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Transcript of Energy Security: Microgrid Planning and Design · PDF fileMicrogrid Planning and Design. World...
![Page 1: Energy Security: Microgrid Planning and Design · PDF fileMicrogrid Planning and Design. World Renewable Energy Forum 2012 Julieta Giraldez ... – Pre-programmed contingency responses;](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052607/5a76d9af7f8b9ad22a8dc398/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Energy Security: Microgrid Planning and Design
World Renewable Energy Forum 2012
Julieta Giraldez
May 17, 2012
NREL/PR 7A30 54985
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Outline
• NREL Approach to Microgrid Design • CORE Microgrid Design Process • Microgrid Modeling and Simulation • Valuing Energy
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NREL Approach to Microgrid Design
• Continuously Optimized Reliable Energy (CORE) Microgrids
• Differentiating Characteristics: – Integrates into 24/7 operations – Can optimize on economics or surety – Focuses on fuel diversity – Expands/contracts to provide energy for all
load coverage spheres – Phased approach can allow for gradual
addition of components over time Load prioritization and migration with added
generation
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Achieving Overarching Goals
• Economic Value ‐ Control system to dispatch based on rate structure/generation costs – Primary driver: Economics of generation in context of rate structure
• Sustainability – integration of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies – Primary driver: Carbon savings, fuel diversity, emissions goals
• Energy Surety ‐ Start with critical loads and expand to other load coverage spheres, diversity of generation and fuel types – Primary driver: Ensure reliable operation under different operating
scenarios
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Key Benefits of CORE Approach
• Increased energy surety ‐ Diversity of generation assets and fuel sources ‐ Generation assets are used daily
• Increased economic value ‐ Enhanced economic dispatch ‐ Reduced lifecycle cost versus initial installation cost
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Concept Design/
Inform RFP
Selection of Integrator
Verification & Validation
Construction
CORE Microgrid Design Process
NZEI Assessment
Existing Generation
Existing Energy Management
System
Energy Surety Plan
Grid Infrastructure
Generator Specifications
Load Profiles
Grid Operations
Data Gathering
Communication/ Cyber security
Detailed Electrical Model
Design Analysis
Power Flow
Dynamic Stability
Short‐Circuit
Controls
Outputs
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Net‐Zero Energy Installations NZEI systems approach is optimal for microgrid
facilitation (energy and security nexus).
• Maximizes use of sustainable energy technologies
• Supplies local generation to electrical loads
• Identifies optimal dispatch opportunities – Sale of power (arbitrage), demand response, etc.
• Characterizes microgrid (microgrid “baseline”) – Base distribution system/grid interface
– Distributed energy resources (diesel generators/storage and renewable energy combination)
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Key Components of a CORE Microgrid
Economic Optimization
Generation Assessment
Energy SuretyOptimization
Controller
Energy Management
System
Dispatchable and Non‐Dispatchable
Generation
Seamless Transition
Energy Storage
Load Shedding
Cyber Security
Dispatchable Generation to
Cover Load
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CORE Microgrid Modeling and Simulation
Why was Modeling and Simulation Necessary?
1) Microgrid design presents unique challenges: – mix of both traditional and new generation equipment
– grid needs “self‐regulation” (of voltage and frequency)
– advanced controls
2) Traditional power‐flow assessments are inadequate – detailed response characteristics of engines, regulator, and governors
needed
– need to include Renewable technologies
3) Need to analyze detailed start‐up sequence and control
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CORE Microgrid Modeling and Simulation
• Combination of traditional and new generation equipment – synchronous machines combined with power electronics and – non‐linear sources (e.g., PV, batteries) – In most cases, no standard models are defined (wind is the exception)
• Traditional power‐flow software typically inadequate • Requires breadth and depth of knowledge in:
– power systems – electrical machinery – control systems – power electronic converters – advanced/novel protection schemes – modeling and simulation
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Modeling and Simulation Objectives
1) Model – Electrical system – transformers, cabling, switches, etc.
– Generation equipment – diesel, land‐fill gas, natural gas engine and controls, PV inverters, etc.
– Controls – supervisory controller, existing controls
2) Predict – Simulate operating scenarios and predict performance
3) Recommend – Generation equipment, supervisory control/operation
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True PV Array Model
to grid
Controller
PV Inverter Modeling
An advanced PV Inverter model was developed, with the following features: • True PV array source
– Can input actual sun (irradiance) curves
• Full reactive power control – Supports future inverter designs
– Allows for arbitrary reactive power command
– Advanced Anti‐Islanding Control
– Active feedback method
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Energy Storage Model
An energy storage model was developed, with the following features: • Detailed battery model
– Electrical components to represent fast and slow dynamic responses
• Advanced controls – Fast VAR injection
– Anti‐islanding protection
– Charge/discharge control
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Modeling of Gensets
• The general gen‐set model consisted of an: – electrical machine; fuel‐handling
system; governor; voltage regulator/exciter
• Diesel gen‐sets operate differently than Land‐fill or NG: – diesels have direct fuel injection
– land‐fill and natural gas have an air system
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Supervisory Controller
• Functions – Select the machine group to maintain the microgrid frequency and
voltage – the “swing machine.”
– Select other generation assets required to support the load.
– Restore loads following priority and timing requirements.
– Control curtailment or restoration of loads using BEMS or load shedding.
– Manage adjustment of protection settings for island versus grid-connected operation.
– Pre-programmed contingency responses
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Coordination with Baseload Generators
Black-Start: Sequential Addition of All Feeders
Note: NG operates in baseload mode
P1 P2 P31.20
1.00
0.80 Diesel 0.60 NG 0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
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Natural Gas Sensitivity Study
Transient Excursions vs Load Step
0.035 0.07
1.0 MW 2.5 MW 3.5 MW
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1.0 MW 2.5 MW 3.5 MW
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0.06
Freq
uenc
y D
evia
tion
(pu)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0 0
Step Size (MW) Step Size (MW)
Vol
tage
Dev
iatio
n (p
u)
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Valuing Energy Security
• Macroscopic approach: – Based on Gross National Product or Gross Domestic Product
Outagecost
• Microscopic approach (Customer Damage Function) : – Based on customer survey of outage and cost information Depends on duration of interruption, situation in which interruption
occurs, customer activity
• Analytical approach: – Based on generation, load and cost models – Calculate Expected Energy Not Supplied and Outage Costs
$
GNP(or GDP)in $ = kWh Totalannualenergyconsumption in kWh
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CDF Approach
• Microscopic approach – Customer Damage Function (CDF): developed survey
– Surveys exist for residential, commercial, and industrial sectors; none exist for military bases
• Chose hypothetical scenarios that vary in duration and situation in which interruption occurs (emergency level):
– Scenario A There is a power outage and the lack of power supply lasts for 1 hour, 4
hours, 8 hours or 24 hours. The base is not in an emergency situation. – Scenario B There is an outage and a natural disaster or terrorist attack event is
simultaneously going on in the area. The lack of power supply lasts for 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours, or 24 hours and the base is under an emergency situation and has to remain operational.
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CDF Approach
• Survey: NREL‐designed survey assesses costs of power failure – Suspended mission critical and
non‐critical operations – Impact on relief and rescue
missions – Personnel sent home from work – Overtime for emergency workers – Base security impacts – Infrastructure impacts (heat,
water, sewer, traffic lights)
– Delays or failures in backup generation
– Fuel for backup generators – Equipment damaged – Human lives put in danger – Food spoilage – Residential impacts – Curtailing commercial facility
operating hours
• Costs vary depending on scenario and outage duration
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CDF Approach
• Once survey completed the data has to be processed in orderto create a Customer Damage Function (CDF)
• Results: substantial cost difference between Scenarios A and B – Fewer personnel sent home – Risk increases: communications, human life put to risk, etc
$/kW peak Customer Damage Function 600
500
400 SCENARIO A
300 SCENARIO B
200
100
0 hours1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
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CDF to Support Financing Energy Security
• How to use the CDF? – What duration of interruption to prepare for? – What duration of interruption should be used to
justify Energy Security projects? – How unreliable is the grid? – What are the statistics of large outage events in
the grid?
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CDF to Support Financing Energy Security • Utility distribution system reliability indices
– Consumer or end‐user oriented indices – Utilities report to Public Utility Commissions (PUCs) reliability
performance indices
• 3 most popular customer‐oriented indices
Sum of customer interruption durationsSAIDI = Total number of customers
Total number of customer interruptionsSAIFI = Total number of customers served
Customer hours of available serviceASAI = Customer hours demanded
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CDF to Support Financing Energy Security
• Example utility SAIDI and SAIFI over 20 years: – Highly variable and no tendency
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
SAIDI (min) SAIFI (outage)
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CDF to Support Financing Energy Security
• Average metrics may not capture key criteria for energy security planning in installations?
– Annual average duration and customers affected in the ten largest
# Cu
stom
ers Hours
annual events
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Average customers affected Average customer interruption (hours)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
25
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CDF to Support Financing Energy Security
• Outage duration frequency distribution of example utility’s 10 largest annual events over 10 years
– What is the risk to be assumed?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Freq
uenc
y in
%
Statistical analysis of 100 large events in the last ten years…
Duration of interruption in hours
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CDF to Support Financing Energy Security
$/kW peak Customer Damage Function 600
500
400
300
200
100
0 ?
? Longer?
SCENARIO A SCENARIO B
hours1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
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