Energy production from agricultural and forestry biomass by gasification

Dr. Tanaka+, Mr. Yakushido+

&Dr. Murakami++, Dr. Sakai++

+: National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region ++: Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science

BIOMASS UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED IN JAPAN

Conventional technology can be applied.

• Primary demand is for heat output

• Comparatively easy to obtain biomass resources

EU• Primary demand is for

electric power, and liquid and gas fuel

• Mountainous topology limits availability of biomass resources

Japan

New technology is required for conversion to high-quality energy on a small scale.

Determination of Biomass Vision in Community

No

Yes

・Approach from Economical & LCA

Community Agreement

Biomass Production, Excessive& transportable Amount

Renewable resourcesDemand of Bio-

products&Energy

TechnologySpecification of each

technology

Diagnostic check of a target area by material flow

Assessment of new material flow system

Biomass Recycling and Utilization Vision in Community

Re-examinationtechnology, target area,

administration, etc.

•Identify the amount for RE along sustainable agric. productions

•R&D for High efficiency, cost

Cascade utilization of biomass in livestock industryCascade utilization of biomass in livestock industry

Biomass

Feed

Materials for livestock bedding

Biomass energy

Composting

Methane fermentation

Gasification

High utility value biomass

Low utility value biomass

ETC.

“Ministry of Agriculture Biomass Unit 2”

Target : Livestock excretion

Dual-fuel Engine-Driven Power Generation

Whole view of Co-generation System using Multistage Carbonization & Gasification

-High energy efficiency by combinations of carbonization, gasification and heat recovering systems-Electronic power generation and feed and fertilizer productions

Food Residue etc. Livestock Excrement

Electronic Power Fertilizer Feed

Food industry inLocal area

Household

Co-generation System

Promote utilizations of un-used biomass in local communityBiomass need to be collected to the facility from surrounding areas, but it is a hard task & costly. Recycling system should be materialized within the local community to save transportation fees and energy.

Material recycling system in local community

Food Residue(7 t/day)

Livestock Excrement(34t/day)

Material flow in Actual Scale Co-generation System

Electric power4,000kWh/day

（Actual scale)

(1300 head beef cattle)

Co-generation System consisted of Multistage

Carbonization & Gasification

High efficiency power generation & heat recovering system

Surplus Power3,000kW/day

Fertilizer1.4 t/day

superphosphate

Feed1.6 t/day

500 head Swine

-Energy efficiency=70% by power generation & heat recovering-Feed Production by drying food residue using waste heat-Effective uses of ash by gasification as fertilizer

CarbonizationPretreatment

(Drying)

GasificationPower Generation

pulverizing

Ash

Heat

Feed production from food waste, etc.

:Material flow

:Heat

:Gas

Direct fired deodorization

Biomass Flow in Co-generation System

(Tar, NH3,H2S etc.)

High Contents of Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium

→Utilization of Ash as Fertilizer

High NH3, Sulfur, Chlorine, Tar Contents→NOX, SOX, Hydrogen Chloride, Dioxin

Electricity

Pre-treatment (Drying biomass）

BiomassLivestock

excrement & forestry biomass

Fermentation with FA Drying in Green HouseWater content

60–70%

Biomass=34t 40-45%, 17t25%, 12.5t

Exhaust Heat from carbonization, 230CForced draft drier

BiomassCarbonization0%, 10t

2WK

5 – 14 D

NH3

Trapped by biomass, and is utilized as fertilizer

Water contents of most of biomass are high (Energy density based on weight is low)

Biomass needs to be dried by low cost treatment.

Efficiency using microorganism is 20-30 times higher than using fossil fuel

Carbonization

燃焼バーナー燃焼バーナーﾎﾞｲﾗｰﾎﾞｲﾗｰｽｰﾊﾟｰﾋｰﾀｰｽｰﾊﾟｰﾋｰﾀｰ burnerburner

BoilerBoiler

Super heaterSuper heater

Carbide

WaterWater

PulverizerPulverizer

DriedBiomassDried

Biomass

Heat from Direct fired deodorizing equipment

Exhaust gas

Super steam

(Tar, NH3,H2S etc.)

GasificationFurnace

GasificationFurnace

Forced draftdrier

Forced draftdrier

Deodorization equipment

Pre-carbonization furnacePre-carbonization furnace

Exhaust gas

Carbonization furnaceCarbonization furnace

Direct fired deodorizing equipmentDirect fired deodorizing equipment

Super steam

Characteristic of Gasification Furnace

• Gasification using self combustion heat of biomass

• Gasification temperature：800 – 1,000 C• Combustion method to decomposes tar• Biomass supply : Continuous• Composition of combustible gas : CO, H2,

CH4, N2, CO2

• Heat quantity of gas : 800- 1,500 kcal/Nm3

• Problem: Meltdown of potassium, sodium, and stick on surface of furnace

Gasifier

Left : Direct fired deodorizing equipment

Right : Multistage carbonization

Dual-fuel (heavy oil and syngas)Type Electric Power Generator

“Ministry of Agriculture Biomass Unit 3”

Target : Forestry Biomass

Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation

Target biomass for the unit 3

•Biomass such as rice husks, rice straw, sugarcane (bagasse, trash) & forestry biomass, etc.

•Water content of most of biomass is high, so the biomass need be dried, <30%.Rice Straw

Mulberry Leaves

Powdered Cedar Wood

Biomass is pulverized into particles Biomass is pulverized into particles measuring about 1~2mm. measuring about 1~2mm.

Electricity

Electricity

Heat

Fuel Gas

Methanol

Pulverizer

Chips

Hot Gas Generation Furnace

Reaction Water

ExhaustFlue Gas

Dehydration Equipment

Gas Tank

Gas Engine

Methanol Synthesis

Output

Biomass

Powder

Gasifier

Fuel CellAir

HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION

HighHigh--calorie syngas can be used for gas fuel, liquid calorie syngas can be used for gas fuel, liquid fuel, and electric power.fuel, and electric power.

High-calorie gas Fuel Cell (Electricity)

Possible output of High calorie gas

Fuel Gas

MethanolGas Engine (Electricity) Methanol Synthesis

SUSPENSION/EXTERNAL HEAT TYPE HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION; ENLARGED VIEW[Conventional Technology]

Partial Combustion Gasification Using O2 and Steam

[New Technology] Suspension/External Heat Type Gasification Using Steam

H

C

Organic Substance

Steam(H2O)

H2O

CO2

H2

O2

CO

Ineffective Gas

Effective Gas

＋

Biomass Gasifying Agent

800~1000℃

External Heat

CO

H2Organic Substance

Biomass Gasifying Agent

H

C

High Temp. Heat Release

Low Temp. Heat Absorption

Effective GasSteam(H2O)

N2 Free clean & High calorie gas

External heat is required, although it comes high calorie gas

CO2

C2～

100

80

60

70

90

5040302010

0

Oxygen Ratio [O2]/[C]

H2,C

O,C

H4,C

2~,C

O2

(vol

%)

Req

uite

d H

eat I

nput

0 0.50 0.75 1.000.25

H2

CO

CH4

Surplus Heat

External Heat

External heat is required, although the amount of effective gas is maximized due to the complete absence of oxygen (see left side of diagram).

Unit 3

SUSPENSION/EXTERNAL HEAT TYPE HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION; ENLARGED VIEW

Thermal Radiation

Reaction Tube(Metal Temp. of 850℃)

High Temp. Gas Heating(950~1000℃)

Raw Material of Powdered Biomass

Superheated steam (800℃)

Schematic Gasifying Phenomena

Biomass(Powder)

Clean High-Calorie Gas

Reaction Water

Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery

Ash

Biomass Combustion

Flue Gas 950~1000℃

Reduction of Tar and Soot

Reaction Water Evaporizer

Reaction Time of 0.3~0.7s

Secondary GasificationBreakdown of Tar and Soot

Primary Gasification

To Water Removal and Power Generation Processes

Biomass Powder is Gasified Due to Partial Combustion

Powdered biomass is heated by an external source, and reacts with steam. Dioxin is not composed due to the absent of air.

Total Reaction Time =2- 3 S

Gasifier Furnace

Chip Feeder

Combustor

Powder Feeder

Evaporator

Heat exchanger

Syngas Tank

100 vol%Total

17.0 vol%CO2

1.0 vol%C2~

6.5 vol%CH4

25.5 vol%CO

50.0 vol%H2

COMPOSITIONAL EXAMPLE OF THE MAJOR GASES PRODUCED

Gasified gas from biomass burns with a clean flame.

20

16

12

C1.3H2O0.9 ＋ 0.4H2OBiomass Steam

H2, CO, CH4,CO2

0

20

40

60

80

100

800℃ 900℃ 1000℃

No Formation of Tar or SootVolume Ratio of Steam/Biomass = 2

Com

posi

tion

(dry

vol

.%)

Hig

h H

eatin

g Va

lue

(MJ/

Nm

3 )

Composition and HHV of Product GasComparison:

Conventional Gasification(5MJ/Nm3, 1194kcal/ Nm3)

CO2C2+CH4COH2

N2

All organic matter, with the exception of ash, is converted to gAll organic matter, with the exception of ash, is converted to gas.as.

(3344kcal/ Nm3)(4061kcal/ Nm3) 2.8 – 3.4 times greater

Direct Combustion

1921

19902013

20562080

2084

1800 2000 2100

19631961

18501895

1900

Methane (CH4)GasolinePropane

Carbon (C)Gasified Gas

BiomassHydrogen (H2)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

EthanolMethanol

Theoretical Temperature (C)

Insulated Theoretical Temperature(25˚C Air Combustion)

Gasified gas from biomass features a higher theoretical temperature than gasoline, Methane and Propane, so the gas also can be applied to gas engine & gas turbine.

Fuel Gas

Electric Power

Heat

Output

Wood

Grass

Waste

Straw

Crashing

Powder

Chips

Air

Hopper

※Steam

Steam Reformer

Water

Smokestack

※SteamExhaust Gas

Boiler

Gas EngineCombustor

Fuel Gas Tank

Fuel Gas

Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation System

Syngas fire (Bamboo)

Light Output

50kW Gas Engine

Exhaust air to atmosphereDr. Sakai

Syngas Products ： 45.6m3/hTotal Efficiency : 21%

Gasifying Agency H2O ：113kg/h (H2O : Biomass= 2 : 1)

Gasification Efficiency: 75%

Wood ChipsFeed Rate： 20kg/h

Engine Efficiency：30%

Biomass PowderFeed Rate： 31kg/h

Power Output：50kW

Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation SystemMain Specification

Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation SystemMain Specification

EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND

CONVENTIONAL (DIRECT COMBUSTION) GENERATION

Particularly in Japan, where biomass resources are dispersed, Particularly in Japan, where biomass resources are dispersed, smallsmall--scale installations would be highly effective.scale installations would be highly effective.

60 6,000 60,000 600,000

100 1,000 10,000 100,0000

10

20

30

40

10

600Biomass (ton/year)

Power Generationby Biomass Gasification

Small Scale Plant

Direct Combustion/Steam Power Generation

Elec

tric

Pow

er E

ffici

ency

(%)

Woody Material(Thailand)Woody Material(Japan)

Plant Capacity of Power Generation (kW)

Data From ReferencesPilot plant50kW, 21%

The system has the highest efficiency in the world.

HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY CONVERSION AND CO-GENERATION UTILIZATION

Electricity

Heat Utilization

= 2~3e

thQ

Q

Biomass energy is converted into electricity and heat. Generally, the ratio of heat to electricity is

eQ

thQ

ethe QQQ (3 ~ 4))( =+Total Efficiency

With generating efficiency of over 25%, total thermal efficiency of 80% can be achieved.

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30

3

2

eth

QQ

Generating Efficiency (%)

Tota

l Effi

cien

cy (%

)

WasteHeat

Biomass

Generating Efficiency Generated Energy/Biomass Energy Input x100

High Calorie Gasification using manure, Lab. testSpecification of carbonized excretionCarbonization Temp. 580 CSupply speed 90 kg/hVolatile component 19.05 %Fixed carbon 44.28 %Ash content 36.67 %Water content 2.1 %

CarbonizationDried biomass

CarbideMilling

Gasification Produced gas

Combustion Temp. 1000 CH2O/Biomass Ratio 2 -

H2 63.0 %CO 14.4 %CO2 20.5 %CH4 2.1 %C2H4 0.01 %

Composition of produced gas

Gasification flow for biomass in Asia, proposal

Drying by Fermentation or/and Heat

High water

content biomass

High-Calorie Gasification

Carbonization

Milling

Low water

content biomass

Sugarcane(bagasse, trash)

Rice husks, Rice straw

Gas

–Electricity

–Fuel gas

–Liquid fuel

Livestock excretion

Coconut & Palm residue

Empty fruit bunch

Heat

Sand separation

Effectual utilization system of heat

Unit 2

Unit 3