Energy renovation, hermans concert hall in tivoli friheden

ENERGY RENOVATION HERMANS-CONCERT HALL IN TIVOLI FRIHEDEN

Mónica Badia Marín Marta Ciller Rivera

Lisa Teixeira Thibaut Gasson

Tutor: Torben Clausen

04/06/2014

Interdisciplinary project Hermans-Concert Hall in Tivoli Friheden

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................3

1.1 Project Proposal .............................................................................................................................3

1.2 What is a low energy building? ............................................................................................................3

2 PROJECT INFORMATION .........................................................................................................................5

2.1 Situation plan .................................................................................................................................5

2.2 Characteristics of the surroundings ...............................................................................................5

2.3 Building information .......................................................................................................................6

2.3.1 General description ................................................................................................................6

2.3.2 Floor plans ..............................................................................................................................7

2.3.3 Façades ...................................................................................................................................8

2.3.4 A/V ratio calculation ............................................................................................................ 10

2.3.5 Areas .................................................................................................................................... 11

3 BUILDING REGISTRATION .................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Constructive characteristics .............................................................................................................. 13

3.1.1 Structural elements .................................................................................................................... 13

3.2 U-values ............................................................................................................................................. 21

3.3 Building components ......................................................................................................................... 23

3.1.1 External wall ........................................................................................................................ 23

3.1.2 Roof 1 .................................................................................................................................. 24

3.1.3 Roof 2 .................................................................................................................................. 25

3.1.4 Roof 3 .................................................................................................................................. 26

3.1.5 Ground supported floor ...................................................................................................... 27

3.1.6 Basement walls .................................................................................................................... 28

3.1.7 Windows and outer doors ................................................................................................... 29

3.1.8 Linear loss and transmissions losses ................................................................................... 30

3.1.9 Technical installations ......................................................................................................... 30


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4 BE10 CURRENT BUILDING ................................................................................................................... 31

5 CONCLUSIONS CURRENT BUILDING .................................................................................................... 32

6 INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERVENTION PHASE ................................................................................. 34

6.1 cost-effectiveness ........................................................................................................................ 35

7 INTERVENTION PLAN ........................................................................................................................... 37

7.1 Analysis of the envelope proposals ............................................................................................. 37

7.1.1 External and basement walls............................................................................................... 37

7.1.2 Roofs .................................................................................................................................... 42

7.1.3 Ground supported floor ...................................................................................................... 45

7.1.4 Glazed area .......................................................................................................................... 48

7.2 Installations ................................................................................................................................. 52

7.2.1 Ventilation systems ............................................................................................................. 52

7.2.2 Hot domestic water ............................................................................................................. 62

7.2.3 Water savings ...................................................................................................................... 67

7.2.4 Solar panels ......................................................................................................................... 76

8 BE10 BUILDING AFTER INTERVENTION ............................................................................................... 79

9 CONCLUSION AFTER THE INTERVENTION ........................................................................................... 80

10 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 82


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT PROPOSAL

In the project we are going to refurbish a concert hall to make it a low energy frame. We are going to do

a project based in the Danish Standards. The main goal is reach the energy frame for buildings in 2020.

Sustainability requires the conciliation of environmental,

social equity and economic demand that is why to reach

the goal doing changes in the envelope, building

installations and some refurbishment we will analyze the

sustainable development principals: environmental

dimension, economic dimension and social dimension.

1.2 WHAT IS A LOW ENERGY BUILDING?

There is no global definition for low-energy buildings,

but it generally indicates a building that has a better

energy performance than the standard alternative

and/or energy efficiency requirements in building

codes. Low-energy buildings typically use high levels

of insulation, energy efficient windows, low levels of

air infiltration and heat recovery ventilation to lower

heating and cooling energy. They may also use passive

solar building design techniques or active solar

technologies. These buildings may also use hot water

heat recycling technologies to recover heat from showers and dishwashers.

Figure 1.1 Three big areas to improve

Figure 1.2 Environmental type for a house.


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INFORMATION PHASE

[General characteristics and presentation of the building]


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2 PROJECT INFORMATION

2.1 SITUATION PLAN

This project takes place in the city of Aarhus. Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark; it is on the

east side of the peninsula of Jutland.

With 323,893 habitants, the city claims the unofficial title "Capital of Jutland".

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURROUNDINGS

Aarhus lies roughly at the geographical center of

Denmark, on the peninsula of Jutland. As a

consequence of the city's growth, forests reach from

the Marselisborg Forests in the south, to within a

kilometer (0.6 mi) of the city center, while some

forest areas are now completely surrounded by urban

development, such as Riis Skov. Aarhus is built mostly

around the harbor, which has been essential for the

development of the city through the ages.

Figure 2.1 Aarhus Denmark situation

Figure 2.2 Concert Hall situated in the city.

Figure 2.3 Aarhus River


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The Aarhus Harbor has seen large expansions in recent years and is currently a very active construction

site for a broad array of projects. The harbor was and still is predominantly industrial, although

recreational and cultural uses have gradually increased there recently.

The new city district of Aarhus Docklands

is being constructed next to the old

marina of Aarhus Lystbådehavn in the

north harbour, and is planned to comprise

several residential and business buildings

on newly constructed wharfs.

The old wharf holding Aarhus former ship

building yard (nicknamed Dokken), now

houses an array of businesses and cultural

projects and organizations in the vacated

buildings.

In the south, the large recreational marina

of Marselisborg Yacht Harbour complete with restaurants, hotels, cafés, etc. was also constructed some

years ago.

2.3 BUILDING INFORMATION

2.3.1 General description

The Concert Hall, Aarhus was

originally designed by Kjær & Richter,

and was inaugurated in 1982. With its

new extension the Concert Hall has

doubled in size, and now

encompasses a wide range of

functions that turn the total complex

into a unique concert and educational institution of international standard.

Hermans has been on the drawing board for a long time and has now in the year 2013 finally become a

reality. A large beautiful cultural center of Aarhus.

Figure 2.4 Old marina of Aarhus Lystbadehavn

Figure 2.5 Hermans - Concert Hall


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The building Hermans was built by Tivoli Friheden with support from Salling Funds and designed by

Gjøde & Paul Overgaard Architects and engineering firm Moe &. Brødsgaard.

Hermans is a total of 1.925 m² of which

almost 500 m² It is a lobby, facing the park

and open-air stage. There is room for 1400

standing or 800 seated spectators.

2.3.2 Floor plans

Figure 2.7 Floor plan distribution drawn with AutoCAD

Figure 2.6 Building Hall


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2.3.3 Façades

In the sketches below is shown the aspect of the façades. We just want to show the geometry, the

materials and building characteristics are explain in the next section (3.Building registration).

Southeast façade:

1. Lobby 13. Office

2. Floor harrow 14. Makeup room

3. Scene 15. WC

4. Hallway 16. WC

5. Anteroom 17. Makeup room

6. Toilet (Ladies) 18. Corridor

7. HWC (Disabled) 19. Makeup room

8. Store 20. WC

9. Anteroom 21. WC

10. Toilet (Gentlemen) 22. Makeup room

11. Corridor 23. Staff room

12. Storm flap 24. Basement

Figure 2.8 Façade to the southeast drawn with AutoCAD


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Northwest façade:

Figure 2.9 Façade to the northwest drawn with AutoCAD

Southwest façade:

Figure 2.10 Façade to the southwest drawn with AutoCAD

Northeast façade:

Figure 2.11 Façade to the northeast drawn with AutoCAD


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2.3.4 A/V ratio calculation

The surface area to volume (S/V) ratio (the three dimensional extrapolation of the perimeter to area

ratio) is an important factor determining heat loss and gain. The greater the surface area the more the

heat gain/loss through it. So small S/V ratio imply minimum heat gain and minimum heat loss.

The shape of a passive or a low energy house should be kept simple and should follow the rule that the

surface area of the building envelope should be as small as possible. The theoretical shape of a building

to reduce the maximum heat loss and avoid thermal buildings would be a sphere; because is the shape

with smallest surface area.

To check the optimality of the concert we must calculate the area to volume ratio (the rate between

house envelope area (A) and house heated volume (V)). The lowest ratio we would obtain the more

efficient energy will be the building.

A/V ratio = 0.29

A/V ratio is a tool to see the compactness of the building; the standard stipulated value for a passive

house is 0.7. Our building has a 0.29 value so is not even close to be a compact building for avoiding the

heat loss. This would mean that we will have more thermal bridges, however is normal in big buildings

like a concert of these dimensions.

Figure 2.12 A/V ratio calculation of the building


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2.3.5 Areas

MAIN GROUNGFLOOR AREAS Area m²

1. Lobby 510,00

2. Floor harrow 582,00

3. Scene 288,00

4. Hallway 93,30

ROOMS GROUNDFLOOR AREAS Area m²

5. Anteroom 9,20

6. Toilet (Ladies) 30,60

7. HWC (Disabled) 4,80

8. Store 1,50

9. Anteroom 8,20

10. Toilet (Gentlemen) 18,80

11. Corridor 12,00

12. Storm flap 4,00

13. Office 9,40

14. Makeup room 11,00

15. WC 2,80

16. WC 2,80


18. Corridor 26,00


20. WC 2,80

21. WC 2,80


23. Staff room 30,00

BASEMENT Area m²

24. Basement 288,00

TOTAL AREA Area m²

1925,00


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STUDY PHASE

[Analysis of the energy behaviour of the building]


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3 BUILDING REGISTRATION

3.1 CONSTRUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS

In Herman-Concert Hall we can find different kinds of constructive systems, depending on the zone,

although the structure is composed by steel structure. In this part we will try to explain generally all the

existent constructive systems.

3.1.1 Structural elements

External walls:

We find one type of external wall:

1. Eternit Plan: The eternit is a unique material due to its composition: it is mainly mineral material.

Cellulose, sand and cement are mixed to form light and strong plates or panels.

It is a material that is very resistant in time with a typical lifetime of 60 years.

Eternit products offer many aesthetic possibilities (colors, materials, finishes ...) without maintenance

constraints. It resists water, frost, mildew as well as pests. It is also fireproof.

2. Wooden formwork: it is the wall skeleton.

Figure 3.2 Wooden formwork

COMPONENTS

1. Eternit Plan

2. Wooden formwork

3. Wind barrier

4. Rafters

5. Insulation

6. Vapour barrier

7. Plaster

Figure 3.1 External Wall


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3. Wind barriers: This is a single-layered wind

insulation membrane offering extremely high

vapor permeability for use as a house wrap for

timber-framed external walls, structures

thermally insulated with mineral wool. It protects

buildings against uncontrolled outside air inflow

and moisture moving inwards. It also protects

thermal insulation against loosing fibers, dust and

moisture.

4. Rafters: No insulating value here only serves to

assemble the materials

Figure 3.4 Wood rafters

5. Insulation (Rockwall): Stone wool has excellent

properties:

• Thermal insulation

• Sound insulation

• fire protection

• Resistance to water

• Resistance to termites

Figure 3.5 Insulation Rockwool

Figure 3.3 Wind barrier


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6. Vapor barrier: The vapor barrier is intended to

prevent the circulation of water vapor in the walls

of the building. Consists of a waterproof

membrane, it is installed in front of the insulation.

With the vapor barrier, the building will not

charge moisture due to condensation of water

vapor. Differences between the high

temperatures inside the building and outside

create strong condensations that require the

installation of a vapor barrier. It must be installed

on the wall surface and always on the warm side

of the walls.

Figure 3.6 Vapour barrier

7. Plaster (Gypsum board): Gypsum board is the

generic name for a family of panel products that

consist of a noncombustible core, composed

primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the

face, back and long edges. Plaster has a very good

resistance to fire and it is a good thermal

insulator.

Figure 3.7 Plaster gypsum board

We have calculated the amount of area and windows area in each façade. This step is explained in the

table and drawings below:

Façade Area (m²) Area of windows (m²) Total Area (m²)

Southeast 351.28 124.92 226.36

Northwest 340.40 19.44 320.96

Northeast 549.76 90.12 459.64

Southwest 549.76 58.84 490.92


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Southeast façade:

Figure 3.8 Glazing area in southeast front drawn with AutoCAD

Type 1: 18.92 m²

Type 2: 11.52 m²

Northwest façade:

Figure 3.9 Glazing area in northwest front drawn with AutoCAD

Type 1: 1.48 m²

Type 2: 10.60 m²


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Southwest façade:

Figure 3.10 Glazing area in southwest front drawn in AutoCAD

Type 1: 18.92 m²

Type 2: 10.60 m²

Northeast façade:

Figure 3.11 Glazing area in northeast front drawn in AutoCAD

Type 1: 18.92 m²

Type 2: 11.52 m²


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Ground supported floor:

COMPONENTS

Figure 3.12 Ground Supported floor

1. Capillary break layer

2. Insulation

3. Concrete

4. Cement screed

1. Capillary break layer: The granular material

serves as a capillary break and a place to "store"

the water until it can be absorbed back into the

surrounding soil.

Figure 3.13 Capillary break layer

2. Insulation (polystyrene): rigid panels of

insulations. They provide good thermal resistance

and often add structural strength to the building.

Figure 3.14 Insulation polystyrene

3. Concrete: any loads imposed on the concrete

floor are carried directly and fairly uniformly by the

ground under the floor. Concrete is a mixture of

Portland cement, sand and gravel. Portland cement

is the glue that causes the mixture to harden or

consolidate into a durable construction material.

This hardening is caused by a chemical reaction

between the cement and the water used in mixing

the concrete.

4. Cement screed: A floor screed is a cementation

material made from a 1:3 or 1:4 ratio of cement to

sharp sand. It is applied into the solid in-situ

concrete ground floor slab.

Figure 3.15 Concrete layer


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Roof:

We find different types of roof, depending on the part of the building where it is located. The difference

between them is the insulation thickness and its location.

COMPONENTS

Figure 3.16 Roof type

1. Foil

2. Insulation

3. Insulation

4. Shuttering

5. Plaster

6. Wood concrete

1. Foil: Consist of a polyethylene sheet. This

plastic membrane is made with a reflective film.

It offers users the guarantee of a summer and winter

comfort. It is simple and quick to implement. It also

ensures the air tightness as well as water.

Figure 3.17 Foil layer

2. Insulation: Rockwool, also known as mineral wool

or stone wool is a type of insulation made from actual

stone. It is an excellent insulator, sound baffle and

possesses a very high melting point. Rockwool is very

heat resistant, a good insulator and sound retardant it

is often used for fire stops, fire proofing and other

temperature sensitive applications like cooking

appliances.

Figure 3.18 Roof insulation


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3. Shuttering: It serves to support materials on the

roof. And also, it maintains the roof structure.

Figure 3.19 Shuttering

4. Wood concrete: Technically, it is to make great wall

sections using the principle of the wooden frame and

then fill with mixture mortar wood chips (previously

coated with cement and hydraulic lime).

Wood-Concrete provides excellent thermal inertia

and a good sound insulation.

Figure 3.20 Wood concrete

Basement walls:

COMPONENTS

Figure 3.21 Basement walls

1. Insulation

2. Concrete

1. Insulation (Extruded Polystyrene): This is the

product that I typically use to insulate basement

walls. It’s reasonably priced, light weight and easy

to use. This product is also used to insulate the

outside of foundation walls and even under slabs

2. Concrete: Concrete is a mixture of Portland

cement, sand and gravel.

Figure 3.22 Insulation basement walls


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3.2 U-VALUES

U-value calculation

A U-value is a measure of heat loss in a building element such as a wall, floor or roof. It can also be

referred to as an ‘overall heat transfer co-efficient’ and measures how well parts of a building transfer

heat. This means that the higher the U value the worse the thermal performance of the building

envelope. A low U value usually indicates high levels of insulation.

They are useful as it is a way of predicting the composite behavior of an entire building element rather

than relying on the properties of individual materials.

U-value for constructive elements

The most important step to be able to calculate the U-Value of a constructive element is to know the

built up of each element. We will have to calculate the resistance of each building material and taking

into account the thermal resistances for internal and external surface as well. So, the formula is:

𝑈 =1

𝑅𝑠𝑖 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝐴= (

𝑤

𝑚2𝐾)

Where:

Rsi: Thermal resistance of internal surface

Rse: Thermal resistance of outside surface

𝑅𝐴: Thermal resistance of unvented air cavities

𝑅1,2: Thermal resistance of building components

We can get the thermal conductivity of the building materials in “DS418:2011 table F.2. Design values for

other building materials” and in “Passive House Planning Package 7, 9. Worksheet U-Values, table 1”.


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Figure 3.23 Surface resistances DS418:11; table F.2

We will analyse the U-value data of each constructive element in this table:

Constructive element Total thickness

element (mm)

Thermal resistance U-Value

calculation

(W/m²K) Rsi Rso

External wall 329 0.13 0.04 0.14

Roof 1 789 0.17 0.04 0.08

Roof 2 508 0.17 0.04 0.09

Roof 3 930 0.17 0.04 0.07

Ground supported floor 520 0.10 0.04 0.16

Basement walls 600 0.10 0.04 0.16


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3.3 BUILDING COMPONENTS

3.1.1 External wall

Figure 3.24 Components external wall

The external wall consists of 15 x 60 mm

wooden moldings in oak, which is mounted

on 8mm plan Eternit. Total thickness of the

construction is 329 mm.

- Eternit plan: Homogeneous mixture of

cement, cellulose and synthetic organic

fibers.

* Weight is 15kg/m2

* Density is 1.65g/cm3

- Insulation: made of rock wool (240mm)

Structure form the out inside

Component layer d (m) ƛ ( W/mK) R (m²K/W)

1. Eternit Plan 0.008 0.180 0.044

2. Wooden formwork 0.022 0.260 0.084

3. Wind barrier 0.001 0.000 0.000

4. Rafters 0.045 0.360 0.125

5. Insulation 0.240 0.037 6.486

6. Vapour barrier 0.001 0.000 0.000

7. Plaster 0.012 0.350 0.034

Total sum of thermal resistances 0.329 6.773

U-value of the construction U=0.14 W/(m²K)

Figure 3.25 External wall U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool


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3.1.2 Roof 1

- Foil: thermal conductivity: 0.95 W/mK.

- Plywood: Plywood blocks heat more

effectively than, for example, aluminium.

* thermal conductivity: 0.13 W/mK

- Insulation:


- Plaster :


- Wood concrete:

* Thermal conductivity: 0.16 W/mK



1. Foil 0.001 1.400 0.0007

2. Insulation 0.095 0.035 2.714

3. Insulation 0.290 0.035 8.285

4. Shuttering 0.025 1.500 0.017

5. Plaster 0.013 0.210 0.061

6. Wood concrete 0.025 0.160 0.156



Figure 3.27 Roof type 1 U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool

Figure 3.26 Components roof type 1


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3.1.3 Roof 2

- Protan foil: Flexibility at low temperatures

EN 495-5 -30ºC.

* Weight >1,4 kg/m

- Top rock roof insulation: Water absorption

shortly, WS ≤ 1 kg / m² EN 1609.

- Sound insulation: non-combustible.

* thermal conductivity: 0.4 W/mk

- Metal deck: elastic limit >250 N/mm²; limit

break > 330 N/mm².



1. Protan foil 0.001 1.400 0.0007

2. Top rock roof insulation 0.330 0.150 2.200

3. Lydunderlagaplade 0.050 0.007 7.142

4. PE foil 0.024 0.000 0.000

5. Trapezoidal profile 0.127 0.170 0.747



Figure 3.29 Roof type 2 U-value calculation PHPP calculation tool



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3.1.4 Roof 3

Figure 3.31 Roof type 3 U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool


- Protan foil: Flexibility at low temperatures EN 495-5 -30ºC.

* Weight >1,4 kg/m

- Insulation:


- Plaster:




1. Foil 0.022 1.400 0.015

2. Insulation 0.095 0.035 2.714

3. Insulation 0.350 0.035 10.000

4. Shuttering 0.025 1.500 0.017

5. Plaster 0.013 0.210 0.061

6. Wood concrete 0.025 0.160 0.156




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3.1.5 Ground supported floor

Figure 3.32 Components ground supported floor

- Cement screed

* thermal conductivity : 1.400 W/mK

- Concrete:


- Insulation:


- Capillary break layer:




1. Capillary break layer 0.150 0.090 1.677

2. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714

3. Concrete 0.220 2.000 0.110

4. Cement screed 0.100 1.400 0.071



Figure 3.33 Ground supported floor U-Value calculation using PHPP calculation tool


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3.1.6 Basement walls

Figure 3.34 Components basement walls

- Insulation:


- Concrete:




1. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714

2. Concrete 0.400 2.000 0.200



Figure 3.35 Basement wall U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool


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3.1.7 Windows and outer doors

We have not a lot of information about the windows and doors, but we have considered that we have

double glazed windows called INTERPANE for the German Interprise, which has a solution guarantees of

the glass g-Value = 1.1 W/m²K]and U-Value = 1.4 W/m²K and thickness dimensions of 24 mm (4+16+4).

Figure 3.36 Windows and outers doors of Hermans Concert Hall

Category: Glazing

Figure 3.37 IPLUS E heat insulation with double glazing

Product name: iplus E top heat insulation

with double glazing

Manufacturer: AGC interpane

INDUSTRIE AG

D 37697 Lauenförde, Sohnreystr. 21,

GERMANY


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3.1.8 Linear loss and transmissions losses

We can find the linear loss value for the joints in DS418.

Figure 3.38 Linear loss minimum requirements in DS418

So to calculate the transmission losses in foundations we will take 0.15 [W/mK] and through the joints

between external walls and windows, gates or doors, we will take 0.03 [W/mK].

We will calculate the transmission losses with BE10.

3.1.9 Technical installations

We have no a high knowledge about the installations in Hermans-Concert Hall. So we will try to take

some data similar to the minimum requirements found in the building regulation.

BR10

Ventilation system: we have a mechanical exhaust ventilation system that incorporates heat

recovery with a temperature efficiency of 70%. We have a system with a variable air volume and

so we estimate that the power consumption is around 2100 J/m3.

Figure 3.39 Ventilation system requirements defined in BR10, section 8. Services

Mechanical cooling: the building is not using a mechanical cooling system.

Heating system: we use district heating.

Domestic hot water: we use also district heating.


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4 BE10 CURRENT BUILDING

In this part we will run the current building in BE10 program to determine the energy behaviour, which

will help us to determine the interventions we will make in the future to improve it. So, this part is really

important because will affect to all the work we will do after the results.

We have followed the guide “SBI- direction 213: BE10 calculation guide version 4.08.07” to run the

building in the program, and we also took some values from BR2010 regulation, due to we have not a

complete knowledge about the building. In this part is very important the special conditions we took

account for our building.

The results that we got from BE10 are exposed below:

Figure 4.1 BE10 key numbers current building

As we can see in the results, our building is quite far from the low energy frame requirements currently.

We will have to reduce the current energy requirement a lot, at least the BR2010 energy frame.

In the ANNEX D We can see all the steps that we follow for the BE10. We explained with detail all the

data taken in each part and where they come from.

We will have to reduce the yearly consumption in 149 kWh/m². This means a reduction of 56%.

Individual consumption per each installation.

Energy frames for low energy building class 2015 and 2020.


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5 CONCLUSIONS CURRENT BUILDING

After making a thorough study of the Concert Hall status we conclude that it is a new-dated building, is

not even close to fulfil the current energy efficiency requirements. We will make some renewal

proposals to achieve the energy efficiency requirements of 2010, moreover we will try to meet as well

2015 and 2020 energy efficiency requirements as we established in our targets.

Firstly, we will make a research of new materials, trying to find the more feasible for our project, both

financially and by its properties. Furthermore, we will replace as well some of the materials such as

insulation, superficial layers, to other more innovative or in better conditions.

In addition, we will entirely change the ventilation system. The system is going to be placed a heat

recovery system that can fulfil the demands, as well as reduce the energy consumption.

Ending up we will make a proposal of a sustainable energy system. We will study the liability to supply

the full or partial demand of water and heating with solar panels.

Moreover we will research other types of sustainable energy that are financially suitable to this project.

This refurbishment will presume a high payment, but at the same time this renewal will benefit in a few

years.


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INTERVENTION PHASE

[Analysis of the energy behaviour of the building]


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6 INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERVENTION PHASE

The aim of this intervention phase is to improve on the building’s energy consumption at least to the

point of accomplishing the standards of the Danish regulations for 2020 and have a sustainable building.

The intervention will be made taking into account some points:

We will not modify the internal distribution in the building. We will focus on the building

envelope.

We will propose different solution and try to analyze them from energy behavior point of view,

constructive feasibility and economic.

We will choose solution as easy as possible from a constructive point of view.

We will try the current structure as much as possible.

The main idea in not changing the whole constructive element. From the beginning we will try to

focus on how to improve the existing one to get a better energy behavior.

The aspects that we decide to improve can be exposed in two big groups: Building envelope and

installations. Each one contains different points where we will work individually to find suitable

solutions. The scheme of the intervention is describe below:

INTERVENTION PLAN

ENVELOPE INSTALLATIONS

ENER

GY

Different proposals for: Walls

Glazed windows Ground floor

Roof

Improve the actual ones

Include mechanical ventilation

FEA

SIB

ILIT

Y

STU

DY

Calculate annual savings Difference between the energy requirement in the different proposals

Investment cost Decide if it is feasible > 1,33

INTE

RV

ENTI

ON

Taking into account: Energy savings of each intervention

Feasibility Life cycle

Easiest and best solution for the users. Decide the best option for the project

To use less energy coming from fossil fuels and use green energy we will study and analyze alternative

means of harvesting energy like PV panels, Ground source heat exchangers, and waste water treatment.


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6.1 COST-EFFECTIVENESS

As it’s said in Building Regulations ‘Buildings must be constructed so as to avoid unnecessary energy

consumption for heating, hot water, cooling, ventilation and lighting while at the same time achieving

healthy conditions’. It means that while constructing or modernizing a building, lowering the costs, this

economic effectiveness should be taken into account, combined with ensuring residents healthy

conditions. And that’s what we want to achieve, by using cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), which is a

tool that gives alternatives to identify the best option to invest. It helps in making decision to achieve a

result at the lowest cost.

According to recommendation in BR10, we calculated the cost-effectiveness through a formula, which

says that structural measures are effective if annual savings multiplied by the lifetime, divided by

investment are larger than 1.33, which means that the measure concerned is paying for itself within

around 75% of its expected lifetime.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠: 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 · 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡> 1.33

Lifetime: It is the length of time that something is useful, or works. It refers to the length of time that

something functions or is useful. The table below show the different parameters of the lifetime.

Figure 6.1 Lifetimes to calculate cost-effectiveness BR10

This factor should be higher than 1.33, if not the work is not cost-effective, so that it is the tool that will determine the feasibility of each improvements.


36

Investment: Investment includes all costs associated with running the enterprises, materials, labors

work, transport, scaffolding, costs of roofing, and other.

Savings: The saving will be the money that we will save yearly after the intervention. To know it, we will

run the changes in BE10 and we will check the future consumption. Then, we will compare it with the

current one, to know the difference or, how much energy we save. We will transform this energetic

saving into money, taking into account that we will take 1,9468kr. Like the current price of the kWh. We

also consider that the electricity price is expected to increase around 5% yearly.

So now, the goal is get an average kWh price in the whole lifetime period, depending how long it is. The

calculation are exposed below.

Lifetime

expected

Current

price

(2014)

Price last

year

% Price

increase

Average price

for the lifetime

(AP)

10 Years

1,9468 kr.

3.02 (2023) 55% 2,45 kr.

15 Years 3.85 (2028) 98% 2,80 kr.

20 Years 4.92 (2033) 153% 3,22 kr.

30 Years 8.01(2043) 311% 4,31 kr.

40 Years 13.52(2053) 594% 5,88 kr.


37

7 INTERVENTION PLAN

7.1 ANALYSIS OF THE ENVELOPE PROPOSALS

7.1.1 External and basement walls

We are going to study different types of solutions to improve the quality of the walls of the building.

Our building has 2 different types of walls; the external walls and the basement walls. The external walls,

are composed with a big glazed, but in this part, we are going to consider only the opaque part of them,

due to the glazed of the windows will be study in another point.

As Hermans Hall is not an old building we can consider that the insulation is in a good conservation state,

so we do not have to remove it. Therefore, the solution would be to apply new layers in the outside face

or in the indoor one. In order to choose the best option we can analyse each possibility:

TYPE 1 TYPE 2

TYPE OF

CONSTRUCTION

OUTDOOR FACE

ADD: insulation in the

outdoor face.

INDOOR FACE

ADD: Insulation plus

gypsum board in the

indoor face.

U VALUE 0,10 W/m2k 0,11 W/m2k

ASPECT Acceptable Good

EXECUTION

OF WORK

(difficulty 1-3)

3 2

MANTAINANCE Good Acceptable


38

Type 1: The first option that we consider was to apply more insulation in the outer face. With this option

is easier to avoid possible condensations that could be done inside the facade wall. However, this option

is not possible to apply with basement walls.

Even so, we think that this would not be the best choice. As we say, we cannot apply this option in the

basement walls, and if we work in the outer face, we will need to install scaffolds, which would suppose

an increment on the price.

This option, would make sense if the building would be older and the finishing layers would be in a bad

condition, so changing them would be useful. In our building, is no reason to change layers with another

material, because we will change the aesthetic of the building as well.

Type 2: The second option would be to modify the façade in the indoor face. Normally is better to

increase the thickness of the façade inside instead of outside, in order to avoid problems with building

regulations.

At the same way, we do not need to remove important parts of the façade avoiding the unnecessary

waste of material that it would suppose, and we would avoid the safety systems needed in the outside

works. Moreover, the same solution would be used for external walls, and for the basement walls.

So, we decide to choose this type of intervention, and we will add a new internal insulation layer finished

by a gypsum board wall. We have chosen new insulation material, aerogel insulation is derived from

silica gel.

Spacetherm®

Spacetherm is an ultra-thin insulation for thermal upgrades, saving

valuable space without altering the exterior fabric of the building.

Spacetherm can be supplied on its own and cut to size or laminated

to a number of facings to suit your individual requirements. Its

remarkable performance is achieved through the use of flexible

aerogel blankets. The insulation used in Spacetherm is material

derived from silica gel. Advantages: Eco-Friendly product, resist

module growth, k factor of 0.015 W/mk.

Figure 7.1 Spacetherm insulation


39

Spacetherm, is an expensive material but this brings

another benefits. We need only 40mm of it, and the

u-value reduces considerably. That is good, because

we do not have to increase a lot the width of the

wall.

Figure 7.2 Technical information spacetherm

Figure 7.4 Current external wall and new external wall

Figure 7.3 Current basement wall and new basement wall


40

Energy behavior improvement:



1. Eternit Plan 0.008 0.180 0.044

2. Wooden formwork 0.022 0.260 0.084

3. Wind barrier 0.001 0.000 0.000

4. Rafters 0.045 0.360 0.125

5. Insulation 0.240 0.037 6.486

6. Vapour barrier 0.001 0.000 0.000

7. Plaster 0.012 0.350 0.034

8. Aerogel insulation 0.040 0.015 2.667

9. Gympsumn board 0.015 0.033 0.450





1. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714

2. Concrete 0.400 2.000 0.200

3. Aerogel insulation 0.040 0.015 2.667

4. Gympsumn board 0.015 0.033 0.450



We reduce the U-Value 0.05 (W/m²K)

We reduce the U-value= 0.059 W/m²K

BA

SEM

ENT

WA

LL

EXTE

RN

AL

WA

LL


41

EXTERNAL WALLS CURRENT NEW TYPE

U-Value wall 0,15 W/m²K 0.10 W/m²K

Transmission loss (W) 6.038,83 W 4.193,63 W

% reduction losses - 30,56 %

Saving in kWh/m² year - 1,8

Total savings (kWh) - 3574

Thickness increase (mm) - 55

BASEMENT WALLS CURRENT NEW TYPE

U-Value wall 0,169 W/m²K 0.11 W/m²K

Transmission loss (W) 438,72 W 285,56 W


Saving in kWh/m² year - 0,3


Thickness increase (mm) - 55

Cost-effectiveness study:

LIFETIME

EXPECTED

SAVINGS YEARLY

INVESTMENT

COST

EFFECTIVENESS

FACTOR Energy (kWh) AP (kr) Savings

(Kr)

External

walls 40 years 3.574 5,88 21.015,12 232.983,58 3,61

Basement

Walls 40 years 594 5,88 3.492,72 46.149,09 3,03

As we can see, the cost effectiveness factor is higher than 1.33, so this solution is feasible in our building

renovation.


42

7.1.2 Roofs

The criteria involved in the choice of insulation are: energy efficiency, acoustic performance, embodied

energy, phase, price, region in which the dwelling is located, etc.

Like we know: 30% of the heat that escapes from a poorly insulated house through the attic and roof

(25% against the walls, 10 to 15% glass and windows and 7 10% of the soil).

It seems, in the opinion of all professionals insulation, the most convincing are held insulation values

from mineral and vegetable wool, expanded clay, hemp, perlite and expanded cork.

One of the easiest interventions to improve the building envelope is to make some modifications in the

roof structure. Changing the whole element would be quite expensive and constructively difficult, but

the current structure let us make easy changes without needing to replace everything.

We do not want to change the whole element so we will focus on the insulation. In this case, we will

contemplate two possible solutions to analyze:

Option A: remove the current roofing felt cover to add more insulation thickness

Option B: don’t remove anything; just add insulation above the current roof and roofing felt

cover as finishing.

But finally even with these two solutions we cannot improve our finals U-Values.

Because it is already a really good one and the material used, the Rockwool is almost the better one. In

case that we would decide move the entire roof to replace the Rockwool by a glass wool for instance

(0.04 W/m²K to 0.03W/m²K), it will cost too much for the improvement, which is not really important

and more efficient.

Moreover it is the same for the two others roofs, we have already good isolation:

ROOF Roof 1 Roof 2 Roof 3

U-Value 0.087 W/m²K 0.097 W/m²K 0.076 W/m²K

So we don’t need to replace the isolation of the materials.


43

Type 1: If we choose to change the isolation material we can reduce the U-value of 0.01 W/m²K, but it

will cost a lot of money and it will not improve so much the isolation. But we keep the currents

construction materials.

Type 2: We decide to not change something and keep the current value because this is already a really

good one.

MANUFACTURER: SAGLAN

PRODUCT NAME: GLASS WOOL

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: 0.031 W/mK

THICKNESS: 95 mm + 290 mm

Saglan has outstanding sound and thermal insulation

properties. The SAGLAN cutting service is very valuable

and covers large insulation thicknesses up to 300 mm.

Figure 7.5 Technical data SAGLAN

Current TYPE TYPE 1 TYPE 2

TYPE OF

CONSTRUCTION

Foil

22mm Plywood 45mm reglar C/C 95mm

95mm first isolation (rockwool)

290mm second isolation (rockwool)

25mm shuttering

Vapor barrier

Plaster

30 mm wood concrete

Remove the rockwool by

the glass wool. But no

changes about the

construction materials

No modification

U-VALUE 0.087 W/(m²K) 0.079 W/(m²K) 0.087 W/(m²K)

ASPECT Good Acceptable Good

EXECUTION

OF WORK

(difficulty 1-3)

-

2 1

MANTAINANCE Good Good


44

ROOF 1 CURRENT NEW TYPE

U-Value roof 0,087 W/m²K 0,079 W/m²K

Transmission loss (W) 363,92 W 354,93 W


Saving in kWh/m² year - 0



LIFETIME

EXPECTED

SAVINGS YEARLY INVESTMENT COST

EFFECTIVENESS


(Kr)

ROOF 1 40 years 0 5,88 0 0 0

As we can see, the intervention is not feasible, due to the small reduction in the U-value and the cost

involved in the intervention of the roof, the best option is to leave the currently layers.



1. Foil 0.001 1.400 0.0007

2. Insulation 0.095 0.031 3.064

3. Insulation 0.290 0.031 9.354

4. Shuttering 0.025 1.500 0.017

5. Plaster 0.013 0.210 0.061

6. Wood concrete 0.025 0.160 0.156



We reduce the U-Value 0.007 W/m²K

(W/m²K)


45

7.1.3 Ground supported floor

Currently, the ground supported floor structure is composed by a capillary break layer, 200mm insulation

above the ground, 220mm concrete element and a 100mm cement screed layer. According to the

intervention criteria, we want to damage the current structure of the main ground floor areas (Lobby-

Floor harrow- Scene- Hallway) as minimum as possible. So we suggest the following solutions:

Type 1: remove the cement screed in order to create a new insulation layer 150mm thick and

built again a cement screed layer 50mm thick. We also want to set a moisture barrier at the

bottom.

Type 2: don’t remove anything and create a vapor barrier on the top of the current cement

screed. Add 150mm EPS insulation and build another cement screed layer 50mm thick.

Figure 7.6 Current floor and new floor

CURRENT FLOOR TYPE 1 TYPE 2

TYPE OF

CONSTRUCTION

150mm of capillary

break layer.

200mm insulation above

the ground

220mm concrete

element

100mm cement screed

layer.

Remove the cement

screed to create a

new insulation layer

of 150mm.

Built a new one of

50mm thick.

Set a moisture

barrier.

No modification, just

put a vapor barrier,

add 150mm of

insulation and another

screed

U VALUE 0.130 W/(m²K) 0.084 W/(m²K) 0.084 W/(m²K)


46

Structure form the out inside TYPE 1



2. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714

3. Concrete 0.220 2.000 0.110

4. Insulation 0.150 0.035 4.285

4. Cement screed 0.050 1.400 0.035



Structure form the out inside TYPE 2



2. Insulation 0.200 0.035 5.714

3. Concrete 0.220 2.000 0.110

4. Cement screed 0.100 1.400 0.071

5. Vapour barrier - - -

6. Insulation 0.150 0.035 4.285

7. Cement screed 0.050 1.400 0.035



As we can see, we don’t have any difference with the reduction of the u-value between the type 1 and

the type 2, so we will chose the type 2 because it is easier to execute.

ASPECT Good Good Good

EXECUTION

OF WORK

(difficulty 1-3)

- 3 2

MAINTENANCE

Good. Expensive Acceptable

We reduce the U-Value 0.046 (W/m²K)

We reduce the U-Value 0.046

(W/m²K)


47

TYPE 2

Manufacturer: SANDBEPS

Product name: S and B Lambdatherm

Dimensions: Standard board sizes 2400 x 1200 mm

Thickness: 150 mm

Figure 7.7 Sandbeps floor


LIFETIME

EXPECTED


EFFECTIVENESS


(Kr)

FLOOR

TYPE 1

40 years 3.762,00 5,88 22.120,56 579.444,25 3,37

FLOOR

TYPE 2

40 years 3.762,0 5,88 22.120,56 262.628,58 3,37

Both intervention are effective but we chose the type 2 because it is easier to install and cheaper.

FLOOR CURRENT NEW TYPE 1 NEW TYPE 2

U-Value floor 0,130 W/m²K 0,084 W/m²K 0,084 W/m²K

Transmission loss (W) 2.502,5 W 1.617,00 W 1.617,00 W

% reduction losses - 35 % 35 %

Saving in kWh/m² year - 1,9 1,9

Total savings (kWh) - 3.762 3.762


48

7.1.4 Glazed area

One of the most important interventions in the building will be the replacement of the current windows

and set new ones. This aspect is important because a high percentage of the façades is glazed.

We have to take into account that the current windows are formed by double glazing (4+16+4) and steel

frames. We will look in the market some windows to reduce the U-value (currently it is PHPP U-Values)

and in consequence the heat losses through the glazed area.

We have supposed a possible manufacturer for the current glazing area and then we search in it one of

the possible solutions for our building. In the other hand, the second possible solution we have searched

in a different manufacture with the possibility to compare both.

We have one type of windows but with different dimensions (we mean big windows which are located in

southwest, southeast and northeast façades, and small windows which are located in northwest façade),

so we will explore to find both.

These are the main characteristics for the glazing and frames in normal windows:

WINDOWS Current glazing Glazing type 1 Glazing type 2

Manufacturer AGC interpane AGC interpane Adams-fensterbau, RITTER

Product name Iplus neutral E Iplus 3CE Climatic-90 MD PH-F05

Layer of glazing Double glazing Triple glazing Triple glazing

Pane thickness 24 mm (4+16+4) 44 mm (4+12+4+12+4) 48 mm (4+16+4+16+4)

U-value window 1.4 W/m²K 0.75 W/m²K 0.72 W/m²K

g-value glazing

installed

1.1 W/m²K 0.50 W/m²K 0.50 W/m²K

Frame Steel aluminium frame Steel aluminium frame Steel aluminium frame

Description Iplus neutral E – The insulation

glass iplus neutral E consists of two

glass panes separated by a

hermetically sealed space. The

space between the panes is filled

with an inert gas and one of the

glass surfaces is coated with an

iplus E layer.

Iplus 3E and iplus 3CE –

super insulation glass

types for ultra-low-

energy houses and

passive houses

Profile colour white with

black seals

Passive houses

certification


49

CURRENT GLAZING

Figure 7.8 Current glazing in our building

GLAZING TYPE 1

Figure 7.9 New glazing type 1


50

GLAZING TYPE 2

Figure 7.10 New glazing type 2

Translation:

Veka 6 - chamber profile,

mounting depth 90/84mm

2 elastic compression seals

1 additional medium seal,

positioned on the wing

Profile colour white with

black seals

Dirt-protection profile in the

frame rebate below

Energy-saving glass three

times with 0.5 Ug and g 51,

warm edge

Energy behaviour improvement:

The next step is to analyse how the installation of this changes in BE10. It is sure that the transmission

losses will decrease because the U-value get better, but another aspect that will help us to reduce even

more the losses is the solar transmittance (g-value) of the window.

Taking into account that in Demark they are using energy pane for the last 10 years at least and that the

new ones will be triple glazing, the g-value of the new windows will be 0,50. Currently g-value is 1.1.

WINDOWS CURRENT TYPE 1 TYPE 2

U-Value window 1.4 W/m²K 0.75 W/m²K 0.72 W/m²K

Transmission loss (W) 20.066,40 W 10.749,80 W 10.319,80 W

% reduction losses - 46.42 % 48.57 %

Saving in kWh/m² year - 8,5 8,9

Total savings (kWh) - 16.830,00 17.622,00


51


According to the saving calculations in BE10 and the investment, we will calculate the cost-effectiveness

of both options to choose the best one.

LIFETIME

EXPECTED


EFFECTIVENESS


(Kr)

GLAZING

TYPE 1

30 years 16.830,00 4,31 72.537,30 169.157,64 12,86

GLAZING

TYPE 2

30 years 17.622,00 4,31 75.950,82 162.704,60 14,00

In this case, both are feasible but the best option to apply is the Glazing type 2 since the effectiveness

factor is higher and the investment cost is cheaper.


52

7.2 INSTALLATIONS

The installation system is the principle source of heat of the building, and the other focus point to avoid

heat losses and improve the energy efficiency of a building.

7.2.1 Ventilation systems

The design criteria for the indoor environment are intended to assist in providing a satisfactory indoor

environment for people in ventilated buildings. The indoor environment comprises the thermal

environment, the air quality and the acoustic environment. Good ventilation provides a comfortable

indoor environment with a low health risk for the occupants and uses a small amount of energy.

Reducing the indoor sources of pollution and preferably adapting the ventilation rate to the actual

demand are more important than increasing the outside airflow rate.

Air quality is first and foremost determined by the ventilation used and by indoor pollution, including

moisture production caused by the behavior of the users. Building materials with the lowest possible

emissions of pollutants should always be used. The continuous renewal of air also prevents forms a CO2

concentration too high.

The quality of the indoor climate is extremely important because we spend the greater part indoors. The

indoor climate must therefore be such that it not only reduces the risk of exposure to discomfort, illness

or pathogens but also achieves comfortable conditions.

A good indoor climate has a positive impact on the ability to concentrate and work. A good indoor

climate is defined not only by the absence of effects, which may cause discomfort or illness but also by

the presence of factors, such as good acoustic and lighting conditions, which evoke positive sensations

and impressions. A good indoor climate is achieved by means of a combination of the design, layout and

fitting out of the building.


53

System selection

By the new Danish laws, today have to respect an energy performance framework for low-energy

building. We have to use ventilation unit with heat recovery system. The existent ventilation system

efficiency we suppose that is below 70 %. In order to reach a higher efficiency we decide to install a new

system with a better performance.

Mechanical ventilation installations can achieve a greater thrust than natural ventilation systems and are

therefore less sensitive to variations in the outdoor climate.

Some of the principal benefits of the mechanical

ventilation are:

• Allows the placement of filters at the

entrance of fresh air, in order to keep the pipes

clean and purify the fresh air, therefore creating

a healthy indoor climate with much less air

pollutants such as pollen, dust, carbon particles,

etc.. This benefit is for people with allergies and

small children, but it requires discipline to

maintain.

• Health and comfort thanks to the fresh

air which is distributed permanently indoor and

the rapid dissipation of outdoors, less dust etc..

The fact of not having to open the windows to

ventilate avoids external noise pollution (traffic,

highway, airport, etc.)

There are no cold air, nobody who feel cold and no draught, like when you open the windows to

ventilate.

Lower energy costs thanks to heat recycling and exploitation of excess heat to heating and possibly

hot domestic water.

The valid demands concerning energy consumption can more easily be observed.

Figure 7.11Ventilation system


54

How does it work?

On the one hand, there is a supply ventilation device which introduces the outdoor-air, and distributes it

to all the spaces where there is a need of fresh, using ducts and diffusers placed in each of these rooms.

On the other hand, there is a return ventilation device made also by ducts and diffuser which throw

away the moisture, the hot and the polluted air from the wet rooms like bathrooms, kitchen. Both

devices produce air flows through the “over-flow areas" into the moisture-producing rooms (kitchen,

bathroom, and toilet).

This system is an advanced central ventilation system with heat recovering for buildings for extraction.

The system is demand-controlled, so that the volume of air is adapted to the current demand all the

time. The ventilation system secures optimal comfort and good indoor climate with continuous

ventilation day and night.

There is a so-called heat exchanger or heat recovering system where the heat from the extracted air is

transferred to the inlet air, and after that the cooled extracted air is thrown out to the open air.

On the extraction side the air passes through a filter in order to protect the system’s components against

impurities. In that way the amount of dust particles diminishes considerably in the fresh air and in the

exhaust air.

Thanks to the heat exchanger or heat recovering system up to 95% of the thermal energy from the used

indoor air is regained.


55

Design criteria minimum for air amount

In this part, we decided to consider only the main rooms of the concert hall in order to simplify the

calculations. That’s why the part with the sanitary is not represented. (5-6-7-8-9-10-11).

“DS/CEN/CR 1752” specifies three different categories of quality for the indoor environment, which can

be chosen fulfilled, when a room is ventilated. Category A corresponds to a high level of expectation,

Category B to a medium level of expectation and category C to a moderate level of expectation. We have

chosen CATEGORY C in order to have a high level of ventilation efficiency.

Figure 7.12 Ventilation rate depending of category

This table applies for the occupancy listed in the table and for a ventilation effectiveness of one. It is for

low polluted buildings/spaces without tobacco smoking.

Category C : 6,4l/s/m2 Category C: 3,2l/s/m2 Category C: 0,7l/s/m2 Category C: 0,8 l/s/m2

1. Lobby

2. Floor harrow

3. Scene

4.Hallway 12. Storm flap

15. WC

16. WC

18. Corridor

20. WC

21. WC

24. Basement

13. Office

14. Makeup room

17. Makeup room

19. Makeup room

22. Makeup room

23. Staff room


56

Calculation of air amounts

The preheated inlet air is supplied to the kitchen. If it is possible, the inlet air should be led to the middle

of the room to ensure a good mixing and high comfort.

We decided to use two different ventilation units which will be situated:

On the roof (UNIT B) because the ducts are too large to pass through a shaft. It will be much

more practical to make them arrive directly in the rooms through the roof.

In the basement (UNIT A) in order to avoid noise of machine.

Description of the table:

On the first column, it’s the minimum air changes we need in a habitable building, it’s 0,3 l/s/m². So, we

have to multiply this one by the area of each space and we obtain the “q”, it’s the minimum ventilation

rate for each room. The first column it’s in l/s and the next in m3/h.

However, the minimum isn’t the ventilation rate that we take in order to design the ducts network.

Indeed, rooms have different ventilation rate mandatory, (see in “Design criteria for fresh air supply and

extract air” and “Building regulation 2010). Then, we divide in two parts, one for the extraction and the

other for the supply. The air amount has to be the same in extraction and in supply, because otherwise,

it will have a high-pressure or a depression.

EXAMPLES

Principal rooms (Lobby; Floor

harrow; Scene) Air amount (m3/h) = 6,4 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x 3.6

Hallway Air amount (m3/h) = 3,2 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x 3.6

Rooms 12-15-16-18-20-21-24 Air amount (m3/h) = 0,7 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x 3.6

Rooms 17-19-22-23 Air amount (m3/h) = 0,8 (l/s/m2) x Area (m2) x3.6


57

We can see on the table that we need a flow rate of 32 868 m3/h for the main areas and 1066 m3/h for

the other rooms.

Air changes

minimum

(l/s/m2)

Area

(m2)

q

(l/s)

q

(m3/h)

Air

amount

(m3/h)

Air

extraction

(m3/h)

Air supply

(m3/h)

1. Lobby 0,3 510,00 153 550,8 11750 11750 11750

2. Floor harrow 0,3 582,00 175,5 631,8 13409 13409 13409

3. Scene 0,3 288,00 86,4 311,0 6635 6635 6635

4.Hallway 0,3 93,30 28,0 100,8 1074 1074 1074

TOTAL 32868 32868

12. Storm flap 0,3 4,00 1,2 4 10 10 10

13. Office 0,3 9,40 2,8 10,1 27 27 27

14. Makeup room 0,3 11,00 3,3 11,9 31 31 31

15. WC 0,3 2,80 0,8 2,9 7 7 7

16. WC 0,3 2,80 0,8 2,9 7 7 7

17. Makeup room 0,3 10,00 3,0 10,8 29 29 29

18. Corridor 0,3 26,00 7,8 28,1 70 70 70

19. Makeup room 0,3 10,00 3,0 10,8 29 29 29

20. WC 0,3 2,80 0,8 2,9 7 7 7

21. WC 0,3 2,80 0,8 2,9 7 7 7

22. Makeup room 0,3 11,00 3,3 11,9 31 31 31

23. Staff room 0,3 30,00 9,0 32,4 86 86 86

24. Basement 0.3 288 86,4 304,5 725 725 725

TOTAL 1066 1066


58

Selection of ventilation system

The heat recovering takes place by thermal conduction through shared walls between warm and cold air.

The cold fresh air and the warm exhaust air is led perpendicular to each other through a number of slits,

which are separated by plates that can be made of aluminum, steel or glass. The cross flow heat

exchanger has efficiency between 60-70%.This means that 60-70 % of the heat content of the exhaust air

is recovered.

Heat exchangers shall always be made with

condensation drain. Therefore the ventilation room

always has to be made with a floor drain. To secure

the heat exchanger against blockage it should be

protected by filters.

Finally we have 32 868 m3/h of air amount for the four big rooms so for the first unit we chose a system

from HOVAL Company because this brand offers heat exchangers systems with efficiencies up to 90%

and with air flows rates up to 150.000m³/h. (UNIT B)

Our heat recovery unit will be composed by one single wheel with sorption storage mass type.

HOVAL takes specified orders, making a personalized heat exchanger unit.

Figure 7.14 Hoval ventilation machine

Figure 7.13 Heat recovery ventilation


59

For the other rooms we need a flow rate of 1 066 m3/h so we chose a unit from LG called LG 4000 with

flow rates from 1290 to 4700 (UNIT A)

Ducts dimensioning

The diameter of the ducts has been calculated according to velocity and flow rate. We have to respect a

velocity of 2,5m/s to avoid the noise in the ducts which is transmitted in the pieces.

We have decided to use tubular pipes instead of rectangular ducts because usually the tubular pipes are

easier to manufacture and therefore they are cheaper. Normally rectangular pipes are only used in

complicated point of the installation, where the tubular pipes do not fit.

An insulation of 5cm of mineral wood will be put on the pipes to reduce the thermal loss and reduce a

little bit the noise.

One silencer will be installed at the output of supply air before the entry of the building to reduce the

sound coming of the handling air unit.

The damper motorized will allow ensuring the flow rate air wished in the rooms. It will be connected

with the regulation to address the needs.

Figure 7.15 Air velocity

In order to have the diameter of the ducts, we need the air amount and the velocity. We have already

the air amount, and the air velocity depends of the type of the building and which type of duct that is in

question.

D = diameter of the duct

Q =air amount (m3/s)

V=air velocity (m/s)


60

Below it is shown standard radius for tubular ducts in millimeters: 100, 112, 125, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200,

224, 250, 280, 300, 355, 315, 400, 450, 500, 560, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1500.

Design ducts: supply and exhausted air (shaft A- UNIT A)

Room Qbasic (m3/h) Qbasic

(m3/s) Type (M,

B, C)

Velocity (m/s)

Duct dimension

(calculated)

(m)

Final duct

dimension

(mm)

Office-1 27 0.0075 C 3.5 0.052 100

Storm-1 10 0.0027 C 3.5 0.031 100

1-2 0.0102 B 4.5 0.054 100

Makeup room-2 31 0.0086 C 3.5 0.056 100

2-3 0.0188 B 4.5 0.073 100

Double WC-3 14 0.0039 C 3.5 0.038 100

3-4 0.0227 B 4.5 0.080 100

Makeup room-4 29 0.0080 C 3.5 0.054 100

4-5 0.0307 B 4.5 0.093 100

Makeup room-5 29 0.0080 C 3.5 0.054 100

5-6 0.0387 B 4.5 0.105 112

Double WC-6 14 0.0039 C 3.5 0.037 100

6-7 0.0426 B 4.5 0.110 125

Makeup room-7 31 0.0086 C 3.5 0.056 100

7-8 0.0512 B 4.5 0.120 125

Staff room-8 86 0.0239 C 3.5 0.093 100

8- unit 0.0751 M 6.5 0.121 125

Design ducts: supply and exhausted air (shaft B- UNIT B)

Room Qbasic (m3/h) Qbasic

(m3/s) Type (M,

B, C)

Velocity (m/s)

Duct dimension

(calculated)

(m)

Final duct

dimension

(mm)

Lobby-1 11750 3.26 C 3.5 1.080 1100

Hallway-1 1074 0.30 C 3.5 0.330 355

1-2 3.56 B 4.5 1.004 1100

Floor harrow-2 13409 3.72 C 3.5 1.163 1200

2-3 7.28 B 4.5 1.435 1500

Scene-3 6635 1.84 C 3.5 0.818 1000

3-unit 9.12 M 6.5 1.336 1500


61

Ventilation systems require thermal insulation in order to restrict and control heat loss. For financial and

environmental reasons, it is important you reduce unnecessary heat loss in ducts that transport warm

air. Ventilation ducts transport either warm or cold air.

Huge problems occur when condensation builds up on the outside of ducts containing material with a

lower temperature than the ambient air temperature. With high humidity, the air can easily condense on

the outer surface of ducts. When this happens, water starts to drip and causes damage, such as

discoloration to ceilings and floors. Over time, water can cause damage to the ducts and reduce their

service life. Condensation also occurs inside the duct if the situation is reversed.

Prevent condensation easily by using the correct insulation solution. Apply insulation of the correct

thickness to keep the insulation surface temperature higher than the ambient air temperature. Also use

an effective water vapor barrier to prevent moisture permeating the insulation.

The ceiling diffusers will allow ensuring a complete diffusion and uniform of the air in the rooms without

to feel the airflow. High capacity louvered directional diffusers are designed to supply large volumes of

air at relatively low sound levels and pressure drops.

The modular design of these diffusers allows each unit to be manufactured to suit a specified air pattern

and deliver the desired amount of air for any requirement.

Current New system

Thermal efficiency 70% 90%

Energy building requirements (kW/m²)

248,40 211,60

Savings in kWh/m² - 36,80

Yearly saving in kWh - 72.864,00

% improvement energy behavior building

- 14,81 %


LIFETIME

EXPECTED


EFFECTIVENESS

FACTOR Energy (kWh)

AP (kr)

Savings (Kr)

TOTAL SYSTEM 20 years 72.864,00 3,22 234.622,08 700.000 DKK 6,70


62

7.2.2 Hot domestic water

Heating of DHW is one of the most important parameters that we have to take into account at the time

of calculating the heating demand of the building. Knowing we are going to convert our old building to a

renewable energy efficiency concert hall. The consumptions will be adapting the new requirements.

Furthermore we will be careful with the choice of the system to heat the domestic water.

There are two main renewable energy resources that could be used to produce hot water for the

building both for warming the house up and also for tap water. That is the geothermal system and solar

panels. However, we have abandoned the "geothermal" option for reasons of ease and implementation.

First of all, we have to calculate the DHW needs that our building will have.

“SBI-direction 213 - Energy requirements for buildings”:

Domestic hot water consumption [liters/m2 years]

In other buildings than dwellings a yearly consumption of hot domestic water is normally

assumed to be 100 liters per m2 heated floorage.

The hot domestic water is assumed heated up to 55 °C.

Calculation of DHW

- Heated floor area: 1.980 m2

- Accepted DHW consumption = 1.980 m2 · 100 l/m2/year = 198.000 liters /year

- Daily DHW consumption 198.000 liters /year / 365 days= 542 liters /day

Necessary energy to heat 542 liters of DHW to 55ºC:

Furthermore the average temperature of the water input in the zone of Aarhus is 9 ºC.

55 – 9 = 46º

Finally, with this information, we can get the final amount of energy that we will need to heat the

necessary DHW for our building.


63

Whatever that the system we use:

Q = Consumption · 1 kcal/l · 46ºC = 542 liters/day · 1 · 46ºC = 24.932 Kcal / day

Energy needed: 24.932 Kcal / day

28,97 kwh / day

10,57 MWh / year (1 Kcal =0.00116 kwh)

By our own calculation, we can see that we will need the amount of 10,57 MWh per year. Knowing

this value, we have searched two different types of tanks from different manufacturers.

OPTION A

DEJONG has a big offer of water tanks. We need to storage around 550 L. For this reason, we have to

take 750 L of capacity.

Figure 7.16 DEJONG water tank

Figure 7.17 Characteristics DEJONG water tank

Figure 7.18 Dimensions DEJONG water tank


64

OPTION B

LAARS tank

Figure 7.19 LAARS water tank

We have chosen 119 Gallon model due to1 Gallon = 3,79

liters.

So 200 Gallon will have a capacity of 758 L; close to our

needs.

The dimensions are in inches so we will convert them

into centimetres or meters to compare all the tanks.

Figure 7.20 Characteristics LAARS water tank

OPTION C

The last option is to maintain the current water tank and just change the insulation due to the existing

one is not enough to avoid heat losses. We will set high quality insulation and a higher thickness

HOT WATER STORAGE TANK Currently OPTION A DEJONK tank

OPTION B LAARS tank

OPTION C Re-insulate

Characteristics

Capacity 550 L 750 L 758 L 550 L Dimensions

Diameter (Ø) 610 mm 990 mm 812 mm 610 mm Height (h) 1905 mm 1875 mm 2006 mm 1905 mm Surface 4,24 m² 7,37 m² 6,15 m² 4,24 m²

Insulation

Material Fiberglass EPS Rockwool EPS Thermal conductivity (ƛ)

0,05 W/mK 0,038 W/mK 0,040 W/mK 0,038 W/mK

Thickness (e) 20 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm

Energy behavior improvement

U-value 2,50 W/m²K 0,76 W/m²K 0,80 W/m²K 0,76 W/m²K Total heat losses 371 W 196,04 W 172,20 W 112,78 W Heat losses/ Degree 10,60 W/K 5,60 W/K 4,92 W/K 3,22 W/K % heat losses reduction - 47,17 % 53,58 % 69,62 % Savings in kWh/m² year - 0,80 0,90 1,20 Total savings (kWh) - 1.584,00 1.782,00 2.376,00


65


LIFETIME

EXPECTED


EFFECTIVENESS

FACTOR Energy (kWh)

AP (kr) Savings (Kr)

OPTION A DEJONK tank 20 years 1.584,00 3,22 5.100,48 140.000 0,72

OPTION B LAARS tank 20 years 1.782,00 3,22 5.738,04 140.000 0,82

OPTION C Re-insulate 19 years 2.376,00 3,13 7.436,88 343,60 411,23

We will choose the option C, it is the only one that the cost effectiveness factor is higher than 1,33 and it

is cheaper too.

Heat Pump

Another option to improve the efficiency of the domestic hot water installation is to add a heat pump.

We will study the possibility and feasibility to supply the hot domestic water with a heat pump. The heat

pump that we want to use is an air-to-water. It provides domestic hot water and heat for water-based

heating systems. With this pump we expect to provide all the sanitary hot water demand.

After the air goes through the fan and is heated, it made the transfusion of heat between the air and the

water, the water is leaded until a hot water storage, where after is distributed for all the Concert Hall.

The use of the heat pump, is to provide only domestic hot water, and not for the heating system. Where

we keep the existing system that it is district heating.

One characteristic of the heat pump is that feeding them with 1 kW of electricity, the heat pumps

produce 4 kW of heat, this value also depends on the COP of the machine, and also the type of the heat

pump.

After set all the BE10 demands, we find that the demand is 20,5 kWh/m² per year for domestic hot

water. With this value, we find the heat pump that fits better with our demands, to have enough

production, and not having an overproduction of hot domestic water.

The model that we choose, is from the Danish company Danfoss (Danfoss DHP-AQ), it has a COP of 4,7

and a heat capacity of 11,1 kW (The datasheet is included in the annexes).


66


To make the cost-effectiveness study, we have to take into account the price of the electricity and the

price of the heat. When you install a heat pump the electrical consumption will increase, due to it need

electricity to work. On the other hand the heat that the company has to supply to the building decrease.

Current building With heat pump

Electrical demand 87,9 kWh/m² 96,4 kWh/m²

Heat Demand 42,5 kWh/m² 22,0 kWh/m²

Difference kWh/m² year 8,5 kWh/m² (increase) 20,5 kWh/m² (decrease)

Total (kWh) 16.830 kWh (increase) 40.590 (saving)

The price of the heat is 0.75kr per kW, so we increase it a 5% every year, and in 20 years the price will be

1.90 DKK per kW. We calculated if it will be feasible to incorporate the heat pump, or in another way if it

will be more feasible keep the system that we have currently.

3,22 x 96,40= 310,40 DKK/m². This is the price that we should pay for the electricity in case that we

use a heat pump in the renovation in 20 years.

1,90 x 42,50= 80,75 DKK/m². This is the price that we should pay for the heating if we would decide

keep the actual system.

As we can see, is more feasible keep the current system than add a heat pump. So, we will keep the

actual system.


67

7.2.3 Water savings

Saving water consumption should be an aim of every project nowadays.

There are many reasons for this fact:

We need to really take account about the change climate and his effects on the world and how we have

to use water.

Moreover, over the last two decades water consumption has increased and forecast predict that this will

continue as the population rises. In addition, water costs have risen significantly in recent years and this

trend looks likely to continue. As 70-80% of the water we use is heated using it wisely also saves energy

and reduces costs.

To save some of the water consumption we followed three key changes:

a) Efficient use of the water (placing efficient water fixtures)

b) Distinguish between two types of water: Grey water and potable water.

c) Collect rainwater and use it for grey water consumption.

Firstly we will calculate water consumption with normal sanitary and kitchen equipment, to carry out

later another calculation of water consumption, but this time with new water efficiency bathroom and

kitchen equipment. Concluding with the savings this new water efficiency will produce.

WATER CONSUMPTION

REGISTRATION:

DAILY CONSUMPTION per person: (approx.: 1700 events per year)

Now I am just going to estimate approximately how many people are in the building and how many are

going to use the services.

- Around 300 employees work on a daily basis in the Concert Hall Aarhus.

- Approx. 60 permanent employees and 85 freelancers.

- In addition to this is the large number of employees at the permanent tenants of the house:

The Danish National Opera, Aarhus Symphony Orchestra, The Royal Academy of Music, Filuren

and johan r.

Moreover have to estimate the number of person who is using accommodations during events.


68

There are approximately 33 events per month:

20 weekend

13 during the week

For one event during the weekend: 1000 pers 20.000 pers / month

For one event during the week: 650 pers 8.450 pers / month

So 28450 pers / month Average: 28.450/30= 948,33 pers/day

We will consider that 65% of the people are going to the toilets during the event.

Water spending Use Total

WC 6 L/flush 1 6 L

Maintenance cleaning 5 L/bucket 0.6 3 L

Washbasin 9L/min 12sec 1.6 L

TOTAL 10.60 L

THE TOTAL CONSUMPTION PER GUEST IS 10.6 LITRES / GUEST

TOTAL DAILY CONSUMPTION:

Day Person/day Water consumption

(m3/pers)

Consumption/day

week 650 10.60 L = 0.0106m³ 6.89 m³

Week end 1000 10.60 L = 0.0106m³ 10.6 m³

TOTAL ANUAL CONSUMPTION:

Day Events Water consumption per day Consumption per year

Week 156 6.89 m³ 1074.84 m³

Week end 240 10.6 m³ 2544 m³

TOTAL 3618.84 m³

So after all these calculations we need to choose the most saving waters products available.


69

NEW IMPLANTED SYSTEM

EFFICIENT SYSTEMS:

Figure 7.21 Ultra efficient WC

Figure 7.22 Aerators

Figure 7.23 Washing Eureka

Low flush volumes and leak-free

siphon flushing technology.

Dual flush 4/2 liters

Low flow basin taps,

supplied with aerators of

between 1.7 and 6 liters.

Washing Eureka: 20 min/tank

Analysis of efficient water consumption per guest:

COMPARATION: FROM 10.60 LITERS HAS BEEN REDUCED TO 7.064 LITERS

THIS REPRESENTS A REDUCTION 33.36 % IN DAILY CONSUMPTION PER GUEST

Water spending Use Total

WC 4.85 L/flush 1 flush 2.42 L

Maintenance cleaning 5 L/bucket - 3 L

Washbasin 0.644 L/cycle 10sec 0.644 L

TOTAL 7.064 L


70

SEPARATION OF USE OF POTABLE WATER AND WATER GREY:

Grey water is the left over water from baths, showers, hand basins and washing machines only. Some

definitions of grey water include water from the kitchen sink. If we take into account WC the water is

called “black water

Grey Water (L) Potable Water (L)

WC 2.42 L -

Dishwasher - 0.644 L

Maintenance cleaning 1 L

Total 3.42 L 0.644 L

Percentage 84.15 % 15.85 %

POTABLE WATER

TOTAL DAILY CONSUMPTION:

day Person/day Water consumption (m3/pers) Consumption/day

week 650 0.644 L 0.41 m³

Week end 1000 0.644 L 0.644 m³

TOTAL ANNUAL CONSUMPTION:

Day Events Water consumption Consumption/year

Week 156 0.41 L 63.96 m³

Week end 240 0.644 L 154.56 m³

TOTAL 218.52 m³

THE CONCERT HALL IS COMSUMING ACTUALLY 218.52 m³ PER YEAR OF POTABLE WATER


71

TREATED WATER

DAILY TREATED WATER CONSUMPTION:

Day Person/day Water consumption (m3/pers) Consumption/day

week 650 3.42 L 2.223 m³

Week end 1000 3.42 L 3.42 m³

ANUAL TREATED WATER CONSUMPTION:

Day Events Water consumption Consumption/year

Week 156 2.22 L 346.78 m³

Week end 240 3.42 L 820.80 m³

THE CONCERT HALL IS COMSUMING ACTUALLY 1167.588 m³ PER YEAR OF TREATED WATER

313 days / year to use it: 3.73m3 = 3730L/day

So we will need 3730L of grey water and rainwater to treated it and use it for the cleaning and the

toilets.

WE WILL SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF OBTAINING GREY WATER WITH TWO METHODS:

- RAINWATER CAPTATION

- REUTILIZATION OF GREY WATER PRODUCTION

RAINWATER COLLECTION:

Taking into account the weather in Denmark and the area of roof that our building has, the idea of

collecting the rain water in order to make it profitable for our building became stronger.

But first we have to know some statements about the collection and utilization of rainwater.

It will never be for other uses than WC flushes or cleaning.

It must be separated from the potable water supply from the company in any case.

The system has to be capable to separate both potable and rain collected water. Some important

information about rainwater:


72

Rainfall water is extremely clean in comparison with other different sources.

Rainfall water is a free resource and independent from any supply company.

It needs a simple system for its collection, storage and distribution.

Figure 7.24 Average rainfall in Aarhus

Months Precipitation (mm) Rainfall days mm rain per day

January 58.3 25 2,332

February 28 16 1,75

March 32.2 17 1,894

April 31.5 13 2.423

May 42.6 14 3.043

June 50 14 3.571

July 70.4 19 3.705

August 59.8 16 3.737

September 40.4 17 2.376

October 70.7 21 3.366

November 48.6 22 2.209

December 44.5 21 2,119


73

514mm annual = 514 L/m2

Best case in average: July 70.40 mm = 70.40 L/m²

Total area capitation: 1.362 m²

Capitation in July 70.40 · 1.362 = 95 884.80 L = 95.88 m³

HOW TO COLECT THE RAINWATER:

1) Roof: The quantity water collection depends on its area and materials.

2) Ducks: They will collect and take the water into the tank. There must be filters for leaves and similar.

3) Filter: Need to filter before the water entry to the storage tank.

4) Storage tank: Here the filtered water will be storage. Preferable underground, with valve for overloads

of water and other security measurements.

5) Pump: will distribute the water to the water outputs. Must be prepared for rainwater.

6) Control system: will commute between rainwater utilization and company water when rainwater runs

out from the storage. Will deliver that water only into the accepted outputs.

7) Drain system: for exhaust and grey water that can’t be reutilized. Connected to the sewers or similar.

Steps to follow for our personal study:

A- Building information study.

B- Rainfall study of the zone.

C- Calculation of the demands for rainwater uses.

D- Calculation of the best size of the elements of

the system.

E- Draw of the principal system and distribution.

Figure 7.25 System collection of the rain water

Information about the building

COLLECTION AREA: 1777 m² total area of the roof.


74

WATER CAPTATION:

Now we are going to make some calculations about how many rainwater we will be able to use per

month, and, finally what we will have to demand to the water company supplier.

Consumption rainwater:

-Week: 13 · 2.223

-Weekend: 20 · 3.42

Months Consumption

rainwater (m3)

Rainwater

harvesting (m3)

Company water

supply (m3)

January 97.29 79.404 17.886

February 97.29 38.136 59.154

March 97.29 43.856 53.734

April 97.29 42.903 54.387

May 97.29 58.021 39.269

June 97.29 68.100 29.19

July 97.29 95.884 1.406

August 97.29 81.447 15.843

September 97.29 55.024 42.266

October 97.29 95.884 1.406

November 97.29 66.193 31.097

December 97.29 60.609 36.681

Total 1167.48 785.461 382.019

% 100 % 67.28 % 32.72 %


75

DIMENSIONING OF THE STORAGE TANK

Finally we will calculate the dimensions of the tank. For this calculation we will choose the worst month,

this is the month that has more rain. Moreover, we will choose the worst day of this month, and we will

calculate the amount of rain that day.

This will indicate us the maximum amount in liters for our tank.

Worst month: July

Worst day: 3.705

Total collection = l/m2 X Total Area = 3.705 l/m2 X 1362 m2= 5046.21 l (=5.046m3)

10000 Litre Water Tank

Product Code: 172122 + 178520

Non Potable.

Inlet: 620mm screw lid (540mm internal)

Diameter: 2400mm Height: 2530mm

Capacity: 10000 Litres (2200 gallons)

Full Capacity: 10,500 Litres

Medium Density Plastic.

UV Stabilised.

Std colour: Black Only

Outlet: 2" BSP Male 178720

REUTILITZATION OF GREY WATER PRODUCTION

Like we said before we can use the grey water for supply the cleaning and the WC, but also for Watering

plants, lawns (primarily been in times of water restriction), car wash, Feeding a "rain garden" purifying

water before infiltrating into the groundwater (possibly out of overflow tank recovery)

Figure 7.26 Water tank for the rain water


76

7.2.4 Solar panels

The installation of the PV panels will provide us electricity and we will be able to reduce the electricity

consumption of the building. Not only we will reduce the electricity bills, but also we will be capable to

be more environmentally friendly, one of the three objectives that we are looking for when improving

this building.

The BE10 gives us the information for the electric consumption.

We have a consumption of 80,80 KWh/m2.

In order to supply the electric consumption, it was proposed a

solution with Photovoltaic panels. The roof of our building allows

us to install photovoltaic panels. We have a disposal of 1444,48

m² discounting the ventilation extractor ducts to place the

installation.

The solar irradiation in Denmark is not as high and

profitable as in some other countries like Spain, Italy

or Greece. Although this fact, the solar irradiation in

Denmark will be also profitable for our building in

order to supply the electricity consumption

We were looking for photovoltaic panels with high efficiency, high energy production and a maximum

performance finding finally SUNPOWER supplier. The more suitable panel type for our project is

“E20/327-SERIES COMMERCIAL SOLAR PANELS” with an efficiency of 20.4% (high value). There are a

mono crystalline model that offer a high competiveness nowadays. It is ideal for our case where we have

a big building with high Kwh annual consumption.

Data of the panels for the calculations

Pnom (W) = 327 W.

Vmpp (V) = 54.7 V.

Impp (A) = 5.98 A.

Dimensions (L/W/H): 1559mm x 1046mm x 46mm

Panel surface: 1.559 x 1.046 = 1.63 m²

Figure 7.27 BE10 solar panel datas

Figure 7.28 Solar irradiation in Denmark


77

We calculated according to the website http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ (Joint Research Center), the

most production orientation and slope, and it is 41˚ for the slope, and -3˚for the orientation, considering

that south is (0˚), and east (-90). So, we will have a slope of 40˚, and the solar panels will be orientated to

the south.

We have an available surface of 1444,48 m², even that we want to maximize the efficiency and the

production of the solar cells avoiding shadows between them. We calculate the different sunray

inclination to determine the distance between photovoltaic panels, so we decide we will place them in

different rows in series with a distance of 2.2 m.

Figure 7.29 Solar panels inclination

Once we determined the distance to minimize the shadows between solar cells we have checked the

available space (the projection of the solar panels is 1,19m): We can place 13 rows of solar cells, and a

total amount of 337 units.

Energy performance of the installation

We have estimated the electricity production, with the BE10 program. We introduced the solar panels in

the current building (on BE10), and we reduce the energy frame from 211,6 kWh/m² to 100,6 kWh/m² , it

means a reduction of 111 kWh/m². So the electricity produced for the PV panels is 111 kWh/m².

Solar cells distribution in the roof Figure 7.30 Solar cells distribution in the roof

http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/


78

Cost-Effectiveness study:

In the table below we can see the cost of the PV panels, taking into account the cost of it, the cost of the

installation and the cost of the maintenance.

PV PANELS COST

PV panels 2144,37 DKK 337 panels 722.652,69 DKK

Installation 211,25 DKK/h 0,4 h 337 panels 28.476,50 DKK

Maintenance 1,5% 722.652,69 DKK 10.839,79 DKK/year

The initial inversion for this building will be so high. The total cost taking into consideration the PV panels

and the installation is 722.652,69 DKK and we will have an additional cost of 10.839,79 DKK because of

the yearly maintenance.

LIFETIME

EXPECTED

SAVINGS YEARLY

INVESTMENT

COST

EFFECTIVENESS


(Kr)

Installation 20 years 219.780 3,22 707.691,60 722.652,69 19,59

We can say that the investment is feasible. Now, it’s time to know when we will have the returns of the

investment.

YEAR kWh

price

Yearly savings

(DKK)

Accumulative

savings

2015 2,04 448.351,20 448.351,20

2016 2,15 472.527,00 920.878,20

2018 2,25 494.505,00 1.415.383,20

2019 2,37 520.878,60 1.936.261,80

2020 2,48 545.054,40 2.481.316,20

2021 2,61 573.625,80 3.054.942,00


79

According to the calculation above, considering that the electricity price is expected to increase 5%

yearly, the yearly savings will be bigger each year. Considering that we will start saving energy in 2015, at

the end of 2016 we will already have our investment back. So, the simple payback is less than 2 years, a

pretty number taking into account that the expected lifetime for the installation is 20 years. This

calculation reaffirms that the investment is profitable and the intervention would be really interesting.

8 BE10 BUILDING AFTER INTERVENTION

Figure 8.2 Key numbers of the new building

After all the changes in the Building are introduced to BE10 these are the results the program gives back.

As seen in figures 8.1 and 8.2 the resulting energy needs of the Building are well below the required

minimum for the 2020 energy frame.

The full information on the inputs used for BE10 calculations for the intervention building can be found

at Annex D.

Figure 8.1 Initial data for the new building


80

9 CONCLUSION AFTER THE INTERVENTION

The purpose of our project was to study the concert hall and looking for the best option to make it the

most efficiency. The problem was it is a very recent building (2013 for the extension), so it was difficult to

improve the energy consuming. The existent construction is almost new, so we did not have a lot of

possibilities to make changes, to obtain a better energy behavior.

After working during 4 months specially these last weeks, on our project: “Energy renovation of

Hermans-Concert Hall Tivoli Friheden, in Aarhus”, we developed new knowledge. Although the subject

was about the energy renovation of a particular building, we can henceforth apply it to any other

building or construction.

During the entire project we did not want to change the architecture and the design of the building,

because we thought it was not necessary and relevant for the project. We also took care about the BR10

during our project; we made all the improvements thus the changes in terms of the Danish regulation. In

our opinion, the main point of intervention was the building envelope. Because it is a long term for the

investments.

At the beginning we had some troubles with the BE10 program, because it was not a program we used

before. So we took a lot of time to become familiar with it. The first work was to introduce the building

with all existing installations and how to interpret the results. After that the second step was to propose

new options to the renovation, and to calculate again the U-values of each, and finally choose the best

issues.

We spent a lot of time in internet to find some ideas, for example the values of the thermical

conductivity of all materials. We also searched in catalogues, the best installations to use.

Then we had to follow the BR10 to check if the changes made were profitable or not as investments.

Finally we selected the best changes and introduce it in BE10 program to obtain the final results.

As concern the way ok working, everything happened in a good mood. Even if we worked sometimes

separately at home we tried to see each other as much as possible.

On the other hand we divided the work between two big parts: Calculations with BE10 and

improvements about the building, for instance new ventilation system, new hot water system, etc… and

we did the others parts all together.

At the beginning we thought the best solution was to use all the renewables sources. That is to say, solar

panels, geothermic energy, heat pump, rainwater, etc…


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But when we put in relation the cost, the efficiency, the feasibility, we saw it was impossible and useless

to use all these technologies. We have seen that the differences between idealistic and realistic energy

interventions are far away.

Finally, we expect the new Danish regulations BR15 and BR20 will be stricter so that is why it is

preferable to take account right now of the future changes.


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10 REFERENCES

Figure 1.1 Three big areas to improve ...........................................................................................................3

Figure 1.2 Environmental type for a house. ...................................................................................................3

Figure 2.1 Aarhus Denmark situation .............................................................................................................5

Figure 2.2 Concert Hall situated in the city. ...................................................................................................5

Figure 2.3 Aarhus River ..................................................................................................................................5

Figure 2.4 Old marina of Aarhus Lystbadehavn .............................................................................................6

Figure 2.5 Hermans - Concert Hall .................................................................................................................6

Figure 2.6 Building Hall ...................................................................................................................................7

Figure 2.7 Floor plan distribution drawn with AutoCAD ................................................................................7

Figure 2.8 Façade to the southeast drawn with AutoCAD .............................................................................8

Figure 2.9 Façade to the northwest drawn with AutoCAD ............................................................................9

Figure 2.10 Façade to the southwest drawn with AutoCAD ..........................................................................9

Figure 2.11 Façade to the northeast drawn with AutoCAD ...........................................................................9

Figure 2.12 A/V ratio calculation of the building ........................................................................................ 10

Figure 3.1 External Wall .............................................................................................................................. 13

Figure 3.2 Wooden formwork ..................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 3.3 Wind barrier ............................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 3.4 Wood rafters .............................................................................................................................. 14

Figure 3.5 Insulation Rockwool ................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 3.6 Vapour barrier ............................................................................................................................ 15

Figure 3.7 Plaster gypsum board ................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 3.8 Glazing area in southeast front drawn with AutoCAD ............................................................... 16

Figure 3.9 Glazing area in northwest front drawn with AutoCAD .............................................................. 16

Figure 3.10 Glazing area in southwest front drawn in AutoCAD ................................................................ 17

Figure 3.11 Glazing area in northeast front drawn in AutoCAD .................................................................. 17

Figure 3.12 Ground Supported floor ........................................................................................................... 18


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Figure 3.13 Capillary break layer ................................................................................................................. 18

Figure 3.14 Insulation polystyrene .............................................................................................................. 18

Figure 3.15 Concrete layer .......................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 3.16 Roof type .................................................................................................................................. 19

Figure 3.17 Foil layer ................................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3.18 Roof insulation ......................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3.19 Shuttering ................................................................................................................................. 20

Figure 3.20 Wood concrete ......................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 3.21 Basement walls ......................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 3.22 Insulation basement walls ........................................................................................................ 20

Figure 3.23 Surface resistances DS418:11; table F.2 ................................................................................... 22

Figure 3.24 Components external wall ....................................................................................................... 23

Figure 3.25 External wall U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool ................................................ 23

Figure 3.26 Components roof type 1 .......................................................................................................... 24

Figure 3.27 Roof type 1 U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool ................................................... 24


Figure 3.29 Roof type 2 U-value calculation PHPP calculation tool ............................................................ 25


Figure 3.31 Roof type 3 U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool ................................................... 26

Figure 3.32 Components ground supported floor ...................................................................................... 27

Figure 3.33 Ground supported floor U-Value calculation using PHPP calculation tool .............................. 27

Figure 3.34 Components basement walls ................................................................................................... 28

Figure 3.35 Basement wall U-value calculation using PHPP calculation tool ............................................. 28

Figure 3.36 Windows and outers doors of Hermans Concert Hall .............................................................. 29

Figure 3.37 IPLUS E heat insulation with double glazing ............................................................................ 29

Figure 3.38 Linear loss minimum requirements in DS418 .......................................................................... 30

Figure 3.39 Ventilation system requirements defined in BR10, section 8. Services ................................... 30


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Figure 4.1 BE10 key numbers current building ........................................................................................... 31

Figure 6.1 Lifetimes to calculate cost-effectiveness BR10 .......................................................................... 35

Figure 7.1 Spacetherm insulation ................................................................................................................ 38

Figure 7.2 Technical information spacetherm ............................................................................................ 39

Figure 7.3 Current basement wall and new basement wall ........................................................................ 39

Figure 7.4 Current external wall and new external wall ............................................................................. 39

Figure 7.5 Technical data SAGLAN .............................................................................................................. 43

Figure 7.6 Current floor and new floor ................................................................................................... 45

Figure 7.7 Sandbeps floor ............................................................................................................................ 47

Figure 7.8 Current glazing in our building ................................................................................................... 49

Figure 7.9 New glazing type 1 ..................................................................................................................... 49

Figure 7.10 New glazing type 2 ................................................................................................................... 50

Figure 7.11Ventilation system ..................................................................................................................... 53

Figure 7.12 Ventilation rate depending of category ................................................................................... 55

Figure 7.13 Heat recovery ventilation ......................................................................................................... 58

Figure 7.14 Hoval ventilation machine ........................................................................................................ 58

Figure 7.15 Air velocity ................................................................................................................................ 59

Figure 7.16 DEJONG water tank .................................................................................................................. 63

Figure 7.17 Characteristics DEJONG water tank ......................................................................................... 63

Figure 7.18 Dimensions DEJONG water tank .............................................................................................. 63

Figure 7.19 LAARS water tank ..................................................................................................................... 64

Figure 7.20 Characteristics LAARS water tank ............................................................................................ 64

Figure 7.21 Ultra efficient WC ..................................................................................................................... 69

Figure 7.22 Aerators .................................................................................................................................... 69

Figure 7.23 Washing Eureka ........................................................................................................................ 69

Figure 7.24 Average rainfall in Aarhus ........................................................................................................ 72

Figure 7.25 System collection of the rain water ......................................................................................... 73


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Figure 7.26 Water tank for the rain water .................................................................................................. 75

Figure 7.27 BE10 solar panel datas ............................................................................................................. 76

Figure 7.28 Solar irradiation in Denmark .................................................................................................... 76

Figure 7.29 Solar panels inclination ............................................................................................................ 77

Figure 7.30 Solar cells distribution in the roof ............................................................................................ 77

Figure 8.1 Initial data for the new building ................................................................................................. 79

Figure 8.2 Key numbers of the new building .............................................................................................. 79

Energy renovation, hermans concert hall in tivoli friheden

Engineering

Transcript of Energy renovation, hermans concert hall in tivoli friheden