate answer is “Unless you register for the selection, you will have no chance at all.”

4. Don’t worry. You can do it. Just keep practicing. Unless you stop practicing, ....10The most appropriate statement to complete the sentence is....

A. you will be selected as the instructor of English debate competition of our schoolB. you will be selected as the time keeper of English debate competition of our schoolC. you will be selected as the representation of English debate competition squad of

our schoolD. you will never be selected as the representation of English debate competition squad

of our schoolE. you will not be selected as the representation of English debate competition squad of

our school

Answer : C. you will be selected as the representation of English debate competition squad of our school.An advice is meant to prevent bad situation or to open good chance. Moreover, the topic is about to be in English debate team. Therefore, it is the most appropriate and logical answer.

5. Amir : I am not good at English. Budi : ..........................

a. I should practise English every day.b. Why don’t you take an English course and practise every day ?c. Do you like English ?d. I must take an English course.e. You don’t learn English course

90

ASKING INFORMATION

A. Use Modal verb 

Present : Can, Will, Shall, Must, MayPast : Could, Would, Should, Had to, Might

B. Use Wh-word

What, Where, When, How

C. Asking for and Giving Information 

Asking for Information Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the bus station? Can you show me on the map? Excuse me, do yo know where the police station is? How far is it to the beach form here? How are you today? Where is Johan?  I’d like to know....? Who is this? What's your name? Where do you live? What time is it?

Giving Information Sure, It's this way Yes, Just go.... Yes, I can tell you...... Not so far, just 1 kilometer from here I know, just....... Oh I see... a dozen of book This is Ani I am Jhony

Denying Information Sorry, it’s not true. No, That’s not right No, It’s absolutely wrong. I am sorry, you have got the wrong information. How do you that. Are you sure? I don’t think…

91

EXAMPLE (dark blue = asking, red = denying, green= giving)

Dialoue 1

A : Excuse me. Could you tell me where the public library is, please ?B : The public library? Let me see. Oh yes, of course i know. It is in Rajawali Road.A : Is the near here?B : You just go along this street until you come to the first traffic light. Then turn left.A : Thank you

Dialogue 2

A : Excuse me. Do you know where Mr. Ali's house is?B : Oh I see. It is next to the market

Dialogue 3

Mr Kingsley    : Excus me, do you know where the first National Bank is, Madam?Miss Hana      : Yes, just go straight down this road and the is on your right, Sir!Mr Kingsley    : Thank you very much, Madam.  By the way, can you tell me how to get to the subway station from the bank?Miss Hana    : Sure, you have to take the no.12 bus and get off in Burbank street. The subway station is there.Mr Kingsley    : Are you sure? As far I know the guide book informs us that we have to take the no.14 bus.Miss Hana    : You’re right. I confused the no. 14 bus with the no. 12 one.Mr Kingsley    : Thank you, Madam have a pleasant day.Miss Hana    : You’re very welcome, Sir.

Dialogue 4

A : What's the matter with you?B : I've got stomachacheA : You should go to the sickbayB : You are right, but where? Can you tell me where it is?A : Sure. It's next to the principal's officeB : Thanks

Dialogue 5

Raymond : Elizabeth, did you know anything about the coming outbound activity?Elizabeth : Yes, it will be held next month, precisely on Sunday, March 10th. Raymond : Who will participate in the event?Elizabeth : All the members of the OSIS committee.Raymond : Are you sure? But I heard, at least two students from one class may join the event.Elizabeth : No, that’s not right. It has been decided that this event only for the OSIS committee.Raymond : I see.

92

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

This is for number 1-2.

This period is an English class for X-1, Mrs. Nurbaiti is standing in front of the class.She is asking the students some questions.

Mrs. Nurbaiti  :  Who is absent, today ?Lendy              :  Henny and Rendy, Mam.Mrs. Nurbaiti  :  Are there any letters from their parents ?Lendy :  Yes, there is. It is from Henny’s father, but no letter from Rendy’s parents.Mrs. Nurbaiti  :  Well, bring it here, Lena.Lendy              :  Yes, Mam. Here you are.Mrs. Nurbaiti  : Thank you. Now turn to page 21 for our English class. Repeat aftern me, please “He is in the laboratory”Students           :  He is in the laboratory.

1. Who is absent in the class?A. Lendy and HennyB. Rendy and HennyC. Mrs. Nurbaiti and He D. Mrs. Nurbaiti and RendyE. He and Rendy

2. What page do they want to study?A. Page 21B. Page 25C. Page 40D. Page 31E. Page 12

3. Complete the dialogue.

Mother : Clean your room Siska!Siska    : Yes MamVinda   : What did your mother tell you Siska?Siska    : She told me ……………………

A. clean my roomB. to clean my roomC. to clean your roomD. cleaned my roomE. cleans his room

4. This Dialogue for no.4-5

Iwan : Sorry to brother you, but could you tell me the way to the post office?Didin : Well, turn right at the corner. The post office is about 100 meters from here.Arif : Are you sure Didin? I heard that road is under repair.

93

Didin : Sorry, I don’t know about that. If so, Iwan should turn left and then there were T-junction then turn right.Iwan : Thank you Arif and Didi!

In the dialogue, Iwan is _________.

A. rejecting helpB. accepting an offerC. asking for informationD. stating agreementE. expressing hope

5. In the dialogue, Arif is _________

A. Giving opinionB. Stating agreementC. Offering helpD. Denying informationE. Expressing dissappointed

94

SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION

1.     Expressing Satisfaction

Expressing Satisfaction: expressing good feeling; sense of comfort or happiness. Use to express satisfaction.

When we are happy after we see a concert and we are really contented with the performance, when we are happy about our result of exam we must feel satisfied.

The expression that you can use:

- Formal Situations :1. …to be + very pleased with …2. … to be + content with …3. … to be + satisfied with …4. … to be + very delighted …

- Informal Situations :1. Super!2. Great!3. Terrific!4. Fantastic!5. Smashing!6. Perfect!7. Everything is fine.8. Good enough.

2. Expressing Dissatisfaction

Expressing Dissatisfaction: expressing lack of satisfaction. Use to express dissatisfaction.When we do not get as enough as we hope and feel disappointed with some conditions, we must be dissatisfied.

The expression that you can use:-  Formal Situations :1. … to be + displeased with …2. … to be + discontented with …3. … to be + dissatisfied with …4. … to be + disappointed with …5. I’m not satisfied with…

- Informal Situations :1. Horrible!2. Very sad!3. Annoying!4. Disappointing!5. Frustrating!

95

Examples of Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction          :

Asking about satisfaction-          how do you like your room?-          is everything O.K ?-          is everything satisfactory ?-          are you satisfied?

Asking about dissatisfaction-          Do you want to complain about something?-          Was something not to your satisfaction ?-          Are you dissatisfied with something?-          Did you find our service satisfactory ?

Expressing satisfaction-          I really like my new hair cut-          I’m completely satisfied with everything you’ve done for me.-        It was satisfactory.-          It was okay. Not too bad.-      Everything is fine, thank you.- Everything was just perfect.- I’m happy enough with it.- Good enough.

Expressing dissatisfaction-          It is disappointing that.!-          It is unacceptable-          This is the limit I won't take any more of...-          Well, this is most unsatisfactory.-          The concert is so boring.-          What an awful meeting-          It's not as good as I thought.- I am little dissatisfied with the service here.- I am a bit disappointed with the program.-           I have a complaint.-           I’m very dissatisfied with the condition.-          I want to make a complaint.

Responding Dissatisfaction -           I see. -          I’m sorry to hear that. -           I’ll look into it. -           I’ll see what I can do about it. -           I’ll try and take care of it.

Examples : Green = satisfaction, red = dissatisfaction

Conversation 1

96

Waiter    : Is everything O.K. here?Man       : Yes, thank you. Everything is fine.Waiter    : Is your steak satisfactory?Woman  : Quite good.Waiter    : How about your roast chicken, Ma’am? Is it O.K. too?Woman  : It’s just right. Just the way I like it.Waiter    : Will there be anything else, then?Man       : No, not at the moment.Waiter    : Very well, then. Have a nice day.Man       : Thanks.

Conversation 2Shopkeeper : Good afternoon. Is there anything I can help  you with?Customer         : Good afternoon. I am not satisfied with the shirt  I bought yesterday in this shop?Shopkeeper     : Why? What’s wrong with it?Customer   : Let me explain. I wear extra-large T-shirts. The one you gave me is extremely small.  See the  label is M not XLShopkeeper     : I am sorry, Sir

Conversation 3Andi :  Retno, I thought you were on vacation.Retno   :  Well, I got back early.Andi    :  Why?Retno   :  Well, I didn’t really enjoy being there.Andi :  What happened?Retno   :  Well, the beach was very dirty, and when I got there it was raining heavily. Whatmade it worse was the hotel where I stayed had a bad service.Andi    :  You seem to be unhappy with your vacation.Retno  :  Yes, I’m quite displeased about it.

Conversation 4Denias          :  Ian, where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the past  six days. Ian               :  I just got back from Maluku. Denias         : Really? So you had your vacation there? Ian      : Well, actually I was visiting my grandparents. But, I also  visited some beaches  and a museum there. Denias         : Did you have fun? Ian               : Absolutely. The beaches are great and the sea is full of   beautiful coral reefs. Denias         : Don’t tell me you went snorkeling! Ian               : Yes, I did. It was awesome. I’m really content with my trip. Denias         : Oh, I wished I had been there too. Ian               : You should go there sometime. Denias         : Yes, I know.

Conversation 5Retno : How’s your vacation in Bali?

97

 Ayu                : It was terrific! The beaches are beautiful and the sun set from Tanah Lot is                        magnicent. Retno            : Really? What else did you do there? Ayu                : Oh, I went parasailing! It was the most breath-taking thing  that I’ve ever

done. Retno            : Wow, it must be a very fun trip for you. Ayu                : Yes, I’m very satisfied with my vacation there. You must go there. Retno            : Yes, I think I’ll do that.

98

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

Read the following dialogue.

Mr Tono : Good morning, Mrs Tia . Welcome to Cirebon. I’m Hartono. I’m responsible to meet and to take you to our institution.Mrs Tia  : Good morning, Mr Tono. Thank you.Mrs Tono : How was your trip from Jakarta to Cirebon?Mrs Tia  : Err….. It was very nice. No trouble. But I was a little annoyed before leaving Jakarta.Mr Tono : What happened? Any trouble on the train?Mrs Tia  : No. But I was dissatisfied with the service because the departure was not on time. So what I had planned before didn’t work well.Mr Tono : I am sorry to hear that. By the way, are you ready to go to our university?Mrs Tia  : Yes.Mr Tono : Alright, Ma’am.

1. The italic sentence express......A. Asking permissionB. dissatisfactionC. Giving permissionD. Asking for helpE. Expressing satisfaction

Complete the dialogue. And answer question no.2-3

Ann      : Hi, Josh. How was your trip?Josh      : Hi, Ann. Well,............(2). The travel agency was really unprofessional..Ann      : I'm sorry to hear that. What happened?Josh      : Well, the car was not in a good condition. We had to stop several times to repair the machine. It was a very tiring journey.Ann      : Well, it must be annoying.Josh      : Yes, absolutely. It really bothered me. Not only that, the hotel where we stayed was sleazy. There was no AC, the faucet didn't work properly, and there were lots rats and cockroaches.  2. A. it was very disappointing B. It was okay. Not too bad.

C. Everything is fine, thank you.D. I’m happy enough with itE. Good enough

3. the underlined word can be replaced to...A. cleanB. niceC. neatD. dirtyE. stink

99

Complete the dialogue. And answer question no.4-5

Man      : How was the food?Woman : Well, the fried rice was.........(4). I'm completely satisfied eating here. What about Nasi Rames?Man      : I liked it, although we had to queue for an hour. The taste of the Nasi Rames made me forget it.Woman : Well, no wonder the people are willing to wait. The food is delicious! Another time I want to taste the fried noodle.Man      : So do I.

4. A. deliciousB. bad C.tastelessD.bitterE. awful

5. From the dialogue, we know that Woman is.....A. Refusing helpB. Giving informationC. Giving opinionD. Expressing satisfactionE. Asking for permission

100

AGREE AND DISAGREE

Agreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to agree with someone else's point of view:

Of course. You're absolutely right. Yes, I agree. I think so too. That's a good point. Exactly. I don't think so either. So do I. I'd go along with that. That's true. Neither do I. I agree with you entirely. That's just what I was thinking. I couldn't agree more.

Disagreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to disagree with someone else's point of view: That's different. I don't agree with you. However… That's not entirely true. On the contrary… I'm sorry to disagree with you, but… Yes, but don't you think… That's not the same thing at all. I'm afraid I have to disagree. I'm not so sure about that. I must take issue with you on that. It's unjustifiable to say that..

101

EXAMPLES :

Dialogue 1

A: I was thinking of holding the company retreat in the mountains.B: I agree, I think that that would be perfect!A: I was thinking it could take place sometime in January.B: That might be a little too cold for some people.A: Yes, you are right.B: What about April? April has good weather that isn't too cold or too hot.A: Yes, that would work out better.B: You know, maybe we could take a survey to see how that works for everyone.A: Good idea! We'll have to get right on it.B: Fine! Well, I'll get right on it now!

Dialogue 2

A: I think that the company retreat should be in the mountains this year.B: What a great idea!A: January would be a good month for a mountain retreat.B: I like the mountain idea, but I am not so sure about the month of January.A: You know, now that I think about it, you might be right.B: April might be nice. It is far enough away to make the necessary arrangements.A: That is a good suggestion.B: We could ask everyone what would be the best time for them.A: Yes, that would let us know what would work best.B: I'll put the survey online this afternoon.

Dialogue 3

A: The Mountains would be a great place for the company retreat.B: That's a wonderful choice.A: I have chosen January as the month for this retreat.B: Yes, but don't you think January is a little too close to the Christmas holidays.A: Yes, maybe another choice might be better.B: I think that April would work. Spring is a lovely time to be in the mountains.A: Thank you for thinking of that.B: Maybe if we asked around we could see what people would prefer.A: That is a good idea.B: I'll take care of taking the survey and get back to you with the answers.

Dialogue 4

Hurley: Hey Sawyer. I need a favor.Sawyer: What is it Hurley?Hurley: I really have to visit my aunt tomorrow. Can you cover for me at the office?Sawyer: What exactly do you want me to do?Hurley: Just tell Mr. Locke that I had a fever or something.

102

Sawyer: Oh! I’m sorry Hurley. But I won’t be able to do that.Hurley: Why’s that?Sawyer: That would be a lie and I don’t think lying is the right thing to do. I’m sorry.Hurley: Maybe but don’t you think you’re overreacting here? It’d be just a white lie.

Dialogue 5

Jack: I think Hurley lied when he said he had to visit his aunt and couldn’t come to work.Sawyer: Why would he do that?Jack: I don’t know. Maybe he just wanted a leave and made up an excuse.Sawyer: I don’t think so. Hurley would never do that . He’s a serious man.Jack: That’s one way to look at it, but from my point of view I still don’t think it was true.Sawyer: Look, I’ve known Hurley for many years Jack. He never lies. I even know his aunt. You can check with her if you want it.Jack: No, that’s fine. If you trust him, that will be enough for me.

Dialogue 6

Ben: Hey Hurley! What’s up?Hurley: Nothing much. I’m taking my mom to a doctor.Ben: Oh! I hope everything’s fine. Actually, I wanted to invite you to a party tonight.Hurley: Sorry dude! I’m really busy today. Once I get back from the hospital, I have to work some more.Ben: Come on, Hurley. Life’s not only about work and responsibilities. You oughtta have some fun too.Hurley: I’m sorry but I disagree. Work comes first. But thank you for the invitation. Maybe next time.Ben: That’s all right. Take care, man.

103

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION1. Complete the dialogue.

Rijal     : What do you think if learning together ?Risma  : …………….. Let’s take our book.Rijal : Where are we studying?Risma : At the library, I think that is the best place.Rijal : Okay, Let’s go.

A. I disagree with youB. Good ideaC. I don’t think soD. I think this is nonsenseE. Sorry I can’t

Rose    : I think that the article in the newspaper is stupid.Rima    : I don’t think so.Rose : Why do you think so?Rima : Because the newspaper publisher that does not arbitrarily choose the article that will be published there.       

2. From this dialogue, we can conclude that Rima express………………..A. SorrowB. AngerC. DangerD. DisagreementE. Agreement

Rico     : I think the government should try to stop people smoking.Rumba : I supose to your opinion. One puff of cigarette smoke contains fifteen billion particles of matter which are fatal to health.Rico : Absolutely. Remember that smoking affects not only the smokers but also the people that may be around them.       

3. From this dialogue, we can conseque that Rumba express…………………..A. OpinionB. AgreementC. DisagreementD. SatisfactionE. Dissatifaction

Bill       : Do you agree that the school’s new regulation is disappointing?Bob      : No, …….. because it is better than the previous one.Bill : I hate this school, because they confiscated my handphone.Bob : It's because you play handphone in the classroom.

4. The suitable expression for the sentence above is …A. I’m 100 percent agree with youB. I entirely disagree with you.C. I get along with you

104

D. I suppose so.E. I dare you are right

Jack     : What do you think of our new jackets?Jill       : It’s a lovely jacket ever. I’m satisfied with the model.Jane     : Yes, ………………. I like the model. We’d better order again next year.Jack : That’s good idea!

5. The suitable expression for the sentence above is …A. I get along with your opinionB. I can’t accept itC. Not reallyD. I’m not sure about thatE. Well, it depends

105

OFFERING AND ASKING FOR HELP

In this topic you will learn how to ask, give and respond properly to help and offer.

Once in a while people need assistance. However, they occasionally feel uncomfortable asking for help to others.

The following expressions are useful for you when you wish to ask for someone’s help or assistance :

In other cases, you may experience a different situation where someone needs help but s/he seems reluctant or hesitate to ask. This person might be shy to ask for help. If you are

106

interested in helping others and also willing to help just in case there are opportunities, here are some expressions you can use:

Practice the following dialogue.

Alison is Lydia’s senior. They are both volunteering to be the committee of graduation ceremony at school.

Alison : Hi, Lydia. How are you?Lydia : Hi, Ali. I’m fine. I’m just a little busy.Alison : Are you still preparing the stage decoration for the school graduation?Lydia : Yes, I am. I didn’t think it would take a lot of time.Alison : Can I help you? I am not that busy right now.Lydia : That would be very kind of you. Could you accompany me here, please?Alison : Sure. Would you like me to help you with painting the decoration? I am pretty good at color combinatin and designing. Lydia : Yes, please. That would be wonderful.

107

The above example shows how to combine expressions of asking, giving and responding to help/ offer. ‘Can I help you?’ is an expression of offering help in casual way. ‘Could you accompany me here, please?’ is an expression of asking for help in a polite way. The responses, ‘Would you like me to help you with painting the decoration?’ and ‘That would be wonderful’ are both polite.

Keypoints

• You have learned about how to ask, give/offer and respond help politely as well as casually at school context.

• Politeness is not only about the choice of words. To be polite also means to have manners. Manners are all about making others feel important and respected.

• Although you can use casual expressions to your friends, however, stay polite in manner.

Here more examples for you to learn. Please see the table below!

108

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

According to the video, please answer 5 question below by choosing the right answer !

1. Where does the dialogue probably take place ?a.     at home           b.     at the restourantc.     in the market    d.     at schoole. in the office

2. What drink is ordered by a customer first?a. a glass of milkb. a bottle of winec. a cane of sodad. a cup of teae. a glass of ice water

3. who are involved in the dialogue?a. costumer, waittress, and waiterb. boss, waittress, dan waiter c. customer and waiterd. waiter and waitresse. cashier and customer

4. the waiter expression is...a. Refusing an offer b. Accepting an offerc. Asking helpd. Make an offer to help politelye. Offering help in casually expression

5. How much bill shoul be paid by the customer?a. 40.00 $ b . 38.75 $c. 50.00 $d. 28.82 $e. 36. 74 $

109

SURPRISING

In achieving the ability to handle any conversation in different contexts, it is important to learn some expressions of responding to any kinds of news, especially surprising ones. These expressions might come in handy when you or your friends encounter or receive some news.

News comes in different emotions and forms. As you have learned, it can be in in the form of bad news or good news, and that results on different emotions as well. The forms or the media are also different. News may come from mass media, radio, television, or the internet.

Giving news

There are different ways to give news:

Giving good and bad news :

I'm really pleased to tell you... I've got a bit of good news to tell you.. I've got some good / brilliant / great / wonderful / splendid news for you... You know what! I've got a bit of great news for you... Great news for you... I'm afraid I've got some bad news for you... I'm sorry I've got a bit of bad news to tell you.. I really don’t know how to say it, but … I’m sorry to have to say this, but … I really feel bad to have to say this, but …

How to respond

Now you may have been exposed a lot to the news in television and internet. Not only that, what happens around you that you see and hear everyday can also be the souce of news. With all those pressure, it is very important for you to know how to deliver them properly, and you also need to learn how to express of responding to that, especially to surprising news.

Below are some expressions and examples you can use:

Responding to news

Responding to good news :

Wow, that sounds exciting ! That’s great ! How fantastic ! What fantastic / good / brilliant / great / wonderful / splendid news!

110

That's good / brilliant / great / wonderful / splendid news! That sounds like great news! Congratulations! That’s wonderful / fantastic! I’m glad to hear that! Great news! Incredible! Superb! Sounds great! Lucky you! Oh, how wonderful! I can’t believe that!

Responding to bad news :

I’m awfully sorry that… I’m sorry to hear that.. I’m sorry to hear such terrible news. My goodness! I can’t believe it! Poor you! I do sympathize with you. Please, accept my deepest sympathy. I know how you must be feeling. That must be awful Oh, dear ! Too bad ! That’s awful / a pity / unfortunate.

111

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Look at the dialogue below to answer question 1-2

Irna : I just heard about the missing plane in the television.Darma : That’s terrible. Are there any casualties?Irna : It is said that it is missing alongside its 45 passengers.Darma : .... (2)

1. The word “casualty” can be replaced with….A. ReputableB. CasualC. ObjectsD. VictimsE. Proper

Answer : D. victims

We can use “victims” to replace “casualty” in this context.

2. The suitable expression to complete the dialogue above is….A. It must have been horribleB. It is full of surprisesC. I didn’t expect thatD. I wouldn’t worry about itE. It is really awesome

Answer : A. It must have been horrible

You might reply this bad news by saying how horrible it was.

Look at the dialogue below to answer question 3

112

Kamil : I just read the news about the development of the fast-train in our city.Awe : You read? Seriously?Kamil : Come on, that’s not the point. What do you think about that?Awe : Of course it is terrific! .... (3)Kamil : I must say the government surprises me as well.

3. The suitable expression to complete the dialogue above is….A. I should be the governorB. I am very pleased with the governmentC. The government should be responsibleD. The city is developing slowlyE. The responsibility of the train is huge

Answer : B. I am very pleased with the government

You might respond to the good news by saying how pleased you are.

4. Arrange the dialogue below to be a proper conversation. Around three weeks. You can join other competitions after you recover. (1) If you force your arm, it will be worse and you won't be able to play well anymore.

(2) But doctor, I have a competition next week. (3) I feel bad to have to say this, but your arm needs a proper medication. (4) How long will this take? (5) I can’t believe it. (6)

A. 4-3-2-5-1-6B. 4-3-2-5-6-1C. 6-1-4-3-2-5D. 1-6-5-3-2-4E. 1-6-4-3-2-5

Answer : A. 4-3-2-5-1-6

5. The proper dialogue can be made by following that sequence.

Raisa : Biy, I got ... (5)! Have you checked the website?Biya : What do you mean? What website?Raisa : The announcement! We are both accepted in the university!Biya : Really? Terrific! I am so grateful.Raisa : We are indeed.

The expression best complete the dialogue is ….

113

A. unpleasant news for youB. to thinking about youC. some ideasD. great news for youE. new friends

Answer : D. great news for you

As the news is good, the suitable expression to complete it is “Great news for you.

GIVING SYMPATHY

Sympathy, according to Cambridge dictionary, is an expression of understanding and caring for someone else’s suffering. Let’s say that you heard that one of your classmates just had an accident, you understand that it is a misfortune, but you actually do not feel the same

emotional sense. In that case, you are being sympathetic.

Expressing of sympathy

There are some expressions to show our sympathy to other people. Some of the examples are shown below.

Casually Expression

What a pity

Wow, that's awful

Oh, that's dreadful

That's too bad

What a shame/That's a shame

Oh, poor you

How terrible

How upsetting/How annoying

Oh no, sorry to hear that

I know how you feel

It would be OK soon

Politely Exspression

I am extremely sorry to hear that

I am deeply sorry to hear that

I am deeply upset to hear that

What a terrible situation for you

114

I do sympathize

You have my deepest sympathy at this difficult time

You have my sincere condolences

Please accept my heartfelt condolences

115

There are also some responses to accept sympathy from other people. Here the examples.

·         Thank you very much

·         It’s very kind of you

·         I hope so

·         That’s a pity, isn’t it?

·         Thanks for your sympathy

·         Thanks for your support

·         I would be OK, thank you very much for your support

The use of the expression should determine the context of situation. it will be different expression used in different context of situation. These expressions below show  sequence of the formality, from the most formal to less formal situation

EXAMPLE

Dialogue 1

Amy : Why do you look so sad Novi ?

Novi : I lost my wallet.

Amy : I am sorry to hear that.  How can you lost your wallet. When did it happen?

Novi : I don’t know exactly, But I think when I went to the market.

Amy : You should contact the police and make a announcement about losing wallet

Novi : Oke Amy, Thank you so much for your support. I will try it.

Dialogue 2

Tini : Hello, Wanto, you look dejected. What’s wrong?

Wanto : My grandma passed away in Surabaya, Tini.

Tini : It’s terribly. I am sorry to hear that, Wan. How old was she?

Wanto : She was eighty seven years old.

Tini : She was old

Wanto : the doctor said that she had been having a hard time with many complications.

Tini : When is her funeral?

Wanto : Tomorrow. I am going to buy a ticket to go to Surabaya now. Do you want to accompany me?

Tini : I know how you feel. I am here with you. I will accompany you. Don’t worry.

Dialogue 3

Sandra : I heard that Tiara got an accident.

Wita : Yes, the accident has her them away. I hope she rest in peace.

Sandra : I know how her parents feel. I do sympathize with them.

Wita : That’s very kind of you.

Dialogue 4

Lika : Finally I pass the mathematics test. It is really a difficult test.

Mila : Yes. I’m happy for you. I didn’t pass the test.

Lika : How come? What a pity! You have to study harder. I believe that you can do better next time.

Mila : Yes. I think I can ask the teacher to have another test, and also I need her to consult.

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Rob : My sister has been sick for two days. So I have to accompany her in the hospital.Dick : …………………. I hope she will get better soon.Rob : Thanks.

a. I am sorry to hear that b. Thank you c. I don’t care about itd. I am happy to hear thate. Don’t mention it

Vita : Hi, Dewi, oh Gosh! What happens to your finger?Dewi : Hi, Vita, well I have just cut my finger.Vita : How did it happen?Dewi : I peeled an apple and knife ,you know!Vita : I see. Dewi look! It keeps bleeding……………………….

a. I am happy to hear that b. I know how you feel c. I don’t care about itd. I am glad to hear thate. Don’t do that

Jane : Hi Tia ,I saw you with Mira yesterday at the police office.What happened ?Tia : Really ? I accompanied Mira to report the police.Mira lost her purse when I was in the marketJane : ………………………………..

a. How happy you are b. I know you have a lot of money c. What a terrible situation for Mirad. I don’t know about ite. Don’t do that

Hendra : “Ouch”Father : What’s wrong with you , son?Hendra : I cut my finger while cutting this carrot.Father :………………………. , put the medicine on it.Hendra : Yes, Dad

a. How happy you are b. I don’t know about itc. It doesn’t hurt me

d. Oh, deare. You are wrong

Budi : Why was shifa absent yesterdayDina : Her father passed awayBudi : ………..Why didn’t you tell me before ?Dina : I have just heard about ita. How happy you are b. I am deeply sorry to hear thatc. It doesn’t make me sad d. Oh, congratulatione. You are wrong

LIKES AND DISLIKES

Expressing likes and dislikes

To talk about your likes and dislikes, you can use these expressions.

Expressing likes: I like… I love... I adore… I ‘m crazy about… I’m mad about… I’m fond of.... I enjoy… I’m keen on…

Expressing dislikes: I don’t like… I dislike... I hate… I abhor… I can’t bear... I can’t stand… I detest... I loathe...

 Examples of likes and dislikes :

I'm mad about basketball, but I can’t bear ice hockey. I adore reading poetry, but I loathe doing the housework.

If you neither like nor dislike something:

"I don't mind doing the housework."

Things to remember about likes and dislikes:

1. When these expressions are followed by a verb, the latter is put in the -ing form.

Examples:

"I like listening to music.""I hate wearing sunglasses."

I like VERB+ING

I detestI don't mind

2. Note that" very much" & " a lot" always come after the things you like.

Examples: "I like basketball very much/a lot.  NOT " I like very much/a lot basketball."

3. Be careful when you use "I don't mind..."

Examples:

"Do you mind playing football?""No, I don't mind."(Although it's in a negative form, it means that it's ok for me. I neither love it nor hate it.)

Dialogue:Steve is at home. His girlfriend comes in...Notice how they express their likes and dislikes

Steve: Hello, darling. Do you fancy watching a film tonight?Girlfriend: Oh, no thanks, I don't really feel like watching a film tonight.

How about going out instead.Steve: OK. Do you feel like going to the theater?Girlfriend: Oh, no. I hate it. Do you like eating at the new Chinese

restaurant?Steve: I don't mind. The Chinese cuisine is alright.Girlfriend: Well I really love it. Let's go.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE :

DIALOGUE 1

David : Hi Lita, how about your English homework?Lita : I’m haven’t done it yet.David : Why? You have to finish it, because all the class have to submit it this morning.Lita : I do not like English.David : I also used to hate English. However, this time I really like it.Lita : Really? How do you do that?David : I did not like English because I could not speak fluently. That inability made me as the dumbest kid in English class.Lita : That is a bad story. Ok, I’m more curious how you could love English. While, you were a dumb student in that subject.David : I started to use English every day. I always tried to communicate by using English.Lita : And then?David : After a couple of years of studying English, I can use English well, and this time I am a student with the highest grade for English subject.Lita : Right now, I think you really like it, isn’t it?David : Yes, you are absolutely right. I really like English.Lita : So, what should I do? So that, I can be like you.David : I think you have to find a reason why you do not like the English.Lita : I do not like the English teacher, that is the cause.David : Why don’t you like the English teacher?Lita : He is so grumpy.David : How can the teacher do not be grumpy anymore?Lita : I have to be a diligent student, so he will be friendly with me. Some kids are never scolded just because they are diligent and smart.David : That is the best solution. Do it.Lita : Ok, I will continue to learn English to become a smart student. Thank you David.David : You’re welcome.

DIALOGUE 2

At restaurant Katie: So, which do you want for our dinner? #opening the menu book Theo: How about fried chicken terriak, vegetable salad and apple smoothies? I like them very muchKatie: Ok I am with you, I dislike kinds of smoothies , so I want to order a glass of ice tea for drinking.Theo: Up to you Love. Come on dear hurry up. I have been starving.Katie: You just have drunk some glasses of avocado juices already, how could you.Mia: Hahaha,,, it was just for appetizer Love, you are just like not know me before, and now I am really hungry.Katie: Ok dear

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Julia     : Hi Nancy. How are you?Nancy  : Fine, thanks. How was your Sunday morning?Julia     : I spent my Sunday morning cooking with my husband.Nancy   : So you like cooking together? That's great.Julia      : What about your Sunday, then?Nancy  : Well, I love my children very much so I spend Sundays with them.Julia     : Oh great. I'm happy to hear that. I love my children  too. But they enjoy spending their Sundays  at their grandparent's house.Nancy   : My children hate travelling. They don't like going to their grandparent's house because they have to spend 2 hours on the bus to get there.Julia     : All right, Nancy. Nice to bump into you. See you.Nancy  : Nice to see you too. See you later.

Answer the questions based on the dialogue above.

1. What did Julia do on Sunday morning?

a. She spent her Sunday cooking with her husband.b. She spent her Sunday morning at home.c. She spent her Sunday morning visiting her mother.d. She spent her Sunday morning with her children.e. She spent her Sunday morning with her grandma

2. How does Nancy spend her Sunday mornings?

a. She cooks special food.b. She spend s her Sunday mornings with her children.c. She travels everywhere.d. She goes to her mother's house.e. She walks to the park

3. The word 'them' in line 7 refers to?

a. Julia and her husband.b. Julia and her childrenc. Nancy and her childrend. Nancy's childrene. Julia and Nancy

4. Why don't Nancy's children like to spend their Sunday at their grandparent's house?

a. The hate travelling.

b. They have to spend 2 hours on the bus to get there.c. They enjoy spending their time at home.d. They like cooking at homee. They prefer to sleep

5.the word “bump”, means :

a. gob. breakc. liked. hatee. come across

ASKING, GIVING, AND REFUSING PERMISSION

In expressing asking for, giving and refusing permission there are some common phrases such as :

Asking for permission : Can I...? Is it okay if...? May I...? Could I...? Would you mind if...? Do you mind if...?

Giving permission : Yes, you can. Sure. Go ahead. Yes, you may. I don't mind. No problem. Certainly Of course Okay, you can do it I’d love to

Refusing permission : I'm afraid not. No, I think. No, you cannot. You couldn't do that. Sorry, you are not permitted.

Here is the example of the usage of expressing agreement in daily conversation:

Spea Komic is created using www.pixton.com

The expressions that are used in the Spea Komic are :

Asking for permission

1. Is it okay if  I sit there?2. Would you mind if I ask you something?

Giving permission

1. Go ahead.2. Refusing permission3. No, I think. 

From the Spea Komic above, we also can find some daily idioms/phrases:

1. ..To run into you here.         It means to meet someone, somewhere coincidentally.

2. Broke up        It means discontinue an association or relation or going different ways by ending             relationship.

3. To be honest        It means that we utter something honestly, without lying.

4. I'm trying to have a life.        Have a life means that you continue your life ordinarily.

Another Examples :

DIALOGUE 2 Idha     : Dad, mmm you know that every year my school holds a charity concert.Father  : It sounds good dear.Idha     : Everyone loves to join the concert. Many social events will be held. May I go to the concert tonight, Dad?Father  : Of course you may. But firstly you have to study for your final exam. And with whom are you going to there?Idha     : I am leaving with Rara, and we will meet our friends at school first, then go to concert together.Father  : Ok. Don’t go home too late, otherwise I won’t open the door.Idha     : okay, thanks Dad, I love you hehe

DIALOGUE 3Bayu : Hi Gatra, waw is this your new bicycle that everyone’s talking about?Gatra : Hehe, yup, you’re right. I bought it in Surabaya last week.Bayu : it looks so luxurious. It must be expensive, right?Gatra : Yup, I have spent all my savings for this.

Bayu : Do you mind if I try it around the park?Gatra : I am afraid not, everyone knows how your bad record in trying something new hehe, sorry.Bayu : yeah, it’s ok.

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

On the Train

Armand: Excuse me.?..................................(1)Bryan: Not at all, please go ahead.Armand: Thank you. It’s very hot here.Bryan: True. Can I take some water from your pitcher?Armand: Certainly. Can I have that magazine for a while?Bryan: I’m sorry, I haven’t finished reading it. I’ll give it to you as soon as I’ve finished.Armand: Thank you.

1. The sentence to complete the dialogue is.....A. Would you mind if i’m opening that windowB. Can you open that window?C. Are you sweaty?D. Would you mind if you’re opening that windowE. May he open that window?

2. What does the bold printed letters express......A. Asking permissionB. Refusing permissionC. Giving permissionD. Asking for helpE. Refusing help

Roman: HI Bobby! Would you mind I kept this here?Bobby: Not at all.Roman: I’ll come back around eleven. Is it ok?Bobby: Fine. I may not be here then. But Cindy will be.Roman: Fine. Shall I keep it in that corner?Bobby: Oh, yes. It’s safer there.

3. What does the bold printed letters express........A. Asking permissionB. Refusing permissionC. Giving permissionD. Asking for helpE. Refusing help

Please complete the following dialogue.

Ryan: Excuse me. ..............................(4)

Mark: Please go aheadRyan: It would be a good idea if we considered the latest developments in the field while examining the project proposal.Mark: The latest developments? ....................(5) Ryan : Sure. Here you are.Mark : Thank you.

4. A. If you don’t mind, I’d like to make a suggestion.B. I have a bad ideaC. Can you hear me?D. I won’t to tell you somethingE. I have no idea

5. A. Why don’t you tell me?

B. May I go to the toilet?C. Could you give me more details?D. I’m afraid notE. I can’t believe it

APOLOGIZING

To apologize is to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has caused him inconvenience or unhappiness:

Examples:

I must apologize to Isabel for my late arrival.

I'd like to apologize for my trouble making.

Trains may be subject to delay on the northern line. We apologize for any inconvenience caused.

Here are some expressions you can use to make and respond to apologies

Making apologies:

I do apologize for...

I must apologize for...

I apologize for...

I'd like to apologize for...

I am so sorry for...

I shouldn't have...

It's all my fault.

I'm ashamed of...

Please, forgive me for...

Excuse me for ...

I'm terribly sorry for...

Pardon me for this...

Please, forgive me for my....

Please, accept my apologies for...

Accepting apologies:

That's all right.

Never mind.

Don't apologize.

It doesn't matter.

Don't worry about it.

Don't mention it.

That's OK.

I quite understand.

You couldn't help it.

Forget about it.

Don't worry about it.

No harm done.

Refusing apologize :

That’s too bad

You make me sad

You make me disappointed

No, I’m not

Remember:

"I'd like to apologize" is the short form of "I would like to apologize"

Example :

Handi: Hello, Handi’s here.

Resty: Hello, I am Resty. Handi, I am really sorry about yesterday. I should not call you because you were with your girlfriend. I didn’t mean to make misunderstanding like that. Please accept my apologize..

Handi: Hello, Resty. It does not really matter. Actually, that’s my fault because I do not tell my girlfriend that you are my close friend.

Resty: Ya. I also surprised that your girlfriend was angry with me because we have been friend since a long time.

Handi: Yes, it’s all my fault. But Resty, could you help me please?

Resty: What can I do for you?

Handi: I need your help to talk to my girlfriend. I mean, you just tell the truth that we are only friends and do not have any other relationship as she think.

Resty: Sure, I will do it soon.

Handi: Ok, thank you so much.

Resty: You’re welcome Handi.

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Perhatikan dialog dibawah ini dan jawablah pertanyaan no 1-3

(Inside the classroom)Gilang : Hey, Robi. Where is Mita?Robi : Mita? I think she is meeting her friend at another classGilang : Is that her lunch box on her desk?Robi : I think so, what’s wrong with her lunch box?Gilang : I have a good idea, let’s play a prank on her!Gisel : Guys, I’m sorry for interrupting your talk. Can I ask what time it is now? When will the break time end?Robi : It’s 1.15 PM. I think we will have another class in 30 minutes.Gisel : Alright, thanks Robi.Robi : No problem.Robi : Well, what is your idea, Gilang?Gilang : I’m going to hide her lunch box and she will really be in panic when seeing her lunch box is missing. And that is going to be so funny. So, do you come with me, Robi?Robi : Um… I am sorry, I think I’ll pass. I forget doing my math homework. I have to finish it now before math class starts.Gilang : Oh, okay, that’s too bad. I’ll do it by myself then.Robi : Well, good luck then.Gilang : (Gilang immediately grabs Mita’s lunch box and goes out of the class but suddenly he bumps into a teacher outside the class)Mr. Ari : Pardon me, what makes you so in a rush, Gilang?Gilang : Oh! Mr. Ari! I’m terribly sorry, Sir! I was going to give this lunch box to my friend. I’m really sorry, Sir.Mr. Ari : That’s alright, Gilang. Please be careful on your way.Gilang : Thank you, Sir.Mita : Gilang? What are going to do with that lunch box?Gilang : Huh? Oh! Mita! I didn’t notice you! (Gilang gets startled seeing Mita stand before him all of a sudden)Mita : Yes?Gilang : Oh, I think I’m busted. Actually, I was going to play a prank on you by hiding your lunch box..............(2), Mita.Mita : What? Oh my, I think I came in the right time.Gilang : Please, forgive me Mita. I was only planning on playing a prank on you.Mita :..............(3) Just don’t let this happen againGilang : Alright. Thank you, Mita!Mita : For your information, that’s not my lunch box.Gilang : What?!

1. According to the dialogue we know that Gilang...

A. Tease her Friend

B. Hiding her lunch box

C. Angry with Teacher

D. No regret

E. Join Roby to do homework

2. The sentence to complete the dialogue are......

A. You make me dissapointed

B. Don’t apologize

C. It doesn’t matter

D. I am very sorry

E. I hate you

3. A. That’s too bad

B. I hate you

C. Well, Forget it

D. you make me sad

E. I’m not your friend

Pay attention to the dialogue below and aswer question no.4-5

Diana : Hello, Mr. Jimmy. May I help you?

Mr. Jimmy : Yes, I ordered spare parts for my generator, but you sent the wrong parts.

Diana : Oh no! Can you tell me exactly what parts you ordered and what you got?

Mr. Jimmy : Yes, I ordered two of part number X808Z, but I got two D777X instead! They

                  won’t fit my generator.

Diana : I’m very sorry, let me check and see if we have the correct parts here right now

            and if we do, I can have someone deliver them this afternoon. Would that be

            okay?

Mr. Jimmy : Yes, please. The sooner I have the parts the better.

(Later…)

Diana : Hello Mr. Jimmy, did you get the correct parts I sent over? Are they exactly what  you needed?

Mr. Jimmy : Yes, they just arrived. Thank you.

Diana : My pleasure Mr. Jimmy, again, sorry for the inconvenience

4. What does the bold printed letters express ?

A. Making apologize

B. Accepting apologize

C. Refusing Apologize

D. Asking for permission

E. Refusing help

5. What problem is happening to the above dialogue ?

A. Wrong order

B. Wrong person

C. Bad conditions of items was delivered

D. Anmity between supplier and seller

E. Wrong delivery of items

ABILITY AND INABILITY

Asking if someone can do something: Can you…? Are you good at…? Is he able to…? Are you able to…? Are you capable of…? Do you know how to…? Do you think you can…? Do you know anything about…? Do you have the experience or ability to…?

Saying you are able to do something: I can… I am able to… I know how to… I feel capable of… I might be able to… (Yes), no problem… I would I am able to… I could..... I succeed in .... I know something about… I have the experience of… I am pretty good at the job… I would say I am capable of… (I think) I have the qualification or experience or ability to…

 Saying you can not  to do something:

I cannot… I am hopeless… I am not good at… I have no idea how… I have no experience of… No, I don’t know how to… I don’t know anything about… I am not sure I can/ know how to… (I am afraid) I cannot cope (with)… I would not know where to begin or start… I don’t think I have qualification or experience or ability to…

Expressing ability

In the present:

Express ability in the present as follows: I can speak good English. I can't stand on my head.

In the past

Express ability in the past as follows :

I was unable to visit him. I couldn't eat at all when I was ill.

In the future

Express ability in the future as follows :

I will be able to buy a house when I get a good job. The teacher can assist you after class if you have any questions.

Things to remember:

Can is always followed by an infinitive without "to."

Example: 

I can ride my bike and I can drive a car, but I can't drive a lorry. 

Can in the past is was able or could 

Example:

When I was young I was able to earn my living pretty well. Now I can't; I'm too old.I couldn't hear what he was saying.

Can in the future is will be able.

Example: 

When I finish my studies, I will be able to find a job.

DIALOGUE

Dialogue 1Andi: Hi, Ando! How are you today? Ando: oh, Hi Andi...! I'm fine, thanks. Andi: do you have any planning for tomorrow? Ando: no, I haven't, why? Andi: would you like to going with me to my uncle's house? Ando: of course, I would. Andi: but, can you drive a car? Ando: "don't worry, It's eazy. I've took a course and got a driving license, but I am not able to drive a big car." Andi: it doesn't matter, My car is a carry. So, you don't need to drive a big car Ando: yeah. So, when we will go? Andi: wait on your home, I will come there... 

Ando: OK!.

Dialogue 2James: Hi Steven! i need some help hereSteven: Hi James.. Help for what?James: My bicycle has been damage, "I have some items to fix this bicycle but i can't fix this stuff"Can you fix my bicycle Stave?Steven: "Sure Why Not? Because my father always teaching me for repairng a bicycle"James: Really? Wow that sounds awesome! Ok let's finish this job my best friendSteven: Thanks for your compliment.Ok i will finish it

*Red : Disability*Dark Blue : Ability

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

According to the video, please answer 5 question below by choosing the right answer !

1. What can he do?A. He can’t do anythingB. He can cook at allC. He can fix carsD. He can drive a busE. He can teach

2. He can’t drive a bus, but he can drive a......A. TruckB. MotorcycleC. BusD. CarE. Train

3. He can bake a chococips cookies but He can’t .....A. Bake Bread and cakesB. Swim C. WalkD. Fix carsE. Talk

4. How many jobs offered by companies.....A. 6B. 7C. 5D. 4E. 10

5. What is the appropriate job for him, according to the woman?A. An ActressB. An ActorC. A TeacherD. A DiverE. A Cheff

GIVING OPINION

Expressing Opinions

Opinion dialogue is a dialog consists of two persons or more who have opinion each others. It can use the expressions, such as in my opinion, in my view, I think etc.  Argument dialogue is a dialog that states the arguments or reasons. It can use the words such as first, second etc for arranging arguments.

Asking opinion : 

Formal :

- Have you got any comments on …..- Do you have any idea?- Do you have any opinion on ……- Would you give me your opinion on……….?- What is your reaction to ……- What is your opinion about……….?- What are you feeling about………….?- What are your views on……….?- Please give me your frank opinion?

Informal :

- What do you think of…….?- What do you think about………?- What is your opinion?- Why do they behave like that?- Do you think it’s going?- How do you like?- How was the trip?- How do you think of Rina’s idea ?- How do you feel about this dicition?

Giving opinion Formal :

I personally believe …..I personally consider ….I personally think /feel ….I hold the opinion ….My own view of the matter is ……Well, personally …….If I had my view, I would …..

Informal :

I think I like it.I don’t think I care for it.I think it’s good/nice/terrific……..I think that awful/ not nice/ terrible…………I don’t think much of it.I think that……..In my opinion, I would rather……….In my case …..What I’m more concerned with ….What I have in my mind is………The way I see is that…………No everyone will agree with me, but ….To my mind …..From my point of view ….

 

Personal Point of View

We use these words and phrases to express a personal point of view:In my experience…

As far as I'm concerned… Speaking for myself… In my opinion… Personally, I think… I'd say that… I'd suggest that… I'd like to point out that… I believe that… What I mean is…

General Point of View

We use these words and phrases to express a point of view that is generally thought by people:

It is thought that... Some people say that... It is considered... It is generally accepted that...

EXAMPLE : Generally speaking, when we are asked about our opinions, we make a stand either we agree or disagree with the topic. In order to support our stance, we also tell our personal point of views.

Here are some examples of the use of those expressions in dialogues

George : Mr. Shaw told me that the student should not ride a motorbike to school. What do you think?Robert : Yes, I think he is right. In my opinion, riding motorbike could be dangerous for the student.George : Well, I’m not really sure about that. I’d say that motorbike saves more time than public transportation.

From the dialogue above, we can see the sequence. First, George tells Robert about Mr. Shaw’s opinion and asks for Robert’s opinion. Second, Robert agrees with Mr. Shaw’s. Third, George disagrees with Robert and Mr. Shaw’s. Last, both Robert and George mention their personal point of views about Mr. Shaw’s statement.

Mr. Zoe  :  What do you think of my new house?Shane     :  It is beautiful. I think. Oh you have many novels in your new house.Mr. Zoe  :  Yeah, some. I like Andrea Hirata’s novels.Shane     :  How do you feel about Andrea Hirata’s novels ?Mr. Zoe  :  I feel they are great novels.Shane     :  Yes, you are right. I think it is going to rain.Mr. Zoe  : I don’t think so. Look outside at the sky! It’s so clear. No clouds there.Shane     : But I watched the weather forecast yesterday. It said that today is goingto rain. OK Mr. Zoe see you.

Mary : What do you think about our new apartment?Rifqy : I feel that this place is very nice; the lovely garden, the refreshing fish pond, and the big parking spaceMary : That’s exactly what I think. But would you agree that the paint is a bit shady?Rifqy : Well, I’m afraid I have to disagree with you on that. I think the color perfectly fits.Mary : I think we are on a different page about the paint.

Aziz : So, do you think you have a lot of friends?Riana : I guess so.Aziz : What do you think makes a good friend?Riana : Well, for starters, a good friend helps you when you’re in trouble.Aziz : But do you think that’s the most valued thing in a friend?Riana : Yes, friends do help each other. I think so.

144

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

1. Complete the dialogue below.

Eric : I think this city is getting hotter.Inda : I don’t think so. ___________ this city is much cooler than other cities in this country.

A. I’m thinking ofB. In my opinionC. MaybeD. He forgot itE. I know it

Answer : B. In my opinionTo state the opinion, you can say “In my opinion this city is much cooler than other cities”.

2. Ujang : How do you feel about the disaster in Aceh on December 26, 2004? Kini : I feel it a human race tragedy

The underlined word expresses....A. A denialB. A requestC. An Iquiry of opinionD. An offerE. An answer towards something

Answer : C. An inquiry of opinionIt is an inquiry of an opinion.

3. Complete the dialogue below.Tini : ______________Izy : I guess Italy will be the champion

A. Do you watch the European Cup?B. Have you heard about the European Cup?C. Do you know about the European Cup?D. What can you say about the European Cup next year?E. Do you know where Italy is?

Answer : D. What can you say about the European Cup next year?The most appropriate question that fits the answer would be “What can you say about the European Cup next year?”

4. Look at the conversation below to answer question 4-5.

Amy : Are you going to join any preparation courses for national exams?Ina : Well, I don’t think so.Amy : Why not?Ina : We have already had enough lessons at school.

145

Amy : I personally think that we still need it.Ina : Well, I respect your opinion.

In this discussion, they were talking about…

A. the national exam preparation lesson at schoolB. the need of preparation course for national examC. the need of national examD. the national exam lessonE. preparation course

Answer : B. the need of preparation course for national examThe idea was about the need of preparation course for national exam, as stated in the beginning of the discussion.

5. Amy disagreed with Ina by saying that…

A. they needed to think about it.B. they had enough.C. They would need itD. they respected each otherE. they wouldn’t need it.

Answer : C. They would need itShe personally thought that they needed preparation courses for national exams.

146

INVITING

Sometimes, we have a situation and have to also invite some of friends to come. There are many situations that probably happened in our daily life, such as meeting, birthday party, graduation party etc. of course, we have to make an invitation for our guests. There will be two answers for them who are invited by us, they may come or accept the invitation and they may not come or decline the invitation. The situation will be divided into formal and informal. There is differences expression that  is  use in the different context of situation.

Expression to make, accept or decline in vitiation in formal situation.

Making in vitiation

·         Would you like to…?

·         I would very happy if…?

·         We would be delighted if you…?

·         Would you care to..?

·         We would be pleased if you could…?

·         Would you care to…?

Accepting invitation

·         That’s very kind of you

·         We’d like very much to….

·         What a delightful idea

·         With the greatest pleasure

·         Thank you very much for inviting me

·         It’s delightful to….

Declining invitation

·         I’m very sorry, I don’t

147

·         Think I can.

·         I’d like to, but ….

·         I’m afraid I’ve

·         Already promised….

·         Thank you for asking me, but ….

·         Unfortunately  , I can’t….

Expression to make, accept or decline in vitiation informal situation

Making invitation

·         Why don’t you come to…

·         Like to come to …

·         Come and …

·         Shall we come to …

·         You must come to …

Accepting invitation

·         I would/will …

·         That would be very nice

·         OK,I will be there !

·         I’d like love to come.

·         All right.

·         Sure, I am coming

Declining invitation

·         Sort, I can’t.

148

·         I’d love to, but …

·         I don’t think I can.

·         In wish I could, but …

·         Sorry, I am very busy

·         Sorry, may be next time

·         Thank you, but I can’t

·         Sorry, I don’t think I

·         Can’t make it

·         I’m so sorry I can make it

Dialogue Examples:

Dialog 1

Ludi Invites Maya to go to a Movie

Ludi  :  Hi, Maya. There will be a great film tonight. It’s about vampire.

Would you like to go to the movie with me?

Maya  : Yes, I’d like tonvery much. When will you pick me up?

Ludi   :  I’ll pick you at 7.00. Be ready, OK!

Maya   : Alright.

Dialogue 2

Ahmad : Hey Atikah, do you have a plan on Friday night?Atikah  : Hmm.. No, I don't. Why?Ahmad : Well, My family and I are going to have a small party on Friday night in my back garden. I was wondering if you would like to come along. It would be nice to be with you there.Atikah  : Wow. It sounds really nice. I will. Anyway is there any celebration?Ahmad : Ehm to celebrate my graduation, but it is just gathering. So, I will pick you up at 8 pm, ok?

149

Atikah  : Hmm. Do you mind if I came there with my boyfriend?Ahmad : Oh, never mind (feeling sad)Atikah  : Ok. Thanks for your invitation.Ahmad : My pleasure..

Dialogue 3

Andra : Hello Dian, how are you?

Dian    : I am alright, what about you?

Andra  : I am fine, too. I got a brochure that there will be Sheila on 7 concert on next Sunday.

Dian    : Whoah, I just knew that.

Andra  : Yeah, that’s why I tell you now, because you are a big fan of Sheila on 7. I want you to come to the concert with me if you don’t mind.

Dian    : Sure. It’s my pleasure. And please save me in the crowded 

Andra  : Of course, I will.

150

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

According to the video, please answer 5 question below by choosing the right answer !

1. Who is inviting to the event?

A. Merry and Peter

B. Merry and Aunt Merci

C. Mr. Smith and Mr. Bradd

D. Uncle Merci and Susanna

E. Peter and Mr. Smith

2. When will anniversary wedding party be held?

A. Next day afternoon

B. Wednesday evening, next month

C. Tuesday evening, next week

D. Tuesday evening, Next year

E. Next decade

3. How long have they got married?

A. 20 years

B. 10 years

C. 5 years

D. 30 years

E. 1 year

4. Where will the anniversarry wedding be done?

A. At their place

B. At pool

C. At building

151

D. At hall

E. At Ballroom

5. Who will not be able to attend the anniversarry wedding?

A. Mr. Bradd

B. Aunt Merci

C. Merry

D. Susanna

E. Mr. Smith

152

HOPE AND WISH

What is the difference between ‘hope’ and ‘wish’?

Hope is something that you want to happen in the future and it is possible to happen if you do something to make it happen.

Meanwhile, wish is something that is not likely to happen.

Example:

I am hoping that I pass the test.

(The sentence means that the test has not happened yet, thus it is still possible for you to pass the test – but of course you have to study hard to make it happen)

I wish that I had passed the test .

(The sentence means that the test had happened and you did not pass the test. You only wish that you could pass, while in fact you did not.)

153

Hope

1. To say what you hope about the past, you use the simple past:

I hope she found the restaurant. I hope he passed his class last semester.

2. To say what you hope about the present, you use the present:

I hope he's all right. I hope he knows where the clinic is. I hope he's having a good time in Florida. I hope he likes Italian food.

3. To say what you hope about the future, you use the present (or the future, although it is less common):

I hope he has a good time in Florida next month.(I hope he'll have a good time in Florida next month.)

I hope she comes to see us when she passes through New York.(I hope she'll come to see us when she passes through New York.)

Wish

1. To say what you wish about the past, you use the past perfect:

I wish I had passed my ESL class last semester! (You didn't pass.) I wish she had given me her phone number. (She didn't give it to you.)

2. To say what you wish about the present, you use the past:

I wish I had a good job. (You have a bad job now.) I wish I had a million dollars. (You don't have a lot of money.) I wish I knew how to speak Japanese. (You can't speak it.) I wish I could type. (You can't type.) I wish I were a good dancer. (You're a bad dancer.) I wish she were nicer to me. (She's not nice to you.)

(Note! We use were for all subjects when we use wish.)

3. To say what you wish about the future, you use would:

I wish Clinton would do more to help the poor. I wish you would quit smoking soon.

(Note! If you think there is a chance that something can happen, use hope, not wish: To say, "I hope Clinton does something about healthcare soon" means that you think there is a strong possibility that he will.)

154

Read the conversation below and study the sentences to express wish and hope.

Dialogue 1

Janet : "What is your wish Ron?"Ron : "I wish to be a doctor. What is yours?"Janet : "Hmm I wish to be a doctor too but I'm not sure."Ron : "And why is that?"Janet : "I'd like to be a writer instead."Ron : "Thats great either. I hope we can make it come true someday."Janet : "Sure we will."

Dialogue 2

Benny and Benna : Hi Ari Ari : Hi twins ! Benny and Benna: happy belated birthday, this is your gift Ari : thank you! Benna: How was the party last night Ari? Ari : It was so much fun! why didnt you come? i thought i sent the invitation Benna : yea you did. But our mom was not feeling really well, so i had to take care of her last night Ari : oh i see, is she okay now? Benny : yeah, she's getting better Ari : good to hear Benny : we wish we came to the party though, it was not really good of us, missed our friend's party like that Ari : It's okay, it happens you know, emergency situation like that, and i can assure we're still friends Benny : thanks, well i guess see you at lunch? Ari : yeah, thanks for the gift and i hope your mom will get well soon Benny and Benna : you're welcome, thanks. 

Dialogue 3

A : Hi B, you look so pale. What's the matter with you?B : I'm sick.. I got cold,runny nose,and caughtC : Hmm.. have you seen the doctor?B : No, I haven'tA : You should to go to the doctorC : Yeah B, I hope you feel better soonB : Thanks friends

Dialogue 4

A: Tomorrow my lil brother will celebrate his birthday.B: Good. I hope he has a nice birthday party.A: Thank you. You should come.

155

B : OK, I will come.C: I am sorry, I can’t go anywhere tomorrow.A: You have a job in your home?C: Yes, there will be my cousin and my mother ask me to take him care.A: Oh I see. Ok no problem.

156

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

In an officeAri : What are you doing fat? You look terrible. What’s wrong?Fatir : I missed the tele-conference. I wish I came a little bit earlier. Ari : Oh, really? Well, the boss will be so mad at you.Fatir : I know. May he forgive me this time.Ari : I really hope so.

1. Select the option which is true based on the dialogue above …A. Fatir came a little bit earlier.B. Ari came late.C. The boss will forgive Fatir.D. Ari joined the teleconference.E. Fatir did not join the teleconference.

Answer : E. Fatir did not join the teleconference.Fatir was supposed to join the teleconference but he didn’t because he came late. Ari did not come late nor join the teleconference because she said ” really?”. We also do not know if the boss will forgive fatir because it’s not stated in the conversation.

2. The following sentences are NOT in a good order. Construct them into a good narrative dialogue.

Kiki : The other contestants are way better than me. I wish I didn’t underestimate them. (1)Diana : That’s okay. You can join the next competition. (2)Diana : Hi Kiki. I heard that you joined the English Competition last week. (3)Kiki : Yes but I lost. (4)Diana : Really? But your English is really good (5)

A. 1-2-3-4-5B. 3-4-5-2-1C. 2-5-3-1-4D. 3-4-5-1-2E. 4-3-5-2-1

Answer : D. 3-4-5-1-2Conversations usually start with greetings so the sentence which contains “hi” should be the start. Moreover, we can just look at the information flow. The conversation is about Diana asking Kiki about the competition she had.

Diana : Hi Kiki. I heard that you joined the English Competition last week.Kiki : Yes but I lost. Diana : Really? But your English is really good.Kiki : The other contestants are way better than me. I wish I didn’t underestimate them. Diana : That’s okay. You can join the next competition.

3. The synonym of the underlined word is …

157

A. SuspiciousB. MiscalculateC. BlameD. OverthinkE. Underrate

Answer : E. UnderrateUnderestimate means underrate. Diana thought that she is better than the other contestants.

4. At a café

Ari : What time is it?Dinda : If we miss the bus, you are the one to blame Ari. You came so late. Ari : ....Fatir : I hope so.

The correct sentence to complete the dialogue above is ….

A. I really hope the bust has left.B. I don’t hope that I come on time.C. I really hope we still be able to catch the last bus.D. I don’t hope the bus is still available.E. I hope I am not waiting the bus with you.

Answer : C. I really hope we still be able to catch the last bus.From the dialogue we know that they are afraid that they miss the bus because Ari’s late so they must hope to be able to catch the bus.

5. Ted: I heard that you got a car accident yesterday. Are you alright?John: I’m okay, but my car is badly damaged. I hope my insurance will cover for it.Ted:_____________________________________

Which of the following answers is not suitable for Ted?

A. I wish the best for thatB. I hope notC. I guess it willD. I hope soE. That sounds good.

Answer : B. I hope notFrom the dialogue above, we can see that John is hoping for his insurance to cover the car reparation fee. The best manner for us is to be supportive for him. From the question above, every option is suitable except “I hope not”.

158

EXPRESSING NECESSITY

Expressing necessity is asking someone to do something in ways. The speaker will think that something is important to do.

 For example, when you see your friend always come late to school, the teacher will ask him to come earlier by saying “you must come earlier next time”.

There are some phrases you can use to express necessity such as using modals “must”, “have to”, or “should”.

The phrase “must” and “have” show that something is necessary to do. However, “must”has strong meaning than “have to”. “Must” means an obligation or something is also urgent to do.

Here are several examples:

Must

We use ‘must’ to express strong necessity which is strong and more likely to be an obligation for the speaker or write. Take a look at the following sentences.

Examples: 

You must stop eating junk food if you want to stay healthy. My parents asked me to leave early, I must go now. The train leaves at 10. We must hurry. The due date for this this assignment is tomorrow. I must finish it today.

Have to

Native speakers use ‘have to’ more often than ‘must’. We use ‘have to’ to express necessity which is less strong than using ‘must’. It is, however, still used to express obligation.

Examples:

You have to practice more to win the competition. All new students have to wear white shirt and black trousers. Students have to pass National Examination to graduate. I have to take these medicines three times a day.

All those three sentences indicate that there is a rule there. Therefore, there might be a consequence if we do not follow the rule.

For example:

All new students have to wear white shirt and black trousers. (If they don’t, they can’t join the school orientation)

Students have to pass National Examination to graduate. (If they don’t, they have to re-take the test until they do)

159

I have to take these medicines three times a day. (Doctor’s order)

There is a difference between using ‘must’ and ‘have to’ in terms of meaning. We normally use ‘must’ when we think it is necessary, and ‘have to’ when the necessity comes from the situation.

You must buy the ticket online (I’m telling you)You have to buy the ticket online. (That’s the rule)

Should

‘Should’ is also used to express necessity. However, the degree is less strong than using ‘must’ or ‘have to’.

Examples: 

We should do some exercises before the competition. I should set the alarm. I don’t want to be late. I think it’s going to rain. We should get in the car. Mira is sick. You should see her.

So, ‘should’ is used to express weaker obligation than ‘must’ and ‘have to’.

EXAMPLE :

Dialogue 1

A student is asking the teacher about his homework: 

Teacher: You don't have to write a long essay; a short one would be ok!Student: What about the grammar exercise do we need to revise the lesson before we can do it?Teacher: No, you needn't do the exercise at home as we will surely do it together in the next English lesson.Student: Ok! Good bye sir.Teacher: Good bye! 

Dialogue 2

(Situation: The teacher tells students about a science competition)

Teacher : Listen to me, class.All Students : Yes, mam.Teacher : Next week our school will hold a science competition. You are expected to get involved in preparing the competition.Anti : What should we prepare for it?Teacher : Firstly, you have to think the theme for the science competition and its projects.Dinda : Is that all?Teacher : And then …

160

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Read the conversation below to answer question number 1 .

Harry : You look so terrible today. What happened to you?Windi : I stayed up all night to repair my computer. I had to save my data, but the computer is still off.Harry : ....... I’ll accompany you to go to the service center.Windi : Thank you.

1. The best expression to complete the conversation above is ....

A. You don’t have to do it.B. You must repair it well.C. You must check it to the technician.D. You have to save it.E. You must control yourself.

Answer : C. You must check it to the technician.Based on the conversation, Windi has a problem with his computer. She tried to repair it but it wasn’t succeeded. Then, Harry says that he will accompany her to the service center. It means that he asks her to check the computer to the technician. Thus, the best answer is option ‘You must check it to the technician.’

Read the conversation below to answer question number 2.William : Hey, look! This news is unbelievable.Andrew : What’s news?William : Do you still remember Aldo, your old friend?Andrew : The boy who is used to be bullied by you before we moved to Jakarta?William : Yes.Andrew : So? What happen?William : You have to read this news.Andrew : Aldo is the youngest medico at Gajah Mada University. Is it true? He told me that he wanted to be a doctor, but he is 14 years old. How come? He should be in Senior High School now.William : Yes. He skipped 3 years in his school.Andrew : Wow, this is awesome. I can’t believe it.William : He’s a great one I think. I’m ashamed of my behavior in the past. Andrew : Can I use this article for “Bahasa Indonesia” assignment? Besides, I can share to others so that it can also inspire them.William : Sure. I expect your friends will be motivated too.

2. The expression that shows necessity is ....

A. So? What happen?B. This is awesome. I can’t believe it.C. I expect your friends will be motivated too.D. You have to read this news.E. Hey, look! This news is unbelievable.

161

Answer : D. You have to read this news.Expressing necessity is asking someone to do something that the speaker think is important. The phrase in expressing necessity is “must” or “have to”. Thus, the best answer is “You have to read this news”.

Read the conversation below to answer question number 3.Gio : Hey, what’s going on?Alex : I think I have a problem with Ms. Risa.Gio : What happen?Alex : I can’t finish Physics assignment. It’s too hard for me. I don’t know what I have to say to Ms. Risa.Gio : She is actually a kind person. You must submit your assignment and tell her about your problem why you can’t finish it and which part is hard for you or you have to re-take her course.Alex : Alright. I expect she will understand about that.Gio : I hope so.

3. The underlined sentence shows ..….

A. NecessityB. RequestC. HopingD. PersuadingE. Expectation

Answer : A. NecessityIt is necessary that Alex submit his assignment and consult Ms. Risa about his problem; so that he would do better on Physics.

Read the following dialogue.

Mother : Don’t forget to see the dentist tomorrow.Hanna : But I don’t have any toothache anymore, Mom.Mother : She said you still have to see her once every two months.Hanna : All right, then.

4. Hanna has to see the dentist because ....

A. she wants to accompany her motherB. her mother told her soC. she had a toothacheD. she didn’t see the dentist last monthE. it’s the dentist’s order

Answer : E. it’s the dentist’s orderIt is necessity which comes from the situation. In this case,it’s the dentist’s order.

162

I ... remind my mother to take her medicine. She is so forgetful.

5. The correct word to fill in the blank is ....

A. ought toB. have toC. am supposed toD. mustE. should

Answer : D. mustWe use ‘must’ when we think it is necessary do to. In this case, the speaker or writer thinks that it is necessary to remind her mother because she is a forgetful person. In addition, taking medicine is important.

163

CHAPTER III :

Grammar

164

ACITVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active VoiceA feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient: The mechanic fixed the car.

Passive VoiceA feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle: The car was fixed by the mechanic.

1. Simple Present Tense

Active S + V-1Passive S + tobe (is, am, are) + V-3

Example:Active: My mother always cleans the floor every morning.Pasive: The floor is always cleaned by my mother every morning.

Perlu diperhatikan untuk auxiliary/tobe nya menyesuaikan dengan subject dari kalimat pasifnya, bukan subject kalimat aktif.

2. Simple Past Tense

Active S + V-2Passive S + tobe (was, were) + V-3

Example:Active: Fadhila watched the movie in the theatre last night.Pasive: The movie was watched by Fadhila in the theatre last night.

3. Present/Past Continuous Tense

ActiveS + (is, am, are) + present participle/ V-1ing (was/were)

Passive S + (is, am, are) + being + V-3       (was, were)

Example:Present continuous tenseActive: They are making a rainbow cake now.Pasive: A rainbow cake is being made by them now

Past continuous tenseActive: She was buying some books last night.Pasive: Some books were being bought by her last night.

165

Note: Perhatikan perubahan tobe dari are (kalimat aktif) menjadi is (kalimat pasif). Karena, auxiliary/tobe nya menyesuaikan dengan subject dari kalimat pasifnya, bukan subject kalimat aktif.

4. Present/Past Perfect Tense

ActiveS + (have, has) + V-3           (had)

Passive

S + (have, has) + been + V-3           (had)

Example:Present perfect tenseActive: The manager has interviewed some candidatesPasive: Some candidates have been interviewed by the manager.

Past perfect tenseActive: Carroll had made a good decision to leave Liverpool.Pasive: A good decision had been made by Carroll to leave Liverpool.

5. Modal Auxliary

Modal auxiliary* Modals + be + V-3

*Modal auxiliary – will, shall, must, can, may (Present modal)            would, should, could, might (Past modal)

Example:Active: Before I got an injury, I could climb Mount Rinjani.Pasive: Before I got an injury, Mount Rinjani could be climbed by me.

Aktive: She should bring her phone to call her mom.Pasive: Her phone should be brought by her to call her mom.

Active: They must obey the rules in this camp.Pasive: The rules must be obeyed by them in this camp.

6. ACCUSATIVE VERB

Accusative verb* TO BE + V-3

accusative verb: PRAWAN L(Plan, Require, Allow, Want/wait, Ask, Need, Like).

Contoh:

166

Active S + accusative verb + (object) + to V-1

Pasive S + accusative verb + (object) + tobe V-3

Active: I asked my secretary to answer the callPasive: I asked the call to be answered by my secretary

Active : The headmaster requires the students to use the weekly uniformPasive  : The headmaster requires the weekly uniform to be used by the students

Note: Pada dasarnya, pola perubahannya sama dengan passive voice pada umumnya. Hanya saja, yang dipasifkan adalah kata kerja setelah accusative verb (lihat contoh yang ditulis tebal) disana ada perubahan subject dan object (dibalik), selebihnya hanya perubahan dari “to answer” dan “to use” (aktif) menjadi “to be answered” dan “to be used” (pasif).

Active / Passive Overview

  Active Passive

Simple Present

Once a week, Tom cleans the house.

Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Present Continuous

Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.

Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.

Past Continuous

The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

Present Perfect

Many tourists have visited that castle.

That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Present Perfect Continuous

Recently, John has been doing the work.

Recently, the work has been being done by John.

Past Perfect George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.

Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.

Past Perfect Continuous

Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

Simple Future Someone will finish the work by The work will be finished by 5:00

167

WILL 5:00 PM. PM.

Simple FutureBE GOING TO 

Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.

A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.

Future ContinuousWILL

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.

Future ContinuousBE GOING TO

At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.

Future PerfectWILL

They will have completed the project before the deadline.

The project will have been completed before the deadline.

Future PerfectBE GOING TO

They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.

The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

Future Perfect ContinuousWILL

The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Future Perfect ContinuousBE GOING TO

The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.

Would Always

My mother would always make the pies.

The pies would always be made by my mother.

Future in the PastWOULD

I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.

I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.

Future in the PastWAS GOING TO

I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

 

168

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

1. Find the correct sentence that has passive form.

A. The boy whom I introduced to you is a new student.B. I plan to give her a rewardC. The house will be painted by them next week.D. The police arrested the thief last night.E. Father likes drinking coffee every morning.

Answer : C. The house will be painted by them next week.

Passive voice is formed by to be + past participle (Verb 3). Based on the option, the sentence which has the similar pattern is The house will be painted by them next week; Will be as to be and painted as past participle.

2. Choose the correct phrase to complete the sentence below.

“The floor …. by the servants every day.”

A. is sweepingB. is sweptC. was being sweptD. will be sweptE. has been swept

Answer : B. is swept

In the sentence, there is adverb of time which should be paid attention to know what kind of tense the sentence has. Based on the sentence, there is everyday word so it must be Simple Present Tense. The passive form for this tense is to be (am/is/are) + past participle (Verb 3). Thus, phrase that is suitable to complete the sentenceis swept.

3. State the sentence below into passive form.

“The painter is drawing a beautiful lady.”

A. The painter is drawn by the beautiful lady.B. The beautiful lady is drawn by the painter.C. The painter has been drawn by the beautiful lady.D. The beautiful lady was drawing by the painter.E. The beautiful lady is being drawn by the painter.

169

Answer : E. The beautiful lady is being drawn by the painter.

To change the sentence into passive, you should change the position between subject and object. After that, use ‘to be’ based on its tense and change the verb into past participle. Thus, the correct answer is ‘The beautiful lady is being drawn by the painter.’

4. Construct the following words into a complex sentence.

We1 - getting2 - of3 - before4 - been5 - 8 glasses a day6 -suggested7 - have8 -dehydration9 - mineral water10 - to drink11

Choose your answer.

A. 1 – 8 – 5 – 6 – 9 – 11– 3 – 10 – 4 – 2 – 7B. 1 – 8 – 5 – 7 – 11 – 6 – 3 – 10 – 4 – 2 – 9C. 8 – 3 – 10 – 8 – 5 – 7 – 1 – 9 – 4 – 2 – 10D. 8 – 3 – 10 – 8 – 5 – 7 – 1 – 10 – 4 – 2 – 9E. 1 – 8 – 5 – 7 – 2 – 9 – 3 – 10 – 4 – 6 – 11

Answer : B. 1 – 8 – 5 – 7 – 11 – 6 – 3 – 10 – 4 – 2 – 9

The correct order for the jumble words above is “We have been told to drink 8 glasses of mineral water a day before getting dehydration” because in constructing passive form, you should focus on the action and the pattern at least ‘Subject + to be + past participle’.

5. Analyze the mistake in the sentence below.

“The work must be finish by the students on time or they will get punishment from the teacher.”

Choose your answer.

A. The verb ‘finish’ is wrong because it should use past participle.B. The verb ‘get’ should be changed into past participle.C. There is no mistake.D. The position between the students and the teacher should be exchanged.E. The auxiliary ‘must’ should be followed by ‘been’.

Answer : A. The verb ‘finish’ is wrong because it should use past participle.

In constructing a passive sentence, you should remember that the main thing is using ‘to be’ and past participle. Based on the sentence, the verb ‘finish’ is wrong because it should use past participle not infinitive.

170

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

Some people introduce a direct quote with a colon, and not a comma.

For example:

She said: "Today's lesson is on presentations."

When you lead with the quote, you use a comma.

For example:

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

We use the same rules to report what people have written or thought. (Some people use italics.)

For example:

"I can do this," he thought. / I can do this, he thought.Or "I can do this," he wrote.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Direct speech / Quoted speech Indirect speech / Reported speech"I'm going to the cinema," he said. He said he was going to the cinema."We could go to the cinema," he

thought. He thought we could go to the cinema.

171

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech Indirect speechPresent simple She said, "It's cold."

› Past simple She said it was cold.

Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."

› Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.

Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."

› Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.

Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."

› Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.

Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."

› Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.

Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."

› Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."

› Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.

Past perfect continuousShe said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."

› Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Many modal verb forms also change:

Direct speech Indirect speechwill She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."

› would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.

can 

She said, "I can teach English online."

› could She said she could teach English online.

must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."

› had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.

shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"

› should She asked what we should learn today.

may She said, "May I open a new browser?"

› might She asked if she might open a new browser.

172

!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech Indirect speech"I might go to the cinema," he

said.He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true, i.e.

my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

Direct speech Indirect speech

"My name is Lynne," she said.

She said her name was Lynne.

or

She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)

"Next week's lesson is on reported speech," she said.

She said next week's lesson will be on

reported speech.

Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the

time of reporting. For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have

different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Now + 24 hours - Indirect speech

"Today's lesson is on presentations."

She said yesterday's lesson was on

presentations.

Or, She said yesterday's lesson would be

on presentations.

173

Expressions of time if reported on a different daythis (evening) › that (evening)today › yesterday ...these (days) › those (days)now › then(a week) ago › (a week) beforelast weekend › the weekend before last / the previous weekendHere › Therenext (week) › the following (week)Tomorrow › the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).

For example:-

At work At home"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.

For example:

Me You

"I teach English online."

Direct Speech

She said, "I teach English online.""I teach English online," she said.

Reported Speech

She told me she teaches English online.or

She told me she taught English online.

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.We use asked to report questions:-

For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.

We use told with an object.

For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.

174

!Note - Here me is the object.We usually use said without an object.

For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.

If said is used with an object we must include to ;

For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

!Note - We usually use told.

For example: Lynne told me (that) she'd never been to China.

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.

These include:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied,

suggested etc.Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.

For example:He asked me to come to the party:-

He invited me to the party.He begged me to come to the party.He ordered me to come to the party.He advised me to come to the party.He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.

However, that is optional.

For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.

For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

Sneaky punctuation

"I didn't notice that the comma was inside the quotation marks," Lynne said, "but Hekner did."

175

No one has ever set the rules of English language in stone. It's a flexible language, and the rules that exist have arisen through usage, and they can change in exactly the same way, so maybe it doesn't matter, but it's best to be consistent. (Thanks to Hekner and Clare Pearson for their contribution.)

176

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION

Change the following sentences of direct speech into an indirect speech sentences.

1.      Did they eat out together yesterday?

a.      He asked me if they had eaten out yesterday.

b.     He asked me if they had eaten out together the day before.c.      He asked me if they has eaten out together the day before.

d.      He asked me if they have eaten out together the day before.

e. He asked me if they has eaten out yesterday

Discussion: Time in direct sentence speech "yesterday" should be changed to "the day before" in

the phrase indirect / Reported speech.

2.      Don’t turn off the light now.

a.      He told me don’t turn off the light at that time.

b.      He told me not to turn off the light at that time.c.      He told me didn’t turn off the light at that time.

d.      He told me didn’t turn off the light at now.

e. He told me not to turn off light at now

Discussion: "verb" was changed to "infinitive (verb 1)" on reporting command

3.      What’s your passion?

a.      She wanted to know what is my passion.

b.      She wanted to know what was my passion.

c.      She wanted to know what my passion was.d.      She wanted to know what was my passion.

e. She wanted to know what were my passion.

Discussion: Direct speech wh- question form (information request) -> move back to the subject

verb (word order).

4.      I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.

a.      He asked me that he began to understand the concept of biodiversity.

177

b.      He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of biodiversity.

c.      He said that he began to understand the concept of biodiversity.d.      He said that I began to understand the concept of biodiversity.

e. He asked me that he begun to understand the concept of biodiversity

Discussion: Direct speech in the form of a statement by the present simple patterns, verb

converted to simple past patterns in sentence indirect speech.

5.      Your friend has just left.

a.      He told me that your friend had just left.

b.      He told me that my friend has just left.

c.      He told me that my friend had just left.d.      He told me that my friend have just left.

e. He told me that your friend has just left

Discussion: The sentence patterns present perfect tense in direct speech sentences adjusted to

past perfect tense in the sentence indirect speech.

6.      Can I borrow your pencil for a moment?

a.      She asked me if she can borrow my pencil for a moment.

b.      She asked me whether she can borrow my pencil for a moment.

c.      She asked me whether she could borrow my pencil for a moment.d.      She asked me whether I could borrow her pencil for a moment.

e. She asked me whether I can borrow my pencil for a moment

Discussion : Modal verb “can” (present) change into “could” (past).

7.      Why are you staring at my feet?

a.      He asked her why she is staring at his feet.

b.      He asked her why she was staring at his feet.c.       He asked her why was she staring at his feet.

d.      He asked her why is she staring at his feet.

e. He asked her why were she staring att hisa feet

178

Discussion: Verb present continuous tense in direct speech is converted into a continuous

past tense in indirect speech.

8.      The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

a.      He said that the sun rose in the east and sets in the west.

b.     He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.c.      He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

d.      He said that the sun rise in the east and set in the west.

e. He said if the sun rises in the west and sets in the east

Discussion: Verb isn’t change into the past because of the statement in the form of general truth.

9.      I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.

a.      She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day.b.      She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.

c.       She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow.

d.      She said she is going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day.

e. She said she were going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day

Discussion: Time reference "tomorrow" adjusted "the next day" or "the following day".

10.   We have been here for a week.

a.      They said they had been there for a week.b.      They said they had been here for a week.

c.      They said we had been there for a week.

d.      They said they has been here for a week.

e. They said they has been there for a week.

Discussion: "Here" in the direct transformed into "three" in the Indirect speech.

179

CONDITIONAL IF

Type I : real/present

Example :If you study hard, you will pass the examI will give her beautiful flower, if i am youIf the weather is good, I will invite you to the movie

Type II : Unreal/Present

Example :If I were a president, I would build more hospitalsI would buy a sport car, If I had much moneyIf She were absent yesterday, she would get a punishment from the teacher

Meaning : present tenseI’m not a president so I can’t build more hospitals I don’t have much money so I can’t buy a sport carShe is not absent so she can’t get a punishment the teacher

Type III : Unreal/Past

Example :If I had had more more times, I would have gone to America last yearIf I had graduated from UI last year. I would have got a good job 2 years ago.

Meaning : past tenseI didn’t have more times so i didn’t go to America last yearI didn’t graduate from UI last year, so I didn’t get a good job 2 years ago

Pay attention to the following dialogue:

Condition: 

Iris is calling Cisco.

Iris : Cisco, I am going to go to Bali tomorrow. I want to watch Kecak dance in Uluwatu Temple. Will you join me?Cisco : Sure. I will be there if I get a flight ticket. Why don’t you tell me about it earlier?Iris : I am sorry, Cisco. I forgot to tell you. I hope you get the ticket so we can enjoy the show together.

180

If + Simple Present, Present Future (will + V1)

If + Past tense (to be = were), Past Future (would + V1)

If + Past perfect tense (had + V3), Past Future perfect (would have + V3)

Cisco : Allright. I will call you again to inform whether I get the ticket or not.Iris : Allright. Bye

On the above conversation between Iris and Cisco, it is known that we have not known whether Cisco will get the flight ticket to Bali or not. The probability for it is 50:50. It is 50% probable that Cisco will get the ticket and it is also 50% probable that Cisco will not get the ticket. Therefore, in the above case, Cisco answered “I will be there if I get a flight ticket”. It is called Present Real Conditional Sentence or Conditional Sentence Type 1. The following is the pattern of the Present Real Conditional Sentence.

Now, let’s move to the next type of conditional sentence. Pay attention to the following conversation.Condition:Continuing from the previous conversation, now Cisco is calling Iris. He wants to tell her that he does not get any flight ticket to Bali.

Iris : Hey.. What’s up? You will join me to Bali, won’t you?Cisco : Ahhh..... If I got the ticket, I would go to Bali with you to watch the Kecak Dance in Uluwatu Temple. I am sorry.Iris : That is so sad. Next time we will go together.Cisco : Ya. Thank you for inviting me.Iris : You are welcome.

On the above conversation between Iris and Cisco, it is known that Cisco is not going to go to Bali with Iris because he does not get the flight ticket to Bali (Cisco might probable find a ticket, but it is unlikely that he will find a ticket). Therefore, Cisco says “If I got the ticket, I would go to Bali with you to watch the Kecak Dance in Uluwatu Temple”. It is called Present Unreal Conditional Sentence or Conditional Sentence Type 2. You may also use this type of conditional sentence to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary situations. The following is the pattern of the Present Unreal Conditional Sentence.

Example:

If I had a car, I would pick you up now.It can be written as : I would pick you up now if I had a car.

Meaning: I can not pick you up now because I do not have car.

181

If I won the lottery, I would go to United States.It can be written as : I would go to United States if I won the lottery.

Meaning: I will not go to United States because I do not win any lottery.

If I were you, I would sign the contract.

Meaning: I am not you therefore I can not sign the contract.

Note: If you use this type of conditional sentence, “were” is usually used to replaced “was”, even if the pronoun is I, she, he or it.

We are heading to the last type of conditional sentence, type 3. Pay attention to the following conversation.Condition:Continuing from the previous conversation, it has been a week after Cisco confirmed that he could not come to Bali. Now Iris has returned to her house in New York after watching Kecak dance in Bali. Now Iris is on the phone with Cisco.

Cisco : Hai. How’s your holiday in Bali?Iris : It was cool, Cisco! Cisco : How about the Kecak performance?Iris : I watched it twice! The first performance was in Uluwatu Temple, then the second one was in GWK. I was so entertained.Cisco : If I had gotten the ticket to Bali, I would have watched those performances. I will plan a holiday to go to Bali soon.Iris : Sure. You have to.

On the above conversation between Iris and Cisco, we know exactly that Cisco did not find any ticket to Bali to see Kecak performance with Irish (It happened a week ago when Cisco was trying to find a ticket). Therefore, to tell the past conditional sentence, Ciscos says “If I had gotten the ticket to Bali, I would have watched those performances”. It is called Past Unreal Conditional Sentence or Conditional Sentence Type 3. The main uses of the Past Unreal Conditional sentence are for speculating about the past, excusing our own actions and criticising others, or expressing regrets. The following is the pattern of the Past Unreal Conditional Sentence.

Example:• If I had locked the house last night, the thief would not have stolen my TV.It can be written as : The thief would not have stolen my TV if I had locked the house last night.

Meaning: The thief has stolen my TV because I did not lock the house.

182

EXAMPLE OF QUESTION (According to the video)

1. Find and write 3 examples of Conditional clauses type 1!2. Find and write 3 examples of Conditional clauses type 2!3. Find and write meaning of no.2 !4. Find and write 2 examples of Conditional clauses type3!5. Find and write meaning of no.4 !

Answer :1. -If you can prove yourself a true heroon earth, your godhood will be restored.

-If I don’t become a true hero, I’ll never be able to rejoin my father.-If you don’t help him now, he’ll die

2. -If I were omnipotent for a day, I would want world peace, no more hunger, good things for the rainforest.-If I had a wish, I would wish for 3 more wishes.-If I were omnipotent for a day, I would make myself omnipotent forever.

3. –I’m not omnipotent for a day, so I can’t want world peace, no more hunger, good things for the rainforest. - I haven’t a wish, So I can’t wish for 3 more wishes- I’m not omnipotent for a day, So I can’t make myself omnipotent forever

4. –If I had found you ten minutes later, it would have been too late-If I hadn’t forgotten my phone, I wouldn’t have been on the road at that time

5. –I didn’t found you ten minutes later, so it wasn’t too late-I forgot my phone, So I wason the road at that time

183

SUBJUNCTIVE WISH

Subjunctive is a verb that is used to visualize the result of something that did not exist or did not occur, which may be a wish (hope), requirements (needs), and the suggestion. Or in other words, the meaning of subjunctive sentence is always contrary to reality or facts.

1. Future subjunctive

Future subjunctive is used as a modality phrase that refers to the future, so the fact that also in the form of the Simple Future Tense.

 Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Could / Would +Verb 1/infinitife

NOTE

Although rarely used, but sometimes Future subjunctive still frequently encountered, so better we recognize it as well. Instead can use the present subjunctive.

Examples : I wish I could come to your party tomorrow.

Fact : I will not come I wish he would stop saying that.

Fact : He will not stop saying that I wish she could help me next day

Fact : She will not help me next day I wish he would graduate next week

Fact : He will not graduate next week

2. Present subjunctive

Present subjunctive is used as a modality phrase that refers to the present, so the fact that also in the form of Simple Present Tense.

Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were

NOTE

At Present subjunctive form, the verb used is form 2 (VERB 2), and if it should use to be, should use "were" for all types of Subject.

Examples :

I wish you visited me.Fact : You don’t visit me.

I wish you were old enough to marry me.Fact : you are not old enough to marry me

I wish I knew what to doFact : I don’t know what to do

Ron wishes he didn’t have to work tonightFact : Ron has to work tonight

184

I wish I were a birdFact : I’m not a bird

3. Past subjunctive

Past subjunctive is used as a modality phrase that refers to the past, so in fact also in the form of Simple Past Tense.

Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Had + Verb 3 / been

Examples :

I wish I had studied harder when I was at schoolFact : I didn’t study hard

We wish he had written a letter to us last week.Fact : He didn’t write a letter to us

Jim wishes he had finished his work last nightFact : Jim didn’t finish his work last night

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

185

According to the video, please answer 5 questions below :

1. find 5 future wishes!

2. Write the facts of no.1!

3. Find 4 present wishes !

4. Write the facts of no.2 !

5. Find 3 past wishes!

6. Write the facts of no.5!

Answers :

1. a. I wish that baby would stop cryingb. I wish I could flyc. I wish I could visit Parisd. I wish it would stop raininge. I wish the sun would come out

2. a. The baby will not stop crying b. I will not flyc. I will not visit Parisd. It will not stop raininge. The sun will not come out

3. a. I wish I had more moneyb. Sarah wishes she knew how to fix a flat tirec. We wish we were at the beachd. I wish I were happy

4. a. I don’t have more moneyb. Sarah don’t know how to fix a flat tirec. We are not at the beachd. I’m not happy

5. a. I wish the teacher had given me an A+ b. I wish I had remembered my hatc. I wish you had told me earlier that you weren’t coming

6. a. The teacher didn’t give me an A+b. I didn’t remember my hatc. You didn’t tell me earlier that you weren’t coming

186

CAUSATIVE: HAVE and GET

We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. “Have” and “Get” turned into "has, had, will have or gets, got, will get" in accordance with the tense and time information.

Causative “Have” Causative "have" can be used in the form of active or passive. Causative "have" is intended to indicate the assignment of responsibilities to someone in doing something.

Active FormFormula : Active Causative Verb

S + (Has/Have/Had) + Agent + Action Verb (Bare Infinitive) + Object

Examples :1.      I had my sister take that ball2.      Alfin had Bayu wash his car3.      The police had the suspect stop his car4.      We had the carpenter fix our window5.      I have him clean my clothes6.      She has me come to her house right now7.      I had my brother take that glass8.      Rani has Yudi climb the tree9.      Julia had her friend take her result test10.  The student had the teacher speak slowly11.  My father had the craftsman decorate the house last week12.  My boss has me type all the documents13.  Rani had her brother do her homework14. Children have the teacher speak louder.

Passive FormFormula : Passive Causative Verb

S + (Has/Have/Had) + Object + Action Verb (V3)

Examples :1.      I had my car cleaned yesterday2.      My father had the house decorated by craftsman last week

187

3.      I have your computer fixed4.      Alfin had his car washed5.      I had my jacket cleaned yesterday6.      We are going to have our car fixed before we go to Bandung.7.      I had my laptop fixed8.      I had my house renovated last week9.      He had his book returned as soon as possible10.  I have the speaker loaded11.  I had dress sewed by the dressmaker yesterday.12.  She has her car fixed13.  Rangga had the window cleaned14.  We had our door fixed15. The host has the participants number given16. They have the party begun.

Causative “Get” Used to convince someone to do an activity. Its function is similar to "have" but with different sentence structure.                          Active FormFormula : Active Causative Verb

S + (Get/Gets/Got) + agent + action verb (to infinitive)

Examples :1.      She got her brother to buy her a basket ball2.      The government got the bridge built quickly3.      They get me to was the clothes4.      I got my friend to help this homework5.      Gina got Barry to wash the car6.      He gets Toni to brush the shoes7.      The boy got his cat to chase a mouse8.      My mother gets me to water the flowers9.      I get you to like this explanation10.  She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket11.  Alfin got Bayu to wash his car12.  We got the boy to repair the car yesterday13.  She got Andi to clean this room

Pasive form

188

Formula : Passive Causative Verb

S + (Get/Gets/Got) + object + action verb (V3)

Example :1.      Cindy got her bedroom cleaned2.      Barry got the money saved in the bank3.      I get my bicycle fixed4.      Alfin got his car washed5.      She got this room cleaned6.      Mila got her bedroom cleaned7.      I got calvin to pick me up in the car8.      Let’s get our car fixed first9.      Desi got the car washed10.  Some students will get their report checked11.  She got the assignment subbmitted five minute ago

189

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

According to the video, please answer 5 questions below :

1. What was cut?Answer : Her hair

Sthephanie got the hairdresser to cut her hair

2. What was painted?Answer : Her nails

Sthephanie got the manicurist to paint her nails

3. What was done?Answer : Her make up

Stephaine got the makeup artist to make up her face

4. What was dye?Answer : her hair

Sthephanie got the hairdresser to dye her hair

5. Transform “got” into “had form” of the answer no.1-4Answer :

a. Stephanie had the hairdresser cut her hair

b. Stephanie had the manicurist paint her nails

c. Stephanie had the makeup artist make up her face

d. Stephanie had the hairdresser dye her hair

190

NOUN PHRASE AND ADJECTIVE PHRASE

Noun Phrase

Phrase is a word that is not patterned series of subject-verb. So if we pull out of the Phrase sense, then A noun phrase is a phrase the which can replace a noun in a sentence.

Noun Phrase used to describe a noun with a more clear description. Suppose, girl becomes beautiful girl, boy into a handsome boy. So when we use the Noun Phrase then we not only show a noun, but also provide a clearer explanation or specific to the noun.

Here are the types of words that can be combined with a noun to form a noun phrase:

Articles (a/an, the)e.g. She has a brilliant mind.

Possessives (my, your, their, etc)e.g. His discipline and determination are what make him successful in his life.

Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)e.g. The exit door is that way.

Quantifiers (many, some, very, a few, number – one, two, etc)e.g. He was exiled in that island for five years. During that time, he wrote several books.

Other nounse.g. She likes to read books in a coffee shop.

Adjectives (this topic will be explained in more detail in the following discussion)e.g. He is an amazing man.

191

Wording Noun Phrase: Adj + Adj + N or N + Prep

Description :

Adj = Adjective N = Noun Prep = Preposition

Examples :• Smart girl• Smart girl from Yogyakarta

What I was Adj italics, bold print that was Noun, while I underline is the Preposition. See more obvious examples of noun phrase below.

Noun Phrase

Beautiful girl

Red hair

The diligent student

Creative ideas

Long black hair

Lazy girl

Fastest car

Delicious food

The big beautiful house

A fussy girl

Biggest classroom

Big book

Beautiful girl in front of

me

192

Diligent student in the

classroom

Adjective Phrase

It has been mentioned that the phrase is a series of words that are not patterned subject and verb, if we associate with the adjective then that sense of adjective phrase is a series of words that are not patterned subject and verb where the core (head) of a series of words is in the adjective (the word character). In this case basically described in general that is the adjective (adjective), so the goal of forming an adjective phrase is to give a more detailed description of the adjective.

To more easily in preparing a series of words adjective phrase, you can use the following wording: Adv + Adj

Description :

Adv: Adverb Adj: Adjective

The arrangement can be used for any word, but an exception to the use of the word "enough". If we want to use the word "enough" then changed its structure like this: Adj + Enough. For example, compare the following two adjective phrase:

Very smart Smart enough

Smart is an adjective, while very and enough is an adverb, notice how the structure has changed.

The use of Adjective Phrase

In use, the adjective phrase can be used to describe a noun or not. If the phrase is used to explain adjective / noun describing called Attributive Adjective, where as if it is not used to describe a noun called Predicative Adjective. Actually distinguish between the two types is very easy, we only live to see if after an adjective followed by a noun phrase or not, if followed by a noun then Attributive Adjective, whereas if it is not followed by a noun then Predicative Adjective.

Examples : Predicative Adjective

She is really beautiful They are extremely smart I am so Handsome

Now compare with Attributive Adjective as exemplified below

193

She is a really beautiful girl They are extremely smart people I am a man so handsome

Especially for Attributive Adjective, let us take the example of the first, is the adjective phrase is "really beautiful" is not "really beautiful girl", this is just use to describe the noun. If the "really beautiful girl" then it would be a noun phrase rather than an adjective phrase. Just remember to prepare wording adjective phrase that Adv + Adj.

Examples :

Adjective Phrase

Rather fussy

Always late

Too fast

Totally tired

Lazy enough

Highly delicious

Strongly dangerous

Very dark

Quite beautiful

Terribly pricey

Notes:

Noun phrase will always have a ‘noun’ as its head.

Adjective is the word that is used to describe a noun or pronoun.

Adjective combined with a noun will form a noun phrase.

In a noun phrase with adjective embedded in it, the adjective comes before the noun.

194

EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS

1. Turki bin Salman Al Saud is the prominent member of the Saudi royal family.

The noun phrase in the sentence above is …

A. The prominent memberB. Turki bin Salman Al SaudC. MemberD. FamilyE. Prominent

Answer : A. The prominent memberNoun phrase is a group of words that consists of a noun and other word(s). The other words could be an adjective, another noun, articles, possessive pronoun, demonstratives, or quantifiers. So, member and family are not considered as noun phrase because they are noun; while prominent is an adjective, and Turki bin Salman Al Saud is a name.

2. “N.H. Dini is a renowned writer, novelist, and feminist from Indonesia.”

The adjective in the sentence above is ….

A. RenownedB. NovelistC. IndonesiaD. WriterE. Feminist

Answer : A.RenownedRenowned means famous for something. It belongs to adjective. It explains the characteristic of the person mentioned in the sentence. Meanwhile, writer, novelist, feminist, and Indonesia are nouns.

3. Read the text carefully and answer the question.

He is a very humble man. His style might be unique for some of us because he always wear robe wherever he goes and his head is always bald. He is very wise and many people in this world respect him for his thought and kindness. Do you know who he is? He is the Dalai Lama, a Tibetans’ famous political and religious leader, as well as a humanitarian activist, Tenzin Gyatso.

The adjective(s) in the text above are ….

A. Humble, bald, very, thoughtB. Humble, unique, wise, bald

195

C. Humble, unique, kindness, religiousD. Humble, religious, kindness, humanitarianE. Humble, unique, thought, kindness

Answer :B. Humble, unique, wise, baldAdjective is a word that is used to describe noun or pronoun. It could describe physical appearance, personality, or characters. The adjectives from the text above are: humble, unique, wise, bald, political, religious, and humanitarian. The rest of the words do not belong to the category of adjective. Thought and kindness are noun, very is adverb.

4. Read the text carefully and answer the question.

He is a very humble man. His style might be unique for some of us because he always wear robe wherever he goes and his head is always bald. He is very wise and many people in this world respect him for his thought and kindness. Do you know who he is? He is the Dalai Lama, a Tibetans’ famous political and religious leader, as well as a humanitarian activist, Tenzin Gyatso.

Picture the man by choosing the most appropriate picture based on his short biography above.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Answer : E. The person’s appearance is described in the text: His style might be unique for some of us because he always wear robe wherever he goes and his head is always bald.

196

5. The Dalai Lama is one of the greatest leaders in the world.

The underlined words belong to the category of ….

A. AdjectiveB. SubjectC. NounD. Noun PhraseE. Verb

Answer : D. Noun phraseThe greatest leaders are the combination of the article the, the adjective greatest, and the noun leaders. This combination of words forms a noun phrase. The definition of noun phrase is a group of words that consists of a noun and other word(s). The other words could be an adjective, another noun, articles, possessive pronoun, demonstratives, or quantifiers.

6. Ir. Soekarno attended Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (currently ITB-Bandung Institute of Technology) in Bandung from 1921 to 1926. At a very young age, Soekarno had been involved in several youth organizations. His activities often resulted in him being exiled to an isolated island. However, he kept on struggling for Indonesia’s independence and finally on August 17th 1945 Indonesia proclaimed their freedom as a sovereign nation. He was the first president of Indonesia (from 1945 to 1966), governing the country with the help from the vice president, Mohammad Hatta.

“His activities often resulted in him being exiled to an isolated island.”

The underlined noun phrase can be replaced by ….

A. A private islandB. A neighboring islandC. A secluded islandD. A beautiful islandE. A nearby island

Answer : C. A secluded island Isolated means not near to other places, separated from other places or people. Secluded means away from people, roads, and any other buildings. Nearby means not far away. Neighboring means next to each other. Private means only for one person or group, not for everyone.

So, the word that is similar in meaning with isolated is secluded.

7. Find an error in the sentence.

Cut Nyak Dien was a woman brave who fought against colonialism in this country.

A. A woman brave

197

B. Fought against colonialismC. Who foughtD. In this countryE. was

Answer : A. A woman braveA woman brave is incorrect arrangement of the phrase. In a noun phrase with adjective embedded in it, the adjective comes before the noun. Therefore, it should be ‘a brave woman’ instead of a woman brave.

8. The correct description of the picture is ….

A. She has a straight, black hair. Her eyes are wide. She is a beautiful and an intelligent woman. She is very modest. She fought bravely for her country to be freed from the military dictatorship. She is the Nobel Prize Winner, Aung Sam Suu Kyi.

B. She has a straight, blonde hair. Her eyes are wide. She is wise and intelligent woman. She is very modest. She fought bravely for her country to be freed from the military dictatorship. She is the Nobel Prize Winner, Aung Sam Suu Kyi.

C. She has a wavy, black hair. She does not have big eyes. She is beautiful and intelligent woman. She is a bit glamourous. She fought bravely for her country to be freed from the military dictatorship. She is the Nobel Prize Winner, Aung Sam Suu Kyi.

D. She has a wavy, brown hair. Her eyes are wide. She is a beautiful and an intelligent woman. She is very modest. She fought bravely for her country to be freed from the military dictatorship. She is the Nobel Prize Winner, Aung Sam Suu Kyi.

E. She has a straight, black hair. She does not have big eyes. She is a beautiful and an intelligent woman. She is very glamourous. She fought bravely for her country to be freed from the military dictatorship. She is the Nobel Prize Winner, Aung Sam Suu Kyi.

Answer : A. We can tell the description of her based on the given picture. We can see from the picture that she has straight, black hair, she also has wide eyes, and she looks very modest in the picture. Here, you can use adjectives to describe physical appearance. There are also noun phrase in the text, some of them are incorrect, e.g.: She is wise and intelligent woman (it should be “She is a wise and (an) intelligent woman”).

198

CLOSING

Similarly, we can describe the material that is the subject of this proposal, of course, there are still many shortcomings and weaknesses, because they lack the knowledge and the lack of reference or the reference has to do with the title of this project. Author much hope dear readers, providing constructivecriticism and suggestions for the perfect proposal to the author in the writing of the proposal in the next opportunities. Hopefully this paper is useful for writers in particular are also dear readers in general. 

199

REFERENCES

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55dc01371aa7c237cb000012/quiz/attempt/1/question/1/lesson/1

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55e3da85b873bf000b0001a9/quiz/attempt/5/question/1/lesson/1

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55dc28a7ba2b4c0011009220/quiz/attempt/1/question/1/lesson/1

 http://theenglishcamp.blogspot.com/2013/10/procedure-text.html#ixzz3ttorHfgi

http://forum.wordreference.com/threads/newspaper-caption.1492664/

http://learning.ecc-eurika.com/procedure-text-the-example/

https://learn.quipper.com/class/552619e9597dd4552e004481/course/53bba687d9b7fb006200001d/topic/53bbb7d5d9b7fb03d9000112/quiz/attempt/1/question/5

https://pakpuguh.wordpress.com/2011/08/15/recount-text/

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55d1c3b40c546b000b0001ae/quiz/attempt/1/question/1/lesson/1

https://learn.quipper.com/class/552619e9597dd4552e004481/course/53bba687d9b7fb006200001d/topic/5660f75839f43a001100579d/quiz/attempt/1/question/1/lesson/1

English modul grade XII 2013 Curriculum

https://learn.quipper.com/class/552619e9597dd4552e004481/course/53bba687d9b7fb006200001d/topic/53bbb798d9b7fb045f0000a9/quiz/attempt/3/question/1

https://adeulfayani.wordpress.com/narrative-text-2/

http://kumpulan-soal-dan-jawaban.blogspot.co.id/2015/05/10-soal-narative-text.html

https://quizlet.com/28938720/caption-writing-flash-cards/

http://freeenglishcourse.info/spoof-text-penjelasan-contoh-generic-structure/

http://englishahkam.blogspot.co.id/2013/04/contoh-teks-spoof-beserta-soal-dan-jawaban.html

http://englishahkam.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/hortatory-exposition-beserta-pembahasan-jawaban.html

200

http://dwikartikasari-18211665.blogspot.co.id/2015/05/causative-verb-let-make-have-and-get.html

http://asrofimursalin.blogspot.co.id/2015/10/definition-purpose-generic-structure.html

http://dhahniear.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/recount-text-advertisement-and-letter.html

http://www.diofebrilian.info/2012/12/descriptive-text.html

https://pakpuguh.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/description-text/

http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.com/2015/01/contoh-soal-descriptive-text-untuk-sma-dan-kunci-jawaban.html

http://www.hanibi.com/2013/06/meminta-dan-memberi-informasi-asking.html

http://www.iqbalpajatapuih.com/2015/03/asking-and-giving-advice-beserta-contoh.html

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55e3dd0eb873bf00110001c9/quiz/attempt/1/question/8

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-apologizing.php

http://www.belajaringgris.net/expression-of-apologizing-3140.html

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/330-modals-necessity.htm

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55dfc48c47eb2e1c8600221e/quiz/attempt/1/question/1/lesson/1

http://www.vocabulary.cl/Lists/Opinions.htm

https://nurinuryani.wordpress.com/expressions/expressions-ii-senior-high-school-grade-xi/asking-giving-opinion/

https://pakpuguh.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/discussion-text/

http://englishahkam.blogspot.co.id/2015/06/contoh-discussion-text-beserta-soal-dan-jawaban.html

http://speakenglish-speakeng.blogspot.co.id/2012/01/expressing-agreement.html

http://www.englishnesia.com/2015/01/percakapan-bahasa-inggris-asking-and-giving-permission.html

http://www.carabelajarbahasainggrisoke.com/2014/05/percakapan-dialog-bahasa-inggris-asking-permission-meminta-izin.html

https://nurinuryani.wordpress.com/expressions/other-english-expressions/making-accepting-refusing-invitation/

201

http://have-fun-with-english.weebly.com/expressions-of-making-accepting-and-declining-an-invitation.html

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55d55b8ca4831b57fc004b68/quiz/attempt/2/question/1/lesson/1

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-good-bad-news.php

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55d55ba3a4831b497b005f70/quiz/attempt/1/question/1/lesson/1

http://brainly.co.id/tugas/1745231

http://dheriskha.blogspot.co.id/2011/05/expressing-sympathy.html?showComment=1450255753413#c1886457709330272517

http://www.belajarbahasainggris-4me.com/2014/10/expressing-sympathy-cara-mengungkapkan.html

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-likes-dislikes.php

http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2014/05/dialog-atau-percakapan-bahasa-inggris-tentang-like-and-dislike.html

http://immariatanasale.blogspot.co.id/2013/11/expressing-satisfaction-and.html?showComment=1450280187662#c8173635606308108077

http://aderikardo.blogspot.co.id/p/materi-sma-kelas-xi.html

http://www.sekolahbahasainggris.com/contoh-kalimat-expression-of-ability-or-disability-dan-penjelasannya-terlengkap/

http://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/contoh-rpp-bahasa-inggris-sma-kelas-xii-semester-1-materi-pamphlet-dalam-bahasa-inggris/

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-ability.php

http://belajarkelasxpelajaranbahasainggris.blogspot.co.id/

http://englishahkam.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/contoh-expressing-like-and-dislike-soal.html

https://learn.quipper.com/class/552619e9597dd4552e004481/course/53bba687d9b7fb006200001d/topic/56568992610e6b000b005259/quiz/attempt/1/question/1/lesson/1

https://www.bahasainggrisoke.com/contoh-soal-advertisement-beserta-kunci-jawaban/

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.html

202

http://strataway10.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/soal-latihan-dan-kunci-jawaban.html

www.perfect-english-grammar.com

http://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-dan-rumus-subjunctive-wish-as-if-would-rather-if-only/

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/subjunctive.html

http://www.jagoenglish.web.id/2014/09/grammar-subjunctive-wish.html

https://learn.quipper.com/class/55dacde07100aa003e0001b1/course/55b845b127e4470011005296/topic/55dc02ec1aa7c237b6000050/quiz/attempt/3/question/4

http://belajarbahasainggrisonline-gratis.blogspot.co.id/2014/10/pengertian-dan-contoh-adjective-phrase.html

http://belajarbahasainggrisonline-gratis.blogspot.co.id/2014/09/pengertian-dan-contoh-noun-phrase-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html

https://learn.quipper.com/class/552619e9597dd4552e004481/course/53bba687d9b7fb006200001d/topic/56699109bb9ca800110027e7/quiz/attempt/1/question/1

http://srimuryatipusporenggo.blogspot.co.id/2013/04/soal-bahasa-inggris-kl-xi-smt-2.html

http://www.eslfast.com/robot/topics/employment/employment21.htm

https://thoughtincs.wordpress.com/2012/06/16/kumpulan-soal-bahasa-inggris/

http://4englishcourses.blogspot.co.id/2011/09/english-courses-denying-for-information.html

http://susanticry.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/contoh-soal-bahasa-inggris.html

http://www.sekolahbahasainggris.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/NB_Brochure_a4-1.jpg

http://englishahkam.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/teks-brochure-smp-jawaban-1.html

http://jengkolpintar.blogspot.co.id/2013/02/kisi-kisi-soal-uan-bahasa-inggris.html

http://novia-yulistiawati.blogspot.co.id/2012/04/poster-pamphlet-and-banner.html

https://muawanah66.files.wordpress.com/.../pamphlet- poster - banner -rpp .

http://www.canyonyearbook.com/uploads/2/2/3/9/22392014/ybk_1_-_caption_handouts.pdf

203