English Genomes Share German and French DNA While Romans and Vikings Left No Trace
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3/20/2015 English genomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no trace | Daily Mail Online
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article3000998/AreWelshtruestBritsEnglishgenomescontainGermanFrenchDNARomansleftnotrace.h… 1/14
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Are the WELSH the truest Brits? Englishgenomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no traceScientists found that Britain can be divided into 17 distinct genetic 'clans'The Welsh have the most DNA from the original settlers of the British IslesEnglish genomes are a quarter German and 45 per cent French in originFrench DNA dates from before the Norman conquests of Britain in 1066 Despite their reputation for raping the Vikings left little trace of their DNAThe ancient Romans also left little of their DNA behind after their conquestPeople in Cornwall and Devon form two distinct groups that rarely mixed
By FIONA MACRAE FOR THE DAILY MAIL
PUBLISHED: 18:06 GMT, 18 March 2015 | UPDATED: 14:49 GMT, 19 March 2015
We like to think of ourselves as being different from our European neighbours.
But the English owe a lot to the French and a fair amount to the Germans – at least as far as ourgenes are concerned.
For a study has mapped the genetic makeup of Britain. Researchers analysed the genetic code of2,000 white Britons and compared the results to data on more than 6,000 people from ten Europeancountries.
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3/20/2015 English genomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no trace | Daily Mail Online
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article3000998/AreWelshtruestBritsEnglishgenomescontainGermanFrenchDNARomansleftnotrace.h… 2/14
The study found that Britain can be divided into 17 distinct genetic 'clans', as shown in the map above
They found that many of us have DNA that is 45 per cent French in origin while many white Britonsare a quarter German.
Surprisingly, given that they invaded and occupied large parts of the British Isles for four centuries,there is little genetic trace of the Romans.
Similarly, the Vikings may have a reputation for rape and pillage but the genetic evidence showsthey did not have enough children with the locals for their Danish DNA to be present today.
The AngloSaxons, in contrast, did leave a genetic legacy, with about 20 per cent of the DNA ofmany English people coming from the invaders who arrived 1,600 years ago.
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3/20/2015 English genomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no trace | Daily Mail Online
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article3000998/AreWelshtruestBritsEnglishgenomescontainGermanFrenchDNARomansleftnotrace.h… 3/14
WELSH ARE THE TRUE BRITONS The Welsh are the true pure Britons,according to the research that has producedthe first genetic map of the UK.
Scientists were able to trace their DNA back tothe first tribes that settled in the British Islesfollowing the last ice age around 10,000 yearsago.
Due to its westerly location and mountainouslandscape, few invaders like the AngloSaxons, Romans and Vikings ventured into theWelsh lands.
This means the DNA of people living there hasnot experienced the influx of 'foreign' geneslike other parts of Britain.
The research found that there is no single'Celtic' genetic group. The Welsh, Scottish,Northern Irish and Cornish were found to bethe most different from the rest of the country.
The Cornish are much more genetically similarto other English groups than they are to theWelsh or the Scots.
The diagram above shows the European ancestry of each of the 17 genetic clusters found in the new geneticstudy of the UK. The Welsh were found to have DNA that dates back to the earliest settlers of Britain
Further DNA comes from earlier migrants from what is now Germany.
The French contribution to our genes did not come from the conquering Normans but from muchearlier.
Some is from the earliest modern Britons whoarrived after the last Ice Age and more camefrom a mystery set of migrants who settledbefore the Romans invaded.
Other countries to contribute genes to EnglishDNA include Belgium, Denmark and Spain.
The Oxford University study, which examinedpeople whose grandparents had all been bornnear each other and were white European inorigin, revealed that Caucasian Britons can beseparated into 17 distinct genetic groups.
Remarkably, many of these modernday ‘clans’are found in the same parts of the country asthe tribes and kingdoms of the 6th century –suggesting little changed in Britain for almost1,500 years.
The people of Orkney are the most distinct, aresult of 600 years of Norwegian rule.
The Welsh are the next most distinct.
They have so much DNA from the first modernsettlers, that they could claim to be the truest ofBritons.
But even within Wales there are two distincttribes, with those in the north and south of theprincipality less similar genetically than the Scots are to the inhabitants of Kent.
Clear differences can be seen between the inhabitants of Cornwall and Devon, while West Yorkshireand Cumbria also have their own genetic heritage.
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3/20/2015 English genomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no trace | Daily Mail Online
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article3000998/AreWelshtruestBritsEnglishgenomescontainGermanFrenchDNARomansleftnotrace.h… 4/14
THE WEST'S GENETIC DIVIDEThey see themselves as rivals rather thanneighbours – and the genetic map explainswhy.
For it has revealed that the inhabitants ofCornwall and Devon are two distinct groups.
Remarkably, the divide in their DNA is analmost exact match for the moderngeographical boundary – those with Cornishgenes tend to live on one side of the Tamar,while those with Devonian DNA are on theother. The Cornish have fewer genes incommon with the rest of the UK. Dr MagdalenaSkipper, of the journal Nature, described thematch as ‘truly stunning’.
Oxford University researcher Sir WalterBodmer said the difference could probably beexplained by the AngloSaxons taking longerto reach the isolated peninsula of Cornwall –and so contributing less DNA to the gene poolthere than in Devon.
EXPOSED, THE CELTIC MYTHDespite their claims to a cultural kinship, theCeltic peoples do not form a single group, theresearch shows.
Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales andCornwall have a very different genetic makeup.
The Cornish have DNA that is much moresimilar to that of other English groups than tothe Welsh or the Scots.
Oxford University geneticist Professor PeterDonnelly said: ‘One might have expected thosegroups to be quite similar genetically becausethey were Celtic. But while see distinct groupsin those regions they are amongst the mostdifferent.’
Archaeologist Professor Mark Robinson said: ‘Ihad assumed that there was going to be thisuniform Celtic fringe extending from Cornwallthrough to Wales into Scotland. And this hasvery definitely not been the case.’
The scientists found Caucasians in Britain can be divided into 17 genetic groups living in different parts of thecountry, as shown in the diagram above. Each group had varying amounts of European DNA in their genes
Britain today is much more genetically diverse than 125 years ago, when the grandparents of thosewho took part in the study were around, but the same technique could be used to read someone’sDNA and work out which parts of the UK their ancestors came from.
The research, published in the journal Nature, did not find any obvious genetic footprint from theRomans or Danish Vikings.
However, this is not down to a lack of virility – merely that they were not here in large enoughnumbers to have had enough children for their genes to live on today.
Study coleader Sir Walter Bodmer said: ‘You get a relatively small group of people who candominate a country that they come into and there are not enough of them, however much theyintermarry, to have enough of an influence that we can detect them in the genetics that we do.
‘At that time, the population of Britain could have been as much as one million, so an awful lot ofpeople would need to arrive in order for there to be an impact.’
The map of the UK on the left shows how the country can be divided into 17 distinct groups that have a strikingrelationship with geography. Each of the clusters is represented by a different symbol while the ellipses give asense of the geographical range of each genetic cluster. The map on the right shows the regions of ancientBritish, Irish and Saxon control which relate to many of the modern genetic clusters
His colleague Professor Peter Donnelly added: 'Genetics tells us the story of what happens to themasses.
'There were already large numbers of people in those areas of Britain by the time the DanishVikings came so to have a substantial impact on the genetics there would need to be very largenumbers of them leaving DNA for subsequent generations.
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3/20/2015 English genomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no trace | Daily Mail Online
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article3000998/AreWelshtruestBritsEnglishgenomescontainGermanFrenchDNARomansleftnotrace.h… 5/14
The study is the first detailed look at the genetic make up of Caucasian Britons and establish that they form 17distinct groups. A stock photograph of a scientist examining the results of DNA sequencing is shown above
'The fact we don't get a signal is probably about numbers rather than the relative allure or lackthereof of Scandinavians to English women.'
Others said that the Danes may actually have been more attractive to local women because theirhabit of washing weekly meant they were seen as cleaner.
THE WEST COUNTRY NEIGHBOURS WHO HAVE REMAINED RIVALS They may be neighbours but they have never been close. Now, genetics could explain why.
The genetic map of the British Isles has revealed that the inhabitants of Cornwall and Devon aretwo distinct groups.
And, remarkably, the divide in their DNA is an almost exact match for the modern geographicalboundary between the two countries.
In other words, people with Cornish genes tend to live on one side of the river Tamar, while thosewith Devon DNA are on the other.
Dr Magdalena Skipper, of the journal Nature, described the match as 'truly stunning'.
Oxford University researcher Sir Walter Bodmer said: 'It's an extraordinary result.'
The study also showed that the Cornish have fewer genes in common with the rest of the UK thanthe people of Devon.
Sir Walter said this can likely be explained by the AngloSaxons taking longer to reach Cornwall –and so contributing less DNA to the gene pool there than in Devon.
He added that there would also have been political and cultural barriers 'not to cross into Devon'
He said: 'People from Cornwall wanted to keep to themselves more.'
They may share a coastline, but the people living in Devon, shown left in the picture of Woolacombe, and inCornwall, shown right in the picture of Mawgan Porth, were found to make up two distinct genetic groups
It includes contributions from some of the earliest modern Britons who arrived after the last Ice Ageand mystery set of migrants who came here after these first settlers but before the Romans.
Britain today is much more genetically diverse that 125 years ago but the same technique could beused to read someone's DNA and work out which parts of the UK their ancestors came from.
The study took into account the fact that Roman soldiers came from many different countries andnot just Italy.
Sir Walter said: 'At that time, the population of Britain could have been as much as one million, soan awful lot of people would need to arrive in order for there to be an impact.
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3/20/2015 English genomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no trace | Daily Mail Online
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article3000998/AreWelshtruestBritsEnglishgenomescontainGermanFrenchDNARomansleftnotrace.h… 6/14
'You can have a huge impact culturally from relatively few people.
'There is no evidence of a Roman genetic signature but there is evidence of what the Roman'sachieved.'
Dr Michael Dunn, of the Wellcome Trust, which funded the study, said: 'These researchers havebeen able to use modern genetic techniques to provide answers to the centuries' old question –where we come from.
'Beyond the fascinating insights into our history, this information could prove very useful from ahealth perspective.
'Building a picture of population genetics at this scale may in future help us to design better geneticstudies to investigate disease.'
VIKINGS PILLAGED BUT APPEAR NOT TO HAVE DONE MUCH RAPINGThe Vikings may have a ferocious reputation for raping and pillaging their way across the BritishIsles, but it appears they may not have been as sex mad as was believed.
Analysis of thousands of DNA samples from the UK, continental Europe and Scandinavia revealeda surprising lack of Viking genes in England, despite the Norsemen once occupying much of thecountry.
Even in Orkney, which was a part of Norway from 875 to 1472, the Vikings contributed only about25 per cent of the current gene pool.
It suggests that the Vikings mixed very little with the indigenous population they initially terrorisedand then conquered.
The international team led by scientists from Oxford University and the Wellcome Trust wrote inthe journal Nature: 'While many of the historical migration events leave signals in our data, theyhave had a smaller effect on the genetic composition of UK populations than has sometimes beenargued.
'In particular, we see no clear genetic evidence of the Danish Viking occupation and control of alarge part of England suggesting a relatively limited input of DNA from the Danish Vikings andsubsequent mixing with nearby regions, and clear evidence for only a minority Norse contribution(about 25 per cent) to the current Orkney population.'
The Vikings, from Norway, Sweden and Denmark, carried out extensive raids and occupationsacross wide areas of northern and central Europe between the eighth and late 11th centuries.
The Vikings, pictured above in the hit TV series, had a reputation for pillaging and vicarious sexual appetites,but it seems they did not sire many children during their raids and conquests in the British Isles
Danish Vikings in particular took over large parts of England, eventually settling in an a regionstretching from Essex to County Durham which was ruled by 'Danelaw'.
The findings support previous research from the University of Oslo suggesting that Viking menwere familyorientated and not particularly bothered about the British women they conquered.
Rather than Viking raiding parties consisting wholly of testosteronecharged men, researchersfound that significant numbers of women, and possibly whole families, travelled on the longboats.
DNA extracted from 45 Viking skeletons showed that women played an integral part in establishing
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3/20/2015 English genomes share German and French DNA while Romans and Vikings left no trace | Daily Mail Online
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settlements in the UK.
Sir Walter Bodmer, from Oxford University, said the lack of Viking DNA may have largely been todo with numbers.
He said: 'It's important to emphasise that when you get that mixture it's very much a question ofthe ratio of the people who come in and the indigenous population.
'However active the incoming males may be if there are not that many of them, they can't actuallypenetrate a large number of the local women.'
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