Engineering of Biological Processes Lecture 3: Yields and stoichiometry Mark Riley, Associate...
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Transcript of Engineering of Biological Processes Lecture 3: Yields and stoichiometry Mark Riley, Associate...
![Page 1: Engineering of Biological Processes Lecture 3: Yields and stoichiometry Mark Riley, Associate Professor Department of Ag and Biosystems Engineering The.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032307/56649ce55503460f949b3194/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Engineering of Biological Processes
Lecture 3: Yields and stoichiometry
Mark Riley, Associate ProfessorDepartment of Ag and Biosystems
EngineeringThe University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
2007
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Objectives: Lecture 3
• Biosynthetic processes (anabolic)
• Case studies - cholesterol
• Stoichiometry and modeling cellular requirements
• "You are what you eat"
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Stoichiometry
• Provides information on fundamental constraints– Substrate conversion to product– Cell mass from substrate
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Yields and yield coefficients
• Mass based = “kg” of this from “kg” of that
• Y (output / input)
• Y x/s
• Y p/s
• Y ATP/O2
• Ymx/s maximal yield of cell mass from
substrate
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Yield
• Overall• Instantaneous
• Ratio of rates• Ratio of yields
• Theoretical = Y• Observed = Y’
YIELD
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Cell metabolism
Y’ lactate / glucose = ranges from 2 to 0 based on environment
The basic reaction is:
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 Lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
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Glucose [g/L]
Bacterial dry cell weight
[mg/L]Slope = dX/dS7 (mg/L) / (g/L)
•Yield of cell mass from substrate
Y x/s
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Glucose [mM]
Bacterial dry cell weight
[g/L]
AerobicYx/s=58 mg/mol
AnaerobicYx/s=22 mg/mol
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Cell compositionDry weight vs. wet weight
70% of the composition is water
Dry weight consists of:
Element E. coli Yeast
C O N H P S K
Na Others
50% 20% 14% 8% 3% 1% 1% 1%
<1%
50% 34% 8% 6% 1%
<1% <1% <1% <1%
CHxOyNz
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• In a very simplistic interpretation of metabolism, the following applies:
– Cells + medium + O2 (sometimes) → more cells +
product + CO2 + H2O
• Medium contains sugars, amino acids, cofactors and the elements in the previous table.
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Stoichiometric calculations
• Based on 1 mole of C in the input
• CHmOn + a O2 + b NH3 →
• c CHON + dH2O + eCO2
• This is normalized to 1 mole of C. Could also be normalized to 1 mole of the C source compound
• Perform elemental balances to determine the unknown values of the cofactors
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Example
• C6H12O6 + a O2 + b NH3 →
• c C4.4HO1.2N + dH2O + eCO2
• 2/3 of the glucose C goes to biomass
• What are the stoichiometric coefficients, and Yx/s, Yx/O2?
MWglucose = 180MWcell = 89.62MWoxygen = 32MWammonia = 17
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Generalized growth reaction• C6H12O6 + a NH3 + b O2 → CH1.8O0.5N0.2 +
CHxOyNz + CO2 + H2O
• Normalized to 1 mole of carbon source compound• Where a, b, , x, y, z depend on the type of cell
involved. • a, b, are stoichiometric coefficients• When little info is available about cell composition, use
an approximated cell composition of CH1.8O0.5N0.2
• This yields a MW of a cell ~ 24.6
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Generalized growth reaction
180
6.24Y sx
C6H12O6 + a NH3 + b O2 → CH1.8O0.5N0.2 +
CHxOyNz + CO2 + H2O
g of cells from g of glucose
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Lack of information
• Unfortunately, the elemental balances often do not provide enough information to completely solve for the stoichiometric coefficients.
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Respiratory quotient
• RQ = YCO2/O2
• Molar basis– Moles of CO2 produced from moles of O2
• Provides information on the metabolic state of the cell
• A high RQ means that much CO2 is produced and hence the metabolism is operating at high efficiency
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Aerobic metabolism
• CHmOn + a O2 + b NH3 →
• c CHON + d CHxOyNz + eH2O + fCO2
• RQ = ?
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Degree of reduction
• Electron balance = # of available electrons / g of atomic C Or, this can be described as: = # of available electrons / # of C’s
• Provides another independent equation
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Degree of reduction
• C = 4• H = 1• N = -3• O = -2• P = 5• S = 6
• CO2 = +4 (C) + -2 (O) = 0
• C6H12O6 = 6(4) + 12(1) + 6(-2) = 24 = 24 / 6 (# carbon atoms) = 4
• C2H5OH = 2(4) + 6(1) + (-2) = 12 = 12 / 2 (# carbon atoms) = 6
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Example – yeast grown on glucose
• C6H12O6 + 0.48 NH3 + 3 O2 →
CH1.8O0.5N0.2 + CO2 + H2O
• To grow yeast to 50 g/L in a 100,000 L reactor, determine:
• a) mass of glucose and ammonia required
• b) O2 required
• c) Yx/s and YX/O2 MWglucose = 180MWcell = 24.6MWoxygen = 32MWammonia = 17
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HW #1 questions
1) What kind of cell would you use to produce androstenedione? Your answer should describe the attributes of such a cell (don't just state, "a cell that produces andro"). An answer longer than 4 sentences is too much.
2) Producing cholesterol is an energy intensive process. How much energy (in terms of # of ATP molecules) is consumed in producing one cholesterol molecule from a source of glucose?