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![Page 1: Energy Storage – Definitions, Properties and Economics Andreas Hauer Latin America Public-Private Partnerships Workshop on Energy Storage for Sustainable.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec95503460f94bd69ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy Storage – Definitions, Properties and Economics
Andreas Hauer
Latin America Public-Private Partnerships Workshop on Energy Storage for Sustainable Development April 16-17, 2015 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Content
• Basic Definitions• Properties• Economics • Market• Conclusions
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Energy Storage – Basic Definitions
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Definitions „Energy Storage“
What is energy storage?
An energy storage system can take up energy and deliver it at a later point in time. The storage process itself consists of three stages: The charging, the storage and the discharging. After the discharging step the storage can be charged again.
Charging Storage Discharging
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Definitions „Energy Storage“
What is actually stored?
The form of energy (electricity, heat, cold, mechanical energy, chemical energy), which is taken up by an energy storage system, is usually the one, which is delivered. However, in many cases the charged type of energy has to be transformed for the storage (e.g. pumped hydro storage or batteries). It is re-transformed for the discharging. In some energy storage systems the transformed energy type is delivered (e.g. Power-to-Gas or Power-to-Heat).
h
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Relation between energy storage systems and their applications
The technical and economical requirements for an energy storage system are determined by its actual application within the energy system. Therefore any evaluation and comparison of energy storage technologies is only possible with respect to this application.
The application determines the technical requirements (e.g. type of energy, storage capacity, charging/discharging power,…) as well as the economical environment (e.g. expected pay-back time, price for delivered energy,…).
Definitions „Energy Storage“
Electrolysis Hydrogen
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Constant Supply Fluctuating Supply
Matching Supply and Demand
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„Storage of Power“ „Storage of Energy“
e.g. Power Reserve e.g. Peak Shaving / Dispatchable Load
Difference between Power & Energy
Pow
er
Pow
er
Seconds - Minutes Hours – Days
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Energy Storage – Properties
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– Storage Capacity (kWh/kg, kWh/m³)
– Charging / Discharging Power (W/kg, W/m³)
– Storage Efficiency
– Storage Period (Time)
– Cost (€/kWh, €/kW)
– Competing Technologies
Phys. / Chem. Effect, Storage Material, Operation Conditions
Storage Design & Engineering, Transport Phenomena,…
Losses (Storage Period, Transformations)
Hours, Days, Months, Years
Investment, Number of Storage Cycles
Properties of an Energy Storage System
Transmission System, Smart Grids, Demand Side Management, Electricity Production
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Storage
technology
Storage Mechanism
Power CapacityStorage Period
Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost
MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 % # cycles $/kW $/kWh¢/kWh-
delivered
Lithium Ion
(Li Ion)
Electro-chemical
< 1,7 < 22 day - month 84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,982960 -5440
1230 - 3770
620 - 2760
17 - 102
Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery
Electro-chemical
1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500
260 - 2560
210 - 920 9 - 55
Lead Acid
battery
Electro-chemical
0.1 - 30 < 30 day - month 22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85160 - 1060
350 - 850130 - 1100
21 - 102
Redox/Flow battery
Electro-chemical
< 7 < 10 day - month 18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,851510 - 2780
650 - 2730
120 - 1600
5 - 88
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Mechanical 2 - 300 14 - 2050 day -2 - 7 at
20 - 80 bar0,4 - 0,75
8620 - 17100
15 - 2050 30 - 100 2 - 35
Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)
Mechanical450 - 2500
8000 - 190000
day - month0,27 at 100m
0,27 at 100m
0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000
540 - 2790
40 - 160 0,1 - 18
Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700 bar
0,22 - 0,50 1384 - 1408
- 25 - 64
Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44
Sensible
storage - WaterThermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01
Phase change materials (PCM)
Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6
Thermochemical storage (TCS)
Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 - 10 - 130 1 - 5
Energy Storage Technology Properties
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Energy Storage – Economics
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Economics of an energy storage system depend on• investment cost of the energy storage system• number of storage cycles (per time), which limits the delivered
amount of energy
Economics
Spending = Investment Cost
Earning = delivered Energy = Storage Cycles
Charging St. 100.000 €Storage 100.000 €Discharg. St. 50.000 €Total Cost 250.000 €
4 MWh per cycle, charge/discharge power 1 MW, 2 cycles per day, 1 MWh = 50 € 700 x 200 € = 140.000 €/Jahr
© ZAE Bayern
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≈ 10.000 €/kWh ≈ 250 €/kWh
≈ 100 €/kWh ≈ 2,0 €/kWh© ZAE Bayern
© ZAE Bayern
Economics
Economics of an energy storage system depend on• investment cost of the energy storage system• number of storage cycles (per time), which limits the delivered
amount of energy• price of the replaced energy (electricity, heat/cold, fuel,…)• „Benefit-Stacking“
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Top-Down Approach or „Maximum Acceptable Storage Cost“
The maximum acceptable storage cost (price per storage capacity installed, €/kWh) can be easily calculated on the basis of• Expected pay-back time• Interest rate• Energy cost
Example: In the building sector a payback period of 15 to 20 years and an interest rate of 3% to 6% can be accepted. The price for energy is 0.06 – 0.10 €/kWh.
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Enthusiast: payback 20-25 a, interest rate 1%, energy cost 0.12-0.16 €/kWhBuilding: payback 15-20 a, interest rate 5%, energy cost 0.06-0.10 €/kWhIndustry: payback < 5 a, interest rate 10%, energy cost 0.02-0.04 €/kWh
Top-Down Approach or „Maximum Acceptable Storage Cost“
Seasonal storage: 0.96 - 2.29 €/kWhcap
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Storage
technology
Storage Mechanis
m
Power CapacityStorage Period
Density EfficiencyLifetim
eCost
MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 %#
cycles$/kW $/kWh
¢/kWh-deliver
edLithium Ion
(Li Ion)
Electro-chemical
< 1,7 < 22day -
month84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98
2960 -5440
1230 - 3770
620 - 2760
17 - 102
Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery
Electro-chemical
1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500
260 - 2560
210 - 920
9 - 55
Lead Acid
battery
Electro-chemical
0.1 - 30
< 30day -
month22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85
160 - 1060
350 - 850
130 - 1100
21 - 102
Redox/Flow battery
Electro-chemical
< 7 < 10day -
month18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85
1510 - 2780
650 - 2730
120 - 1600
5 - 88
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Mechanical
2 - 300
14 - 2050 day -
2 - 7 at
20 - 80 bar
0,4 - 0,758620 - 17100
15 - 2050
30 - 100
2 - 35
Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)
Mechanical
450 - 2500
8000 - 190000
day - month
0,27 at 100m
0,27 at 100m
0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000
540 - 2790
40 - 160
0,1 - 18
Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700
bar0,22 - 0,50 1
384 - 1408
- 25 - 64
Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 1600010 at 1
bar0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44
Sensible
storage - Water
Thermal < 10 < 100hour - year
10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01
Phase change materials (PCM)
Thermal < 10 < 10hour - week
50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6
Thermochemical storage (TCS)
Thermal < 1 < 10hour - week
120 -250
120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 -10 - 130
1 - 5
Energy Storage Technologies
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Diurnal storage: 16 - 38 €/kWhcap
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Storage
technology
Storage Mechanis
m
Power CapacityStorage Period
Density EfficiencyLifetim
eCost
MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 %#
cycles$/kW $/kWh
¢/kWh-deliver
edLithium Ion
(Li Ion)
Electro-chemical
< 1,7 < 22day -
month84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98
2960 -5440
1230 - 3770
620 - 2760
17 - 102
Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery
Electro-chemical
1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500
260 - 2560
210 - 920
9 - 55
Lead Acid
battery
Electro-chemical
0.1 - 30
< 30day -
month22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85
160 - 1060
350 - 850
130 - 1100
21 - 102
Redox/Flow battery
Electro-chemical
< 7 < 10day -
month18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85
1510 - 2780
650 - 2730
120 - 1600
5 - 88
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Mechanical
2 - 300
14 - 2050 day -
2 - 7 at
20 - 80 bar
0,4 - 0,758620 - 17100
15 - 2050
30 - 100
2 - 35
Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)
Mechanical
450 - 2500
8000 - 190000
day - month
0,27 at 100m
0,27 at 100m
0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000
540 - 2790
40 - 160
0,1 - 18
Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700
bar0,22 - 0,50 1
384 - 1408
- 25 - 64
Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 1600010 at 1
bar0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44
Sensible
storage - Water
Thermal < 10 < 100hour - year
10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01
Phase change materials (PCM)
Thermal < 10 < 10hour - week
50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6
Thermochemical storage (TCS)
Thermal < 1 < 10hour - week
120 -250
120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 -10 - 130
1 - 5
Energy Storage Technologies
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Energy Storage – Market
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Energy Storage Systems are clean!
Energy storage systems used for the integration of renewables or the increase of energy efficiency deliver CO2-neutral energy to their customers.Rising prices for CO2 certificates would support the economics of energy storage!
e.g. power reserve
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Fair Market Entry!
• No subsidies & no „market-entry-programme“ needed!
• As soon as „flexibility“ will be adequately remunerated, energy storage systems are competitive!
• Energy storage systems are no „final consumer“ and do not have to pay the related fees!
Japan:Ice storage for
air conditioning due to high electricity
prices in peak hours
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Conclusions
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Energy Storage Process = Charging + Storage + Discharging
Energy storage can match supply & demand
Energy storage systems can either focus on the storage of energy or power
Energy storage systems will have an increasing market share, if their benefits will be adequately remunerated
The economics depend on the investment cost, the cycle number in an actual application (per time) and the price of the replaced energy
Conclusions
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Thank you very much for your attention!
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storagecosts top− down=energy costs×cycles per year
storage annuity
User Energy costs / €·kWh-1 Storage annuity / %
min. max. min. max.
Industry 0.02 0.04 25 30
Building 0.06 0.10 7 10
Enthusiast 0.12 0.16 4 6
Method: Top-down approach
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storagecosts top− down=energy costs×cycles per year
storage annuity
User Energy costs / €·kWh-1 Storage annuity / %
min. max. min. max.
Industry 0.02 0.04 25 30
Building 0.06 0.10 7 10
Enthusiast 0.12 0.16 4 6
Method: Top-down approach
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storagecosts top− down=energy costs×cycles per year
storage annuity
User Energy costs / €·kWh-1 Storage annuity / %
min. max. min. max.
Industry 0.02 0.04 25 30
Building 0.06 0.10 7 10
Enthusiast 0.12 0.16 4 6
Method: Top-down approach
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Method: Bottom-up approach
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investment costs = TES material + storage container + charging / discharging device