ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS

WELCOME

Introduction

• Construction is the ultimate objective of design

• The transformation of a design by construction into useful structure is accomplished by men and machines.

ENGINEERING FUNDAMETALS

● Being competitive● Safety● The contracting environment● Planning equipment utilisation

1. Being Competitive● Fundementals of planning,selection and utilisation of

construction equipment are important for being competitive.● The construction contractors equipments should be

competitive-● Economically● Mechanically● Technologically

3.The contracting environment All work in the equipment –intensive fields of

construction is awarded on bid basis. Design –build contracts :contractotrs has control of the

project design. Design –build project:contractors must state a guranteed

price before design is completed.

Contract volume=total dollar value of awarded contracts that affirm on its book at any given time.

Contract turnover=the dollar value of a work that a firm completes during a specific time interval.

4.Planning equipment utilisation

• Task of project planner-match right machine or combination of machines to the job at hand.

• Quality of performance is measured by matching equipment's spread’s production against cost• To estimate the equipment component of project cost it

is necessary to first determine machine productivity• Productivity is governed by engineering fundamentals

and management ability.

• The planner develops an initial plan employment of the scrapers and then calculates their production rate and the subsequent cost.• The type of equipment having the lowest estimated

cost is selected for the job.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF EQUIPMENT ECONOMICS

• A correct and complete understanding of the cost that results from equipment ownership and operation provide companies a market advantage that leads to greater profits.

ELEMENTS OF OWNERSHIP COST• Ownership cost is the cumulative result of those cash flows an

owner experiences whether or not the machine is productively employed on a job.

The most significant cash flows affecting ownership cost are: 1. purchase expense 2. salvage value 3. major repair and overhuals 4. property taxes 5. insurance 6. storage and miscellaneous

ELEMENTS OF OPERATING COST

• Operating cost is the sum of those expenses an owner experiences by working a machine on a project.

Typical expenses include 1. Fuel 2. Lubricants ,filters and grease 3. Repairs 4. Tires 5. Replacement of high wear items

1. FUEL• Fuel expense is the best determined by

measurement on the job.•Accurate service records tell the owner

how many gallons of fuel a machine consumes over what period of time and under what job conditions.•Hourly fuel consumption can then be

calculated directly.

2. LUBRICANTS, LUBE OILS, FILTERS AND GREASE• The cost of lube oils, filters and grease will

depend on the maintenances practises of the company and the conditions of the work location.

3. REPAIRS• Repairs means the normal maintenance type

repairs.• Repair expenses increase with machine age.

4.TIRES• Tires for wheel-type equipment are a major

operating cost because they have a short life in relation to the iron of a machine.• Tires cost includes repair and replacement

charges.5.REPLACEMENT OF HIGH WEAR ITEMS• The cost of replacing those items that have

very short service lives in relation to machine service life can be critical operating cost.• These items will differ depending on the type

of machine.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving

equipment

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups

• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

ASSIGNMENT

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.

• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.

• They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they

are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:

Usually rated by size or weight and power.

The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of

a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers• Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials

from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of

movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction

of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky

terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one

place to another.

Tractor:

• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.• These are multi purpose machines used mainly

for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads. • They are also used for agricultural purposes.

Tractor Uses:

• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of

accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any

job for which they are usable.

FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is

completed.

TYPES OF TRACTORS

Crawler Tractors: Usually rated by size or weight

and power. The weight is important on many

projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.

Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.

Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of a

wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).

In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.

Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR

Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful

and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and

maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance and repairs

Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost

is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for

operation, maintenance and repairs

RELATED EQUIPMENTS

The other related equipments are

• Scrapers•Bull Dozers

Scrapers

• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The

ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.

• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.

• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.

Bull Dozer

• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the

front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled

type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor

pushes the materials from one place to another.

CLASSIFICATIONS

BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction

of movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with

the direction of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted

BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled

Applications

• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and

rocky terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from

one place to another.