Engineering Graphics & Design Civil content

Engineering Graphics & Engineering Graphics & Design Design

Civil contentCivil content

NATIONAL CURRICULUM NATIONAL CURRICULUM STATEMENTSTATEMENT

Grade 10 – Drawing basic floor plans of dwellings Grade 10 – Drawing basic floor plans of dwellings incorporating scale and dimensioning techniques.incorporating scale and dimensioning techniques.

Grade 11 – Drawing single-level dwellings including Grade 11 – Drawing single-level dwellings including foundation to ceiling using appropriate sections, foundation to ceiling using appropriate sections, scale and dimensioning techniques.scale and dimensioning techniques.

Grade 12 – Drawing all aspects of single-level Grade 12 – Drawing all aspects of single-level dwellings including foundation to roof, electrical dwellings including foundation to roof, electrical wiring diagrams and plumbing using appropriate wiring diagrams and plumbing using appropriate sections, scale and dimensioning techniques.sections, scale and dimensioning techniques.

ContentContent Grade 10Grade 10 Grade 11Grade 11 Grade 12Grade 12

Floor planFloor plan

ElevationsElevations

Sectional Sectional elevationelevation

Foundation Foundation to floor slabto floor slab

Foundation Foundation to ceilingto ceiling

Foundation Foundation to roofto roof

Site plan & Site plan & schedule of schedule of

spec’s spec’s

GRADE 10GRADE 10 Brick and Block sizes Wall types Foundation DPC – Floor DPC - Wall Floor slab Floor plan Elevations Fixtures

GRADE 11GRADE 11

Windows Doors DPC (Doors & Windows) Section of walls Detailed Elevations

GRADE 12GRADE 12

Roof / Trusses Eaves (Open – Close) Site plan Plumbing Drainage Wiring Schedule of specifications

EGD - CIVILEGD - CIVIL

GRADE 10GRADE 10

BRICKS AND BLOCKSBRICKS AND BLOCKS

A block is defined as any building unit with A block is defined as any building unit with a length greater than 300mm or a width of a length greater than 300mm or a width of more than 130mm, any building unit more than 130mm, any building unit smaller than this is called a brick. smaller than this is called a brick.

Brick sizeBrick size

Block sizesBlock sizes

WallsWalls Walls are divided into different categories according to the

purpose of the wall. Seeing as we only expect the pupils to design a one storey house the two most important walls can be divided into the following: a) load bearing walls and b) non loading bearing walls.

a) Load bearing walls has a thickness of at least 220mm and mostly used for the shell of the house. These walls will usually carry the weight of the roof. There are two types of walls in this category namely, one brick walls and cavity walls. Cavity walls are mostly used along the coastal areas of the country or where there is high rainfall. The one brick wall is mostly used in drier areas like the interior of the country. The cavity is never less than 50mm and must be free of any cement.

b) Non load bearing walls are usually used for the inside of the house to divide the house into rooms. They are also called half brick walls (110mm).

WallsWalls To strengthen walls we use welded wire mesh (brick

force) and wall ties (see drawing). There must be at least 3 wall ties in every square meter of wall. Wire mesh is mostly used to strengthen the wall above doors and windows. The norm is to place wire mesh in between at least two courses above openings. These wall ties and wire mesh must be coated with a anti-rust coating (galvanized or plastic coating).

There are two methods of drawing a wall when it is sectioned. The one method is used when the scale of the drawing is 1:20. In this instance we will indicate the individual bricks. When the scale of the drawing is smaller than 1:20 we will indicate the wall only as outlines.

WallsWalls

FoundationsFoundations Foundations must always be in solid ground. The

foundation is one of the most important parts of the building. The following guidelines are given:

1. Foundations may not be thinner than 200mm. 2. Foundations for half brick (110mm), non load

bearing walls may be 400 x 200mm. 3. One brick (222mm), load bearing wall may be

a min size of 600 x 200mm. 4. Cavity (270mm), load bearing wall may be a

min size of 730 x 230mm. 5. Foundations must be at least 150mm below

the natural ground level (NGL) Foundations are also influenced by the soil structure

(sandy, clay & rock).

FoundationsFoundations The floor of a house must be done on at least 150mm of

compacted hardcore. Hardcore is defined as sand and small stones that will compact to a firm surface. Plant material and bricks must be removed when preparing the ground for compacting.

To prevent moisture and water from seeping through the floor a SANS approved damp proof course (DPC) must be placed below the concrete floor.

Before laying the concrete floor (slab), the cavity in a cavity wall must be filled with a weak mixture of concrete.

The top level of the floor must be at least 250mm above the natural ground level. Take note of where the dpc is placed in the wall above the floor.

FoundationsFoundations20

0

400

DPC

DAMP PROOF COURSE

106

A - HALF BRICK WALL

COMPACTED HARDCORE

NGL

85

45°

200

400

DPC

DPC

106

A - HALF BRICK WALL

COMPACTED HARDCORE

N G L

FoundationsFoundationsB - ONE BRICK WALL

200

600

D P C

222

D P C

COMPACTEDHARDCORE

C - CAVITY WALL

730

280

DPC

230

WEEP HOLE

NGL

45°

Dimensions and areas of roomsDimensions and areas of rooms

Minimum area 6 m². Minimum linear dimension 2,1 m between walls.

Habitable room. Height of ceiling. Minimum 2,4 m. Passages and bathrooms. Minimum ceiling

height 2,1 m. Minimum floor area of a house 30 m². Lintel height of windows and doors 2,1 m

Floor planFloor plan

BIC

BICBIC

BEDROOM 1

BEDROOM 2

BEDROOM 3

LIVINGROOM 14.1 m²

KITCHEN

RWG

4340 3010

7350

130

03

120

182

04

140

207

0

124

50

2770 900 1770

3800 2740270

103

01

680

900

900

120

09

002

420

180

0

103

01

800

655

460

900

460

780

900

520

115

05

201

800

1110

900 1000 1000 900 600 2280

900 475 900 480 900 475 2140

1170 3770 2410

7350

250

05

809

002

000

118

04

360

645

180

01

860

180

09

001

280

180

01

550

270

665

05

800

124

50

RWGRWG

RWG

DB

MB

130 130

270

275

270 130

130

130

270

270

270

270

270

270

270

270

395

130

270

130 270

280

270

270

270

270

270270

130

270

270

270

PLAN VIEWSCALE 1:100

Bathroom & KitchenBathroom & KitchenWASH CLOSET

(WC) ZINKZINK

WASH BASIN (WB)

SHOWER(SH) BATH

435

12351200

53529

0

490

470

360

570

420

800

860

1703

712


NORTH ELEVATIONSCALE 1:100

EAST ELEVATIONSCALE 1:100

WEST ELEVATIONSCALE 1:100

SOUTH ELEVATIONSCALE 1:100

NGLNGL NGL NGL

NGL NGL NGL NGL


GRADE 11GRADE 11

WindowsWindows

Windows provide light and fresh area to enter a room. There must always be cross ventilation in a room. The only door and window in a room is not allowed to be in the same wall.

Windows are usually placed in such a way that the top of the window and the top of the door is at the same level.

Take note of how dpc is placed around the window to prevent water from entering the house.

Ventilation and illuminationVentilation and illumination

Any room must have a window.

Window size Min 10% of floor area 5% opening including door.

Must have cross ventilation.

Wooden WindowsWooden Windows5

97

990 1702 2255 2648

11

64

17

33

WIDTHS OF 3200 IS ALSO AVAILABLE.

HE

IGH

TS

OF

984

IS A

LSO

AV

AIL

AB

LE.

Wooden WindowsWooden Windows 5

97

990 1702 2255 2648

11

64

17

33

WIDTHS OF 3200 IS ALSO AVAILABLE.

HE

IGH

TS

OF

984

IS A

LSO

AV

AIL

AB

LE.

Steel WindowsSteel Windows3

59

533 1022

65

49

49

94

9H

EIG

HT

S O

F 1

24

5, 1

540

AN

D 1

854

AR

E A

LS

O A

VA

ILA

BLE

.

1511 1511

WIDTHS OF 305, 2000 AND 2489 ARE ALSO AVAILABLE.

DoorsDoors

203

2

813

STANDARDWOODEN

DOOR

2440

212

5

STANDARDGARAGE

DOOR

DoorsDoors

WOODEN 2

134

1830

SIZES AVAILABLE1830 x 21342430 x 21343048 x 21343658 x 2134

ALUMINIUMSLIDING DOORS

SIZES AVAILABLE1490 x 20901790 x 20902090 x 20902390 x 20902990 x 2090

20

90

1490

WindowWindow

D P C

D P C

222 280

106 222

280

BRICK ON EDGE BRICK ON EDGE

126

HALF BRICK WALL

242

ONE BRICK WALL CAVITY BRICK WALL

30068 68

SectionSection

NGL


GRAAD 12GRAAD 12

ROOF TRUSSESROOF TRUSSES

TIE BEAM

STRUT

TIE KING POST

RAFTER

TRUSS PLATECEMENT

ROOF TILES

BATTEN

D P C

TILTING BATTEN

BRANDERING

CEILINGWALL PLATE

CORNICE


KING POST TRUSS

7000

2021

2021

1750 1750 1750 1750


2887

2887

3333 3333 3333

W - TRUSS

10000


15000

DOUBLE W - TRUSS

2887

2887

2887

3000 3000 3000 3000 3000


FAN TRUSS

2309

2309

2309

4000 4000 4000

12000

ROOFROOF The last two courses, below the roof truss, in a

cavity wall are closed up to strengthen the wall. A 4mm galvanized wire is used to tie down the roof onto the wall plate. This galvanized wire is build into the wall between three and six courses below the wall plate. The wall plate is a piece of wood (114 x 38) placed on the last course of the inside wall. The tie beam of the roof truss rests on this wall plate.

The spacing of the roof trusses depends on the roofing material that will be used. The following is a guideline for the spacing of trusses.

ROOFROOF

Trusses – (see resource pack) Slope Min 15°- max 30° Class A & C (A = Fibre

cement. B = Metal plates). Slope Min 17°- max 35° Class B = Concrete tiles. Spacing of trusses: 760mm concrete tiles; 1400mm

Metal plates

Min pitch Sheeting material 5° - 22° Concrete & Clay tiles 17.5° (with underlay)

ROOFROOF

Take note of how the roof truss is secured to the wall in the drawing provided. It is good practice to always place dpc below the battens on the roof truss. The drawings of the construction of roof trusses explain how to draw the different roof trusses. You will note that the tie beam and the rafter are always divided into equal parts. This is only a few of the roof trusses that are available on the market.

Unplaned wood is indicated with two lines drawn diagonally from one corner to the other. Planed wood (PAR) is indicated by drawing freehand annual rings on the wood.

EAVESEAVES

OPEN EAVESCLOSED EAVES

Sectional elevationSectional elevation

SECTIONAL ELEVATION

DOUBLE ROMAN CEMENT TILES ON 38 x 38 BATTENS AT 340 c/c ON D.P.C. SHEETING ON SABS ENG. TRUSSES AT MAX. 760 c/c ON 110 x 38 WALL PLATE.

25mm SCREED ON 85mm CONCRETE SLAB ON P.V.C. SHEETING ON 150mm COMPACTED FILL.

NGLNGL

2700

700

6,4mm GYPSUM CEILING BOARD ON 38 X 38mm BRANDERING AT 450mm c/c.

230

DPC

3450 400 2530 700

230

2700

2100

150

0

1500 150030

00

10107

652

6

23679

272

22

23679

272

22

RE1

IE1

IE2

PROPOSEDNEW DWELLING73.8m²

BUILDING LINE

ERF NR 2304

ER

F N

R 2

303

ER

F N

R 2

305

ERF NR 2351

SITE PLANSCALE 1 : 100

ROWAN STREET

SEWERAGESEWERAGE

The drainage of a building must always be indicated on the site plan. All the roding eyes (RE) and the inspection eyes (IE) must be shown. A drainage pipe must have a roding eye every 25m. The fall of a drainage pipe must be a minimum of one meter for every sixty meters of pipe (1:60).

Plumbing must be shown on the elevations.

ELECTRICALELECTRICAL

On the plan view the positioning of lights, plugs and switches are indicated.

The position of the main board and the distribution board are also shown in the plan view.

Schedule of specificationsSchedule of specifications The schedule of specifications is where the

draftsman will describe the different materials that will be used in the building proses, eg. Roof type, spacing of trusses, windows to be used, guttering, facias, ect.

The schedule of specifications is usually printed to the side of the drawing page in a specially demarcated block.

The name and contact detail of the draftsman must also be printed at the bottom of this block.

The name of the owner of the property must also be printed.

The street address and plot number of the proposed new dwelling must also be printed on the drawing.

Some municipalities also wants the plot numbers of the neighboring plots to be printed on the site plan.

Plan layoutPlan layout

The following information should be drawn on a house plan:

Floor plan – Drawn to a scale of 1:100 or 1:50. Outside and inside walls. Door and window openings. Fixed furniture such as sanitation, washing troughs,

cupboards etc. All dimensions of rooms as well as the overall

measurement of the building. Room descriptions. Electrical distribution. Floor levels. Layout of rooms such as kitchens and bathrooms as

well as the positions of wardrobes.

Sectioning drawingSectioning drawing

Foundation and floor levels. Height of walls and position of damp course

(DPC). Roof truss construction and coverage detail. Natural ground level. Ceiling height. Door and window heights.


North-; West-; East-; and South elevations Outside finishing detail of walls All window and door openings Gutter and down pipe detail Plumbing detail

Site PlanSite Plan

Stand size, borders and dimensions. Stand number and adjoining stands. Servitudes and building lines. Vehicle entrance position. Sewer connection point and position of sewer line. Scale. Arrow to indicate position of true north.

General informationGeneral information

Name of Client. Name of architect or draftsman. Information about the area of the dwelling as

well as the coverage area on the stand. Electrical distribution symbol explanation.

Street name, stand number, township name etc.

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