Engineering Formulae

7/29/2019 Engineering Formulae

1/49

Inputs Units

Absorber flowrate 6.5 MMSCFD

Inlet water content 100.0 pounds/ MMSCFOutlet water content 7.0 pounds/ MMSCF

Atmospheric pressure 12.8 PSIA

Absorber pressure 700.0 PSIG

# of days operated 31.0 days

Gas lost = 16.8 MSCF

Gas lost due to gas absorption into TEG:

Inputs Units

Absorber flowrate 22.0 MMSCFD

# of days operated 31.0 days

Gas lost = 47.7 MSCF

Harvey Stockman

Gas lost due to water removal:


2/49

Local Elevation = 5,280 feet

Local Atmospheric Pressure 12.1565 psia

Atmospheric Pressure


3/49

ESTIMATED TIME TO BLOW DOWN A PIPELINE

= INPUT CELLS

Pipe outside diameter (actual) 8.625 inches

Pipe wall thickness 0.188 inches

Pipe Length 41280 feet

Beginning Pressure 600 psig 1500 psi maximum

Ending Pressure 0 psig

1st blowoff diameter (nominal) 4 inches

2nd blowoff diameter (nominal) 0 inches Put 0 if only 1 blowoff

Blowoff factor - .63 or .80 0.63 .63 for plug valves, .80 for ball valves

Beginning Volume 711.4 mcf

Ending Volume 14.6 mcf

Estimated minutes to blow down 39

Kim Kuhl


4/49

Maximum Operating Pressure = 800 psig

Yield Strength of the Plate Steel = 24,000 psi

Pipe Diameter = 6.625 inches

Minimum Required Plate Thickness = 0.4361 inches

Pipe Size OD Pipe Size OD2 = 2.375 12 = 12.75

2 1/2 = 2.875 14 = 14

3 = 3.500 16 = 163 1/2 = 4.000 18 = 184 = 4.500 20 = 205 = 5.563 24 = 246 = 6.625 30 = 308 = 8.625 36 = 3610 = 10.750 42 = 42

Kim Kuhl

SKILLET THICKNESSused between two flanges


5/49

Volume of Concrete Required

Flat SurfaceWidth of Concrete in feet and inches. = 3 feet 0 inches

Length of Concrete in feet and inches. = 70 feet 1 1/2 inches

Thickness of Concrete in feet and inches. = 0 feet 3.5 inches

Volume needed in Cubic Yards = 2.27

Round Form or HoleDiameter of round form or hole in inches = 24

Depth in feet and inches. = 8 feet 6 inches

Volume needed in Cubic Yards = 0.99


6/49

Number of Wet Blows = 4

Number of Dry Blows = 2

Gallons of Liquid Removed = 30

Total Gas Loss = 14.75 MCF

Kim Kuhl

Drip Blowing -- Gas Loss


7/49

Torque (Lb. - ft.) = (Horsepower x 5250)/RPM

Horsepower = 100

RPM = 100

Torque = 5,250 Lb. Ft.

Horsepower = (Torque lb ft * RPM)/5250

Torque lb ft = 100

RPM = 100

Horsepower = 2

Horsepower & Torque Relationship


8/49

BTU to Therm BTU = 100,000.00 Therm = 1.00

BTU to Decatherm BTU = 1,000,000.00 Decatherm = 1.00

BTU to Cubic Feet BTU = 1,000.00 Cubic Feet = 1.00

BTU to MCF BTU = 1,000,000.00 MCF = 1.00

Therm to BTU Therm = 1.00 BTU = 100,000.00

Therm to MCF Therm = 10,000.00 MCF = 1,000.00

Therm to MMCF Therm = 8,000.00 MMCF = 0.80

Therm to BCF Therm = 80,000.00 BCF = 0.01

Therm to Decatherm Therm = 10.00 Decatherm = 1.00

Decatherm to Therm Decatherm = 1.00 Therm = 10.00

Decatherm to MMBTU Decatherm = 1.00 MMBTU = 1.00

Cubic Feet to MCF Cubic Feet = 1,000.00 MCF = 1.00

Cubic Feet to MMCF Cubic Feet = 1,000,000.00 MMCF = 1.00

MCF to MMCF MCF = 1,000.00 MMCF = 1.00

MCF to BCF MCF = 1,000,000.00 BCF = 1.00

MMCF to BCF MMCF = 1,000.00 BCF = 1.00

MMBTU to Decatherm MMBTU = 1.00 Decatherm = 1.00

Conversions


9/49

Assumption

1 Cubic Foot = 1,000 BTU

Mega = a million times

Kilo = a thousand times

Hecto = a hundred times

Deca = ten times


10/49

Line Size = 24 inches

Welding Electrode Required per Weld = 3 pounds

Total number of welds = 24

Total Amount of Welding Electrode Required = 72 pounds

Welding Electrode


11/49

Pipe OD inches = 4.5

Check with you Nitrogen Supplier for

Wall Thickness inches = 0.154 information on your bottles. There ar

different bottle sizes and working pre

Pipe Length in feet = 200

Test Pressure psig = 1,500

Volume in scf = 1,961

Volume of the Nitrogen bottle cu ft. = 410

Pressure in the Nitrogen bottle in psig = 2,640

Estimated Number of Nitrogen bottles required = 10.5

Cost per bottle of Nitrogen = $14.40

Total Cost for Nitrogen = $151.53

Estimate of the Number of Nitrogen Bottles required to test a short section of pipe

( DO NOT USE LIQUID NITROGEN, use gas only )


12/49

olume

many

sures.


13/49

Hot Taps or Welding

P = 2*S*t*F/D SMYS of the pipe = 60,000 If SMYS is unknown 24,000 psi must be used

Pipe Thickness in inches = 0.600 inches

O D of the pipe in inches = 36.000 inches

less than 0.150 = 20%

.150 to .188 = 30% Pipe Wall Thickness Factor = 0.6 %

.189 to .210 = 40%

.211 to .281 = 45%

.282 to .322 = 50% Maximum Pressure = 1,200 PSIG

.323 to .406 = 55%

over .407 = 60%

Pipe Size OD Pipe Size OD

2 = 2.375 12 = 12.75

2 1/2 = 2.875 14 = 14

3 = 3.500 16 = 16

3 1/2 = 4.000 18 = 18

4 = 4.500 20 = 20

5 = 5.563 24 = 246 = 6.625 30 = 30

8 = 8.625 36 = 36

10 = 10.750 42 = 42

Value of F

Pipe Wall Thickness Factor

MAXIMUM PRESSURE FOR HOT TAPING

OR WELDING ON A PRESSURIZED LINE

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14/49

Working Pressure - Pounds Per Square Inch, Non-Shock

Temperature Series 15 Series 30 Series 40 Series 60 Series 90

Degrees or or or or or Fahr. ASA 150 ASA 300 ASA 400 ASA 600 ASA 900 ASA 1500 ASA 2500

100 275 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000150 255 710 945 1420 2130 3550 5915200 240 700 930 1400 2100 3500 5830250 225 690 920 1380 2070 3450 5750

300 210 680 910 1365 2050 3415 5690350 195 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625400 180 665 890 1330 2000 3330 5550450 165 650 870 1305 1955 3255 5430

500 150 625 835 1250 1875 3125 5210550 140 590 790 1180 1775 2955 4925600 130 555 740 1110 1660 2770 4620650 120 515 690 1030 1550 2580 4300

700 110 470 635 940 1410 2350 3920750 100 425 575 850 1275 2125 3550800 92 365 490 730 1100 1830 3050850 82 300 400 600 900 1500 2500


15/49


16/49

Tanks

TANK VOLUME

THIS PROGRAM WILL GIVE YOU THE VOLUME IN GALS OF A FLAT END TANK, MOUN

HORIZONTALLY FORMULA IS (1/4 * Pi DIAMETER squared * LENGTH)*(HEIGHT OF LIQUI

Diameter of Tank in inches = 78

Length of Tank in inches = 114

Height of Liquid in inches = 55

Volume in Tank = 1,662.80 gallons

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17/49

Tanks

ED

D/DIAMETER)

Page 17


18/49

Round Hole Pipe

Data

Diameter of hole = 1.95 inches OD of Pipe = 2.35 Length in inches = 2

Average Pressure = 990 psig Wall Thickness = 0.154 Width in inches = 1.5

Specific Gravity = 0.618 Equivalent Diameter 1.95

Atmos. Pressure = 12.85 For a Rip or Gouge, figure the Equivalent Diameter and

place this value in the "Diameter of hole"

Gas Temperature F = 60

Leak Time = 0 Hours 1 Minutes

Gas Loss in CF = 59,198 64,650

Gas Loss in MCF = 59 65

Gas Cost per MCF = $2.00 $2.00

Cost of Gas Loss = $118.40 $129.30

Rip or Gouge

GAS LOSS THROUGH A PIPELINE RUPTURE OR HOLE

Use the column with the smallest numbers


19/49

Inlet Pressure in psig = 600

Outlet Pressure in psig = 200

Temperature Drop = 27.2 degrees

Temperature Drop across a Regulator or Control Valve.


20/49

Flow Rate = 2,000.0 MCFD

Time flowed = 7 HOURS 0 Minutes

Volume Flowed = 583.3 MCFD

Flow Rate = 4,000.0 MCFD

Volume to Flow = 520.0 MCFD

Time Required to Flow = 3.12 HOURS

GAS FLOW RATES AND FLOW TIME


21/49

Odorant in Part Per Million (PPM)= 3 Equals = 0.73 Pounds/MMCFD

Odorant in pounds/MMCFD = 0.73 Equals = 2.993 Parts Per Million "PPM"

Odorant in Parts Per Million "PPM" = 3 Equals = 0.0003 Percent

Odorant level in Percent = 0.05 Equals = 500 Parts Per Million "PPM"

Gallons of Odorant = 1 Equals = 6.73 Pounds

Pounds of Odorant = 5 Equals = 0.74 Gallons

KNI at .50 pounds/mmcfd

Odorant Levels


22/49

Gas Vol

Volume of Gas

Starting Pressure in psig = 15 Total Volume in MCF = 77.7

Ending Pressure in psig = 0

Pipe OD in inches = 20 $155

Pipe Wall Thickness inches = 0.312

Length in Feet = 37,000

Price per MCF = $2.00

Pipe Size OD Pipe Size OD

2 = 2.375 12 = 12.75

2 1/2 = 2.875 14 = 14

3 = 3.5 16 = 16

3 1/2 = 4 18 = 18

4 = 4.5 20 = 205 = 5.563 24 = 24

6 = 6.625 30 = 30

8 = 8.625 36 = 36

10 = 10.75 42 = 42

Gas Value =

Page 22


23/49

Tape Coat

Nominal Pipe Diameter, inches = 4.5

Length in Feet = 40

Surface Area in Square Feet = 47.1

Feet of coating per roll = 100

Width of coating in inches = 4

% of overlap = 25.0%

Rolls of coating required = 1.88

Amount of tape coating required to coat a pipe.

Page 23


24/49

% of SMYS

SMYS of Pipe, psi = 24,000

Pipe Wall Thickness, inches = 0.188


Operating Pressure = 100

Yield Pressure, psig = 1,046

% of SMYS at Operating Pressure = 9.56%


25/49

PL Design

SMYS of Pipe, psi = 24,000 If SMYS is unknown24,000 psi must be used


Actual Outside Diameter, inches = 6.625 Operating pressure = 535

Seam Factor 0.8

Class of Operation Factor = 0.6 % of SMYS = 39.28%

Class 1 = 0.72 Class 2 = 0.60 Class 3 = 0.50 MAOP, psig = 654

Class 4 = 0.40 SMYS = 1.0

Pressure at 100% SMYS = 1,362 (for temp.


26/49

Air BlendingStarting Gas Starting Ending Required Air Total BTU Balance

Volume BTU/scf to BTU/scf Volume Blended Check

scf scf Volume scf 77,000,000,000

70,000,000 1,100 1,020 5,490,196 75,490,196 77,000,000,000

Gas BlendingStarting Gas Starting Ending Blending Gas Volume of BTU Balance

Volume BTU/scf BTU/scf BTU/scf Blending Gas Check

scf Required scf

220 1,050 1,054 1,140 10 231,000

11,665

242,665

Total Gas Volume = 230 scf 242,665


27/49

Tank Truck

TANK TRUCK NATURAL GAS VOLUME

Fill Pressure of Tank in psig = 250

Minimum Usable Pressure in Tank psig = 20

Tank Size in Pounds of Water = 92,000 Size A Volume = 24,881 Cu/Ft.OR

Tank Size in Gallons = 8,000 Size B Volume = 18,023 Cu/Ft.

How long you can hold a Town or Project

Meter Volume CFMinute = 20

Meter Pressure, psig = 56 Time A = 4.06 Hours

CORRECTED Volume CFH = 6,123 Time B = 2.94 Hours

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28/49

Tank Truck

Page 28


29/49

Tensile

Tensile Strength of Weld Test Coupon

Width ThicknessInches Inches

Widest Reading 1.1290 Thickest Reading 0.2810

Next Reading 1.1245 Next Reading 0.2750

Average Width 1.1268 Average Thickness 0.2780

Area sq/in = 0.3132 Test Gage Pressurepsig = 12,000.0

Multiplier = 2.0000 Tensile Strengthin PSI = 76,619.4

Page 29


30/49

Gas Volume in MCFD = 198,000

Nominal Pipe Diameter in inches = 24

Pipe Wall thickness in inches = 0.312

Pressure in psig = 780

Barometric Pressure = 14.7

Gas Temperature Deg. F = 45

Gas Velocity = 13.8 ft/sec.

Gas Velocity = 9.4 miles/hr

GAS VELOCITY


31/49

Pig Speed

Volume of gas = 500 MMCFD

Average Pressure = 950 Starting pressure + End pressure / 2

Barometric Pressure = 13 PSIA

Outside dia. of pipe = 36 Inches

Pipe wall thickness = 0.558 Inches Distance/miles = 100

Speed = 7.04 MPH Time/hours = 14.20

Speed = 10.33 Ft./Sec.

PIG SPEED

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32/49

Flow for Taping



Pressure, psig = 50

Minimum Gas Flow required, MCFD = 179

Minimum Gas Flow for Welding on Pressurized line.

Page 32


33/49

Flow for Taping

Page 33


34/49

Buoyancy of Pipe in Fresh Water

O. D. of the Pipe in inches = 10.75

Wall thickness of the Pipe in Inches = 0.5

Weight of the pipe per foot is = 55

Buoyancy in lbs./ft. = -15.2

If the Buoyancy is a negative number, weights will not be required.


35/49

Weight

Weight of Steel Pipe



Length in Feet = 1.0

Weight of Steel Pipe, lbs. = 16.81

Page 35


36/49

Weight

Page 36


37/49

OD of Pipe inches = 2.35

Wall thickness inches = 0.125

Starting Pressure Psig = 100

Ending Pressure Psig = 60

Atmos. Pressure = 14.1

Length in Miles = 4

Volume in MCFD = 201

Size of Gas Lines +/- 10%


38/49

Water Volume



Length in Feet = 1,000.0 Gallons = 653.0orLength in Miles = 1.0 Gallons = 3,448

WATER VOLUME

Page 38


39/49

MM to Inches

MM = 60 Inches = 2.36 Feet = 0.20

Inches = 2.00 MM = 50.8

Feet = 3.00 MM = 914.4

Meters = 62.50 Feet = 205.06

Feet = 3.28 Meters = 1.00

Meters = 1.00 Yards = 1.09

Yards = 1.09 Meters = 1.00

Meters = 1,609.00 Miles = 1.00

Miles = 1.00 Meters = 1,609.30

Meters to Miles

Conversion Tables

MM to Inches/Feet

Meters to Feet

Meters to Yards

Page 39


40/49

Drying

Drying of Pipeline after Hydrostatic Test

Diameter of Pipe, inches = 24

Length in Miles = 10

Methanol Required

Volume in gallons = 1,008

Volume in Barrels = 24

Page 40


41/49

Drying

Page 41


42/49

Bolts

Stud Bolt requirements for

Raised Face FlangesFlange Size 150# 300# 600# 900#

1" std. 4 - 1/2" x 2 1/2" 4 - 5/8" x 3" 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 4 - 7/8" x 4 3/4"

1 1/4 std. 4 - 1/2" x 2 1/2" 4 - 5/8" x 3" 4 - 5/8" x 4" 4 - 7/8" x 4 3/4"

Insulated 4 - 1/2" x 3" 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 4 - 5/8" x 4"

2" std. 4 - 5/8" x 3" 8 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 5/8" x 4" 8 - 7/8" x 5 1/2"

Insulated 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 5/8" x 4 1/2"

3" std. 4 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 3/4" x 4" 8 - 3/4" x 5" 8 - 7/8" x 5 1/2"

Insulated 4 - 5/8" x 4" 8 - 3/4" x 4 1/2" 8 - 3/4" x 5"

4" std. 8 - 5/8" x 3 1/2" 8 - 3/4" x 4 1/2" 8 - 7/8" x 5 1/2" 8 - 1 1/8" x 6 1/2"

Insulated 8 - 5/8" x 4" 8 - 3/4" x 5" 8 - 7/8" x 6"

6" std. 8 - 3/4" x 4" 12 - 3/4" x 5" 12 - 1" x 6 1/2" 12 - 1 1/8" x 7 1/2"

Insulated 8 - 3/4" x 4" 12 - 3/4" x 5" 12 - 1" x 7"

8" std. 8 - 3/4" x 4" 12 - 7/8" x 5 1/2" 12 - 1 1/8" x 7 1/2" 12 - 1 3/8" x 8 1/2"Insulated 8 - 3/4" x 4 1/2" 12 - 7/8" x 5 1/2" 12 - 1 1/8" x 8"

10" std. 12 - 7/8" x 4 1/2" 16 - 1" x 6" 16 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2" 16 - 1 3/8" x 9"

Insulated 12 - 7/8" x 5" 16 - 1" x 6 1/2" 16 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2"

12" std. 12 - 7/8" x 4 1/2" 16 - 1 1/8" x 6 1/2" 20 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2" 20 - 1 3/8" x 10"

Insulated 12 - 7/8" x 5" 16 - 1 1/8" x 7" 20 - 1 1/4" x 9"

14" std. 12 - 1" x 5" 20 - 1 1/8" x 7" 20 - 1 3/8" x 9" 20 - 1 1/2" x 10 1/2"

Insulated 12 - 1" x 5 1/2" 20 - 1 1/8" x 7" 20 - 1 3/8" x 9 1/2"

16" std. 16 - 1" x 5 1/2" 20 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 20 - 1 1/2" x 10" 20 - 1 5/8" x 11"

Insulated 16 - 1" x 5 1/2" 20 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 20 - 1 1/2" x 10"

18" std. 16 - 1 1/8" x 5 1/2" 24 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 20 - 1 5/8" x 10 1/2" 20 - 1 7/8" x 13"

Insulated 16 - 1 1/8" x 5 1/2" 24 - 1 1/4" x 8" 20 - 1 5/8" x 11"

20" std. 20 - 1 1/8" x 6" 24 - 1 1/4" x 8" 24 - 1 5/8" x 11 1/2" 20 - 2" x 13 1/2"

Insulated 20 - 1 1/8" x 6 1/2" 24 - 1 1/4" x 8 1/2" 24 - 1 5/8" x 11 1/2"

24" std. 20 - 1 1/4" x 7" 24 - 1 1/2" x 9" 24 - 1 7/8" x 13" 20 - 2 1/2" x 17"

Insulated 20 - 1 1/4" x 7" 24 - 1 1/2" x 9 1/2" 24 - 1 7/8" x 13"

26" std. 24 - 1 1/4" x 7" 28 - 1 5/8" x 10" 28 - 1 7/8" x 13 1/2" 20 - 2 3/4" x 17 1/2"

28" std. 28 - 1 1/4" x 7" 28 - 1 5/8" x 10 1/2" 28 - 2" x 14" 20 - 3" x 18 1/2"

30" std. 28 - 1 1/4" x 7 1/2" 28 - 1 3/4" x 11 1/2" 28 - 2" x 14" 20 - 3" x 19"

32" std. 28 - 1 1/2" x 8" 28 - 1 7/8" x 12" 28 - 2 1/4" x 15" 20 - 3 1/4" x 20"

34" std. 32 - 1 1/2" x 8" 28 - 1 7/8" x 12 1/2" 28 - 2 1/4" x 15" 20 - 3 1/2" x 21"

36" std. 32 - 1 1/2" x 8 1/2" 32 - 2" x 13" 28 - 2 1/2" x 16" 20 - 3 1/2" x 21 1/2"

42" std. 36 - 1 1/2" x 9"

Page 42


43/49

Bolts

Page 43


44/49

Natural Gas verses Diesel Engines

Operating Cost

Cost Cost

per per

Engine Horsepower = 1000 Hour Day

Cost of Diesel fuel per gallon = $1.20 Operating Cost for Diesel Engine = $63.96 $1,535.04

Cost of Natural Gas per MCF = $3.50 Operating Cost for Gas Engine = $28.00 $672.00

Cost of Electric Power per KWhr = $0.035 Operating Cost for Electric Motors = $29.00 $695.99

Electric Motor Efficiency = 90.0%


45/49

Cost per

Month

24 hours

$46,051.20

$20,160.00

$20,879.60


46/49

Parts per Million = 16 Grains = 1.01

Grains = 2.45 Parts Per Million = 38.96

Hydrogen Sulfide Conversions

Parts per Million to Grains

Grains to Parts per Million


47/49

Volume per Stroke = 4.00 cubic centimeters 0.0011 gallons/stroke

Weight of the Odorant = 6.73 pounds/gallon 1 gal = 3,785 cc

Volume of Odorant to be injected = 0.50 Pounds/MMCFD

Volume = 0.0743 Gallons/MMCFD

Strokes = 70 Strokes/MMCFD

Gas Volume to be treated = 0.200 MMCFD

Total Strokes required = 14 Strokes/day 0.0149 gallons/day

Strokes per minute at a steady flow = 0.01 Strokes/minute 0.1 pounds/day

Time between Strokes = 6145.01 Seconds

Y- Z Odorizer Calibration


48/49

Temperature in Deg. F = 212.0

Temperature in Deg. C = 100.0

Temperature in Deg. C = 100.0

Temperature in Deg. F = 212.0

Temperature Conversions


49/49

MCF to MMBTU

MMBTU to MCF

MCF = 1.00 MMBTU = 1.00

BTU = 900 BTU = 1,000

MMBTU = 0.90 MCF = 1.00

MCF to MMBTU

MCF to MMBTU or MMBTU to MCF

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