Electrochemical Analysis and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy ...
Engineering electrochemical actuators with large bending ...
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Electronic Supplementary Material
Engineering electrochemical actuators with large bending strainbased on 3D-structure titanium carbide MXene composites Tong Wang1,2, Tianjiao Wang1,2, Chuanxin Weng1, Luqi Liu1, Jun Zhao1,2 (), and Zhong Zhang1,2 ()
1 CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience
and Technology, Beijing 100190, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China Supporting information to https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3222-x
Figure S1 The SEM image of Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes.
Figure S2 XRD pattern of the Ti3C2Tx film.
Figure S3 Mechanical properties of (a) electrode layers including MXene films and MXene/PS-MXene films and (b) electrolyte layers including EMIBF4/PVDF films and H2SO4/PVA films.
Address correspondence to Zhong Zhang, [email protected]; Jun Zhao, [email protected]
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Figure S4 Surface SEM images of (a) the pure MXene electrode, (b) the MXene layer and (c) the MXene/PS layer of the MXene/PS-MXene electrode.
Figure S5 Cross-sectional SEM images of the H2SO4/PVA actuator. The overall thickness of the H2SO4/PVA actuator is 49 m, in which the thickness of the MXene electrode layer is 2 m and the thickness of the H2SO4/PVA electrolyte layer is 45 m.
Figure S6 SEM images of the interface between the electrode layer and the electrolyte layer in (a) MXene actuators, (b) H2SO4/PVA actuators and (c) MXene/PS-MXene actuators.
Figure S7 The equivalent circuit model of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements.
Figure S8 Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of EMIBF4/PVDF actuators and H2SO4/PVA actuators at the current density of 1 A g-1.
Figure S9 Photographs of bending deformations of (a) MXene actuators and (b, c) MXene/PS-MXene actuators where the diameter of PS microspheres is 0.6 m and 1 m respectively under ±1.5 V, 0.1 Hz square wave voltage. Each small grid in the background for the scale is in 1 × 1 mm2.
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Figure S10 Actuation performances of MXene actuators at different frequencies and voltages. (a) Bending displacement versus time under ±0.5 V square wave voltage at different frequencies. (b) Peak-to-peak strain and strain rate under ±0.5 V square wave voltage at different frequencies. (c) Bending displacement versus time under different voltage at the frequency of 2 Hz. (d) Peak-to-peak strain and strain rate under different voltage at the frequency of 2 Hz.
Figure S11 Actuation performances of MXene/PS-MXene actuators where the diameter of PS microspheres is 0.6 m at different frequencies and voltages. (a) Bending displacement versus time under ±0.5 V square wave voltage at different frequencies. (b) Peak-to-peak displacement under ±0.5 V square wave voltage at different frequencies. (c) Bending displacement versus time under different voltage at the frequency of 2 Hz. (d) Peak-to-peak displacement under different voltage at the frequency of 2 Hz.
Figure S12 Cross-sectional SEM images of (a) the MXene actuator and (b) the MXene/PS-MXene actuator after 10000 cycles of bending deformation under ±1.5 V, 2 Hz square wave voltage.
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Table S1 EIS molding data of EMIBF4/PVDF actuators and H2SO4/PVA actuators.
R0/ Q1/F sn-1 n R1/ Zw/ C1/F
EMIBF4/PVDF 2.69 0.00246 0.470 28.9 110 0.0189
H2SO4/PVA 0.262 0.0123 0.387 31.0 49.5 0.0224
Table S2 EIS molding data of MXene actuators and MXene/PS-MXene actuators.
R0/ Q1/F sn-1 n R1/ Zw/ C1/F
MXene 2.69 0.00246 0.470 28.9 110 0.0189
MXene-MXene/PS 9.00 0.00313 0.581 4.33 47.5 0.00795
Table S3 The performance comparison of different electrochemical actuators.
Electrode layer Electrolyte layer
Young’s modulus of
actutors (MPa)
Voltage (V)
Frequency(Hz)
Waveform Peak-to-peak displacement
(mm)
Peak-to-peak strain (%) References
Ti3C2Tx/PS-Ti3C2Tx EMIBF4/
PVDF 246.4 1.5 0.1 Square wave 35 1.18 This work
Ti3C2Tx EMIBF4/
PVDF 765.5 1.5 0.1 Square wave 18 0.68 This work
SWCNT EMIBF4/ Chitosan
1200 4 30 Square wave 4 0.75 S1
MWCNT BMIBF4/
PVDF - 2 0.1 Square wave 0.8 0.034 S2
rGO BMIBF4/
PVDF - 2 0.1 Square wave 4 0.17 S2
rGO/ MWCNT
BMIBF4/ PVDF
- 2 0.1 Square wave 3.4 0.14 S2
NiO/rGO/ MWCNT
EMIBF4/ TPU
146.33 2.5 1 Square wave 30 0.51 S3
BP-CNT/ CNT
EMIBF4/ PVDF-HFP
246.1 2.5 0.1 Square wave 21.4 1.04 S4
PANI/ VA-CNT
EMIBF4/ PVDF-HFP
- 3 0.1 Square wave 9.2 0.58 S5
MWCNT/ Chitosan
BMIBF4/ Chitosan
- 3 0.5 Square wave 2 0.3 S6
SWCNT/ EMITFSI
EMITFSI/ PVDF-HFP
143 2.5 1 Square wave 5 0.57 S7
SWCNT/ EMIBF4/
PVDF-HFP
HMIPF6/ PSS-b- PMB
- 3 0.025 Square wave 10.4 4 S8
SWCNT/ EMIBF4/
PVDF-HFP
Im-doped PSS-b-
PMB/ZImS - 3 0.5 Square wave 14 1.3 S9
rGO/EMIBF4/ PVDF
EMIBF4/ PEO-NBR
- 3 0.1 Square wave 4.5 0.32 S10
g-CN/EMIBF4/ PVDF
EMIBF4/ PEO-NBR
- 3 0.1 Square wave 16.45 0.93 S10
graphdiyne/EMIBF4/ PVDF
EMIBF4/ PVDF
420 2.5 0.1 Square wave 32 0.78 S11
PEDOT: PSS graphene/ EMIBF4/
TOBC - 1 0.1 Sinusoidal
wave 8 0.26 S12
MWCNT/PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ TPU
82.18 2.5 0.1 - 15.7 0.75 S13
G-CNT-Ni/PEDOT: PSS
G-CNT-Ni/ EMIBF4/ Nafion
- 1 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 6.59 0.52 S14
MoS2-SNrGO/ PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ Nafion
106 0.5 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 9.9 0.49 S15
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Electrode layer Electrolyte layer
Young’s modulus of
actutors (MPa)
Voltage (V)
Frequency(Hz)
Waveform Peak-to-peak displacement
(mm)
Peak-to-peak strain (%) References
GCN-NG/PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ Nafion
- 0.5 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 6.5 0.52 S16
Th-SNG/PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ SPBI
- 1 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 9 0.4 S17
HPNC900/PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ Nafion
- 0.5 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 6.99 0.52 S18
BS-COF-C 900/PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ Nafion
- 0.5 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 8 0.62 S19
PGNR-G/PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ Nafion
- 0.5 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 17.4 0.51 S20
Ti3C2Tx/PEDOT: PSS
EMIBF4/ Nafion
- 1 0.1 Sinusoidal wave 2 1.37 S21
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