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![Page 1: Energy Storage – Technologies & Applications Andreas Hauer Latin America Public-Private Partnerships Workshop on Energy Storage for Sustainable Development.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110208/56649dbe5503460f94ab1945/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy Storage – Technologies & Applications
Andreas Hauer
Latin America Public-Private Partnerships Workshop on Energy Storage for Sustainable Development April 16-17, 2015 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Content
• Energy Storage – Technologies• Energy Storage – Applications• Technology Comparison (?)• Conclusions
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Energy Storage – Technologies
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Energy Storage Technologies
Electrical Energy Storage
Thermal Energy Storage
Chemical Energy Storage
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• Storage as Electro-chemical Energy
• Storage as Mechanical Energy
• Storage as Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy Storages
• Super-conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
• Super-Capacitor
• Lithium-Ion Battery• Sodium-Sulfate
Battery (NaS-Cells)• Lead-Acid Battery• Redox-Flow Battery
• Pumped Hydro Storage• Compressed Air Energy
Storage (CAES)• Flywheel
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Storage Period and Discharging Power
© C. Dötsch
Energy Management
BridgingPower
PowerQuality
Electrical Energy Storages
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Thermal Energy Storages
• Thermal Energy can be stored as sensible heat
• Thermal Energy can be stored as latent heat
• Thermal Energy can be stored thermo-chemically
• Hot Water Tank• Underground Thermal
Energy Storage (UTES)
• Macro- / Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCM)
• Adsorption (Zeolite) and Absorption (LiCl) Storage
• ThermoChemical Materials (TCM)
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Storage Capacity vs. Temperature
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
100
200
300
400
500
600
Sto
rage C
ap
aci
ty /
(kW
h/m
³)
Temperature / °C
0 Water
PCMSalt Hydrates
Nitrates
Paraffines
Sugar Alcohols
TCM
NiCl2NH3
CaCl2*NH3
MgSO4* 6H2O
Zeolith*H2OSilicagel*H2O
MgCl2* 6H2O
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Chemical Energy Storage
Energy Storage by Hydrogen Production and Storage
• Hydrogen is the most powerful fuel with regard to its mass• Loss-free long-term storage possible• Electricity production by fuel cells / H2 turbines
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• Methane from Hydrogen (and CO2)
• Efficiency >80 % (Sabatier-Process)
• Existing Infrastructure (natural gas)
© ZSW
Energy Storage by Methane Production and Storage
© M. Sterner
Chemical Energy Storage
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Storage
technology
Storage Mechanism
Power CapacityStorage Period
Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost
MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 % # cycles $/kW $/kWh¢/kWh-
delivered
Lithium Ion
(Li Ion)
Electro-chemical
< 1,7 < 22 day - month 84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,982960 -5440
1230 - 3770
620 - 2760
17 - 102
Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery
Electro-chemical
1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500
260 - 2560
210 - 920 9 - 55
Lead Acid
battery
Electro-chemical
0.1 - 30 < 30 day - month 22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85160 - 1060
350 - 850130 - 1100
21 - 102
Redox/Flow battery
Electro-chemical
< 7 < 10 day - month 18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,851510 - 2780
650 - 2730
120 - 1600
5 - 88
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Mechanical 2 - 300 14 - 2050 day -2 - 7 at
20 - 80 bar0,4 - 0,75
8620 - 17100
15 - 2050 30 - 100 2 - 35
Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)
Mechanical450 - 2500
8000 - 190000
day - month0,27 at 100m
0,27 at 100m
0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000
540 - 2790
40 - 160 0,1 - 18
Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700 bar
0,22 - 0,50 1384 - 1408
- 25 - 64
Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44
Sensible
storage - WaterThermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01
Phase change materials (PCM)
Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6
Thermochemical storage (TCS)
Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 - 10 - 130 1 - 5
Table of Energy Storage Technologies
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Energy Storage – Applications
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• Energy storage system are already today an important component for electricity and heat supply within the energy system.
• With the increasing share of variable electricity production by renewable energies, a secure and uninterrupted power supply is becoming more and more significant.
• The German „Energiewende“ implies a growing linkage of the electricity, the heat & cold and the mobility sector. Approaches like Power-to-Heat or Power-to-Gas are able to combine the electricity and the heat sector in a sustainable way.
Energy Storage – Applications
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Integration of Renewable Electricity• Grid Stability
- Frequency regulation- Voltage support - T&D congestion relief - Black start
• Grid balancing - Fast power reserve- Peak shaving- Self-consumption, Off-grid
• Demand Side Integration - Dispatchable Load- Power-to-Gas- Power-to-Heat
Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy
• Concentrated Solar Power • Solar-thermal Process Heat• Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling
Industrial Processes• Waste Heat Utlization• Recuperation of Mech. Energy
Buildings• Heating & Cooling
- Day/Night-Balancing- Summer/Winter-Balancing
Electricity Production• Fossil Thermal Power Plants• Heat Utilization of CHP• …
Mobility• Propulsion• Heating / Air Conditioning
Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency
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Integration of Renewable Electricity• Grid Stability
- Frequency regulation- Voltage support - T&D congestion relief - Black start
• Grid balancing - Fast power reserve- Peak shaving- Self-consumption, Off-grid
• Demand Side Integration - Dispatchable Load- Power-to-Gas- Power-to-Heat
Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy
• Concentrated Solar Power • Solar-thermal Process Heat• Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling
Industrial Processes• Waste Heat Utlization• Recuperation of Mech. Energy
Buildings• Heating & Cooling
- Day/Night-Balancing- Summer/Winter-Balancing
Electricity Production• Fossil Thermal Power Plants• Heat Utilization of CHP• …
Mobility• Propulsion• Heating / Air Conditioning
EES – TES – EES/TES/CES
Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency
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RenewableEnergies
ConsumerDistribution
PV
Wind
Bio/CHP
Solarthermal
Grid
DistrictHeating &
Cooling
Electricity
Heat/Cold
Central Energy Storage
DistributedEnergyStorage
EESTESCES
EESTESCES
Central – Distributed Storage
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RenewableEnergies
Consumer
PV
Wind
Bio/CHP
Solarthermal
Electricity
Heat/Cold
DistributedEnergyStorage
EESTESCES
Central – Distributed Storage
„Islands“
Energy infra-structure in local units (reasonable size!)
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…but where in the Grid?
Central Storages• Pumped Hydro• Hydrogen Generation• Compressed Air Energy Storage
Distributed (large) Storages• Lead Acid Batteries• NaS Batteries• Redox-Flow Batteries
Distributed (electric) Storages• Lithium-Ion Batteries• Lead Acid Batteries• NiMh-, NiCd Batteries
Distributed (thermal) Storages• Heat Pumps + Thermal Storage• CHP, μCHP + Thermal Storage
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• As long as we do not have a „perfect“ grid, distributed energy storage systems are able to provide voltage support and frequency regulation and by this avoid local congestions by the following system services- Power reserve - Peak shaving- Self-consumption enhancement - Transformation from electricity to heat/cold
Central – Distributed Storage
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Technology Comparison (?)
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Storage
technology
Storage Mechanis
m
Power CapacityStorage Period
Density EfficiencyLifetim
eCost
MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 %#
cycles$/kW $/kWh
¢/kWh-deliver
ed
Lithium Ion
(Li Ion)
Electro-chemical
< 1,7 < 22day -
month84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98
2960 -5440
1230 - 3770
620 - 2760
17 - 102
Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery
Electro-chemical
1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500
260 - 2560
210 - 920
9 - 55
Lead Acid
battery
Electro-chemical
0.1 - 30
< 30day -
month22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85
160 - 1060
350 - 850
130 - 1100
21 - 102
Redox/Flow battery
Electro-chemical
< 7 < 10day -
month18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85
1510 - 2780
650 - 2730
120 - 1600
5 - 88
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Mechanical
2 - 300
14 - 2050 day -
2 - 7 at
20 - 80 bar
0,4 - 0,758620 - 17100
15 - 2050
30 - 100
2 - 35
Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)
Mechanical
450 - 2500
8000 - 190000
day - month
0,27 at 100m
0,27 at 100m
0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000
540 - 2790
40 - 160
0,1 - 18
Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700
bar0,22 - 0,50 1
384 - 1408
- 25 - 64
Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 1600010 at 1
bar0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44
Sensible
storage - Water
Thermal < 10 < 100hour - year
10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01
Phase change materials (PCM)
Thermal < 10 < 10hour - week
50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6
Thermochemical storage (TCS)
Thermal < 1 < 10hour - week
120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 -10 - 130
1 - 5
Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies
Comparison of storage technologies is difficult.There is a strong influence of the actual application on
the storage properties!
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Storage
technology
Storage Mechanis
m
Power CapacityStorage Period
Density EfficiencyLifetim
eCost
MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 %#
cycles$/kW $/kWh
¢/kWh-deliver
ed
Lithium Ion
(Li Ion)
Electro-chemical
< 1,7 < 22day -
month84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98
2960 -5440
1230 - 3770
620 - 2760
17 - 102
Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery
Electro-chemical
1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500
260 - 2560
210 - 920
9 - 55
Lead Acid
battery
Electro-chemical
0.1 - 30
< 30day -
month22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85
160 - 1060
350 - 850
130 - 1100
21 - 102
Redox/Flow battery
Electro-chemical
< 7 < 10day -
month18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85
1510 - 2780
650 - 2730
120 - 1600
5 - 88
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Mechanical
2 - 300
14 - 2050 day -
2 - 7 at
20 - 80 bar
0,4 - 0,758620 - 17100
15 - 2050
30 - 100
2 - 35
Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)
Mechanical
450 - 2500
8000 - 190000
day - month
0,27 at 100m
0,27 at 100m
0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000
540 - 2790
40 - 160
0,1 - 18
Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700
bar0,22 - 0,50 1
384 - 1408
- 25 - 64
Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 1600010 at 1
bar0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44
Sensible
storage - Water
Thermal < 10 < 100hour - year
10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01
Phase change materials (PCM)
Thermal < 10 < 10hour - week
50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6
Thermochemical storage (TCS)
Thermal < 1 < 10hour - week
120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 -10 - 130
1 - 5
Application: Long Term Storage
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Transport
~ 90 %
~ 62%
Total:
Storage
~ 90 %© U. Stimming, TUM
Efficiency:
Hydrogen:
Electrolysis
~ 85 %
Compression
~ 90 %
Fuel: Overall Efficiency 60 %Electricity: Overall Efficiency 30 %Heating: Overall Efficiency 60 %
Application: Long Term Storage
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Heat Pump
~ 300 %
Efficiency:
~ 225 %
Total
Hot Water:
Storage
~ 75 %
© ZAE Bayern
Fuel: not possible!Electricity: not possible!Heating: Overall Efficiency 225 %
Application: Long Term Storage
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Important: • Look at the whole efficiency chain!• Take the „value“ of the stored energy („exergy“!) into account!
• Take the final energy demand into account!
• Also Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Cold is an option!
• Try to identify the most suitable technology for the application!
Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies
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Conclusions
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A large number of different energy storage technologies is available or subject to R&D at the moment
A large number of different applications of energy storage will come up in our future energy systems
Energy storage technologies can only be evaluated and compared - technically and economically - within an actual application
Conclusions
The final energy demand and the overall efficiency of the energy storage system has to be taken into account, when assigning storage technologies to storage applications
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Thank you very much for your attention!