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Energy Strategy Report

The Wherry School

May 2016

367414 BSE EAD 01 P2

P:\Cambridge\Murdoch\EST\PROJECTS\367414 The Wherry School, Norfolk\12.0 Documents\Outgoing\IES Reports\Wherry Energy Strategy

Report P2.docx May 2016


The Wherry School


The Wherry School

May 2016

Kier

Mott MacDonald, Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2RS, United Kingdom

T +44 (0)1223 463500 F +44 (0)1223 461007 W www.mottmac.com

Energy Strategy Report The Wherry School

367414/BSE/EAD/01/P2 May 2016 P:\Cambridge\Murdoch\EST\PROJECTS\367414 The Wherry School, Norfolk\12.0 Documents\Outgoing\IES Reports\Wherry Energy Strategy Report P2.docx

Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description Standard

P1 5th April 2016 R Fletton A Long T Bradford Part L Report

P2 20th May 2016 R Fletton A Long T Bradford Part L Report

Issue and revision record

This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose.

We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties.

This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it.



Chapter Title Page

Executive Summary i

1 Introduction 1

2 Planning Policy 3

2.1 Adopted Joint Core Strategy __________________________________________________________ 3 2.2 National Building Regulations __________________________________________________________ 3

3 Model 4

3.1 Environmental Conditions and Weather Data ______________________________________________ 4 3.2 Building Fabric _____________________________________________________________________ 5 3.3 Systems __________________________________________________________________________ 5 3.4 Results ___________________________________________________________________________ 7

4 Renewables 8

4.1 Renewable Options _________________________________________________________________ 8 4.1.1 Wind Turbines _____________________________________________________________________ 8 4.1.2 Biomass Boilers ____________________________________________________________________ 9 4.1.3 Heat Pumps _______________________________________________________________________ 9 4.1.4 Solar Hot Water ___________________________________________________________________ 10 4.1.5 Photovoltaic Panels ________________________________________________________________ 10 4.2 Methodology ______________________________________________________________________ 11 4.3 Results __________________________________________________________________________ 12

Appendices 13

Appendix A. BRUKL Document _________________________________________________________________ 14

Contents


i


This report looks at options for meeting the 10% renewable energy target for the

proposed Wherry School development in Norwich. The options have been

examined in context of the Adopted Joint Core Strategy (January 2014), which

requires developments over 1000m² to include on-site renewables to provide for

at least 10% of predicted energy usage.

Information on building fabric, usage requirements, environmental conditions,

planned systems, and other data were applied to a model built in IES’ Virtual

Environment software based on information provided by the architect.

Once the initial model had been developed, various renewable technologies for

use in the developments was assessed, and it was concluded that a photovoltaic

installation would be the most suitable in achieving the required energy target

while best complimenting the buildings’ design.

The dynamic simulation was run including a PV installation on the roof of the

school and it was calculated that the development has the potential to comply with

Part L of the Building Regulations, with the PV installation providing the 10% of

minimum required of the total energy consumption.

Executive Summary



1

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the potential of the proposed

Wherry school development to comply with local and national planning

policies relating to energy usage and carbon dioxide emissions.

The proposed development is a single storey building that consists of

multiple classrooms and teaching spaces designed for children with

special education needs. The total floor area is approximately 2800m2

and it is assumed to be of lightweight construction. A floor plan is

shown in figure 1.1:

Figure 1.1: The Proposed Wherry school development.

Source: LSI Architects

1 Introduction



2

Thermal models of the building were developed containing details of

constructions, environmental conditions, weather data, lighting,

equipment and occupancy levels. Dynamic Simulation Modelling (DSM)

was used to calculate the Target Emission Rate (TER) and Building

Emission Rate (BER).

Various measures were then considered in order to help the

developments comply with the relevant national and local planning

policies, as described in Section 2.



3

2.1 Adopted Joint Core Strategy

Norwich adopted the “Joint Core Strategy (JCS)” document in January

2014 which sets out limits to energy consumption and on site

renewables. Policy 3 Titled “Energy and water” states:

“10% of energy will be met on-site and renewably and/or from

a decentralised renewable (… non-residential development

involving 1,000 square metres gross floor area)”

This report considers various common renewable energy technologies

to meet this requirement, and the feasibility of each is considered in

Section 4.1.

2.2 National Building Regulations

The developments must also comply with Approved document L2A,

which describes the methodology for calculating a building’s Target

CO2 Emission Rate (TER), and quotes Building Regulation 17C, which

states:

“Where a building is erected, it shall not exceed the target CO2

emission rate for the building”

It is preferable to achieve this by the following means of energy

hierarchy:

Using efficient, sustainable design to reduce the development’s

energy demand.

Using local decentralised energy sources to minimise

transmission losses and thus increase efficiency.

Using renewable energy sources to minimise the emissions

associated with the remaining on-site energy usage.

The use of decentralised energy sources is considered to be

inappropriate in this case, as no suitable local system currently exists.

2 Planning Policy



4

Baseline (No Renewables)

The model geometry, including room locations, window and door

locations and sizes, and other geometry including external shading,

was based on drawings provided by the architect. The buildings as

modelled are shown in Figure 3.1:

Figure 3.1: 3D Renders showing model geometry.

Source: Modelled by Mott MacDonald

3.1 Environmental Conditions and Weather Data

The CIBSE Test Reference Year data set for Norwich was applied to

the model to simulate weather conditions. These are the closest

locations to the actual site with available data.

3 Model



5

3.2 Building Fabric

Thermal properties of constructions were based on information

provided by the architect and were modelled as shown in Table 3.1:

Table 3.1: Thermal properties of constructions.

Element U-Value (W/m²K) G-Value

Wall 0.22 -

Roof 0.15 -

Floor 0.13 -

Window 1.34 0.30

Source: Agreed by Kier (10/03/16)

The air permeability of the model has been set to 5m³/m²hour at 50 Pa

3.3 Systems

The building will be ventilated via individual mechanical supply and

extract systems with heat recovery where external noise break in is a

concern. Natural ventilation will be utilised where ever permissible, with

a number of supply and extract fans for internal spaces such as WC’s

and offices. The building will be heated using a gas fed condensing

boiler with underfloor heating. Domestic hot water will be centrally

generated using direct gas fired calorifiers. The mechanical and

electrical systems, and their efficiencies, are outlined overleaf:



6

Figure 3.2: Systems Description within the Model

Source: Calculated by Mott MacDonald

Classroom Mech Vent, Ancillary Mech Vent

UFH heating using gas boiler (96% eff)

Balanced Mech vent supply extract with a plate heat exchange

heat recovery (75%) SFP 1.16W/l/s

Classroom Nat Vent, Corridor, Hall, Office Nat Vent


Kitchen

Supply and extract system (SFP 1W/l/s) with run around coil

heat recovery (65% eff)



7

Sensory Rooms Mech Vent & Comfort Cooled

Split System

Heating COP: 2.84

Cooling SEER: 4.74

Balanced mech vent supply extract with a plate heat exchange

heat recovery (75% eff) SFP 1.16 W/l/s

WC/Wetroom


Local extract with SFP 0.3 W/l/s

Lighting

The lighting throughout the building has been set to 5.9W/m2 with local

on/off control and no daylight dimming capabilities.

3.4 Results

The simulation was carried out as described above, and the BER was

calculated to be 14.7 kgCO2/m². This is higher than the calculated TER

of 14.5 kgCO2/m² by 1.4%. Therefore the baseline building doe not

comply with the national building regulations Part L2A as described in

section 2.2 of this report. Therefore this building will require a

renewable technology to offset against the carbon produced.

The total building energy usage was calculated to be 47.93 kWh/m² of

which renewable energy was not considered therefore the baseline

simulation does not meet the planning requirements set by the

Joint Core Strategy in section 2.1.



8

The most successful projects adopt renewable technologies

as direct alternatives, rather than add-ons, to conventional

solutions. It is important therefore to identify these

technologies as early as possible in the project.

4.1 Renewable Options

This scenario considers potential low or zero carbon (LZC) technologies

that could be incorporated into the development in order to meet the

renewable energy generation target of Policy 14. The study also

considers the most appropriate technology to satisfy the visual

aspirations of the building within the context of the local area.

4.1.1 Wind Turbines

Wind power relies on the sustainable and renewable energy of the wind

to generate electricity. Turbines do not necessarily need high wind

speeds to operate, but to be efficient, wind turbines need to be located

where there will be a relatively constant wind of between 3.5 and

6.0m/s. Wind turbines are best utilised in a rural or a suburban area,

since potentially damaging air turbulence is more likely to occur in built

up urban areas.

A three-blade turbine with a 15m mast and rotor diameter of 9m can

generate approximately 25 MWh/yr while a similarly sized helical-blade

turbine can generate approximately 10 MWh/yr. However, these require

a large capital investment and are considered to cause significant

aesthetic and noise concerns.

These concerns mean than wind power is not considered appropriate

for this development.

4 Renewables



9

4.1.2 Biomass Boilers

Biomass boilers are fuelled by biological products such as wood and

plants. It is considered to be carbon-neutral since the CO2 emitted

when burning the fuel is offset by that absorbed during the life of the

vegetation. Consideration must be given to the harvesting, storage and

delivery of Biomass fuels to ensure effective operation of the

technology. A local source of fuel is best practice to reduce carbon

emissions in fuel transport.

Any biomass system would necessarily be local to the building due to

the prohibitive cost of district heating pipes on this scale. Therefore the

fuel storage space would also have to be provided locally resulting in a

significant visual impact on the surroundings. In addition, the boiler flue

would need to extend at least 2m above the roof height due to

restrictions regarding particulate emissions.

These concerns, combined with those over the logistics of delivering

such quantities of fuel mean that biomass is not considered appropriate

for this development.

4.1.3 Heat Pumps

Heat pumps extract heat from local thermal reservoirs (e.g. ground or

outside air) to increase the thermal efficiency of heating and cooling

systems. Ground-source systems (GSHP) take advantage of the

relatively stable temperatures maintained below the ground all year

round. They entail a significant capital cost, and require land to install

thermal piles or coils. Air source heat pumps, though cheaper, tend to

be less efficient, since outside air is warmer than the ground in summer

and cooler in winter.

The capital costs required for ground-source heat pumps, and the

relatively low efficiency of air-source heat pumps at low external

temperatures compared to the potential benefits mean that heat pumps

are not considered feasible for this development.



10

4.1.4 Solar Hot Water

Solar hot water panels capture the sun’s radiation and transfer the heat

to provide hot water for use in the building. The UK climate is suitable

for low-temperature heating applications like this, and solar water

heating can be used to offset a large part of the hot water requirements

for a building, especially in summer. Solar hot water systems usually

entail a relatively low capital cost. Solar panels are not capable of fully

replacing a conventional system, so normal water heaters would also

be required to work in tandem with solar panels.

While solar water heating is one of the simplest ways of utilising the

sun’s energy, the relatively low domestic hot water demand1 in the

building compared with the overall use and that this would need to be

supplemented for over 40% (depending on storage size) of the year

with conventional water heating means that solar hot water panels are

not considered appropriate for the development.

4.1.5 Photovoltaic Panels

Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun’s light into electricity that can be

used instead of grid electricity. When electricity demand is low, excess

energy can be exported for a profit. PV panels have very little impact on

the environment once installed, as they run quietly without emitting air

pollution or hazardous waste. While they are associated with higher

capital costs than solar hot water panels, PV panels can significantly

reduce the running costs of a building as they replace grid electricity,

which is more expensive than fossil fuels.

Photovoltaic cells are most efficient when facing due south, and the

building’s design includes a large flat area of roof where PV’s can be

located and not be visible from the surroundings.

The decreasing capital cost of PV cells and the high carbon emission

factor of electricity generation mean that PV cells are currently

considered the most appropriate sustainable technology for use in the

proposed development.

1 DHW accounts for just 10% of building CO2 emissions – see Section 3.3.



11

4.2 Methodology

This scenario considers the impact of a PV installation consisting of

multiple panels mounted on the southernmost section of the roof, using

a system similar to that pictured in Figure 5.1:

Figure 4.1: Typical PV mounting system.

Source: Schletter GmbH

The panels are assumed to face directly due south, inclined at 35º, with

an active surface area (i.e. excluding mounting frames, gaps etc) of

approximately 120m². The panels are assumed to be monocrystalline

silicon, with a conversion efficiency of 90%.



12

4.3 Results

The simulation was carried out as described above, and the BER was

calculated to be 12.0 kgCO2/m². This is lower than the calculated TER

of 14.5 kgCO2/m² by 17.2%. Additionally the 120m2 PV instillation is

predicted to provide 5.03 kWh/m2 of energy which is approximately

10.5% of the 47.9 kWh/m2 energy development which complies with

requirements of Joint Core Strategy Policy 3 as described in section 2.1

of this report.

The complete energy usage by system is shown in Figure 4.2:

Figure 4.2: Energy usage breakdown by system.

Source: Calculated by Mott MacDonald

A complete breakdown of the systems used within this report can be

found in the BRUKL document located in Appendix A.

51%

14%

17%

18% Heating

Cooling

Auxiliary

Lighting

Hot Water



13

Appendices

Appendix A. BRUKL Document __________________________________________________________________ 14



14

Appendix A. BRUKL Document

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L3N5 = = %&) = = = = = = = ?@A

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L3N5 = = %&) = = = = = = = ?@A

L3N5 = = %&) = = = = = = = ?@A

LF-2O667 = = %&) = = = = = = = ?@A

LF-2O667289,':;< = = %&) = = = = = = = ?@A

L3N528D65-2(+< = = %&) = = = = = = = ?@A

L3N5 = = %&) = = = = = = = ?@A

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