Energy, Electrical Power
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Transcript of Energy, Electrical Power
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Energy, Electrical PowerTechnology for International Development
Amy McCarty | Geoffrey Snow | Sanchit Waray
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Agenda
• Energy Sourceso Fossil Fuelso Geothermalo Solaro Windo Hydroo Nuclear
• Focus on Renewable Energyo Micro enterprise caseo Wind powered water pumps caseo Costa Rica energy usage
• The Energy Game - Hamburgland
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IEA ArticleList one interesting statistic from the report. What is most
surprising to you?
Which country produces the most energy? Consumes the most?
Which country emits the most C02 per Population?
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Energy Supply Types
Source: International Energy Agency
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Energy Supply Sources
Source: International Energy Agency
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Fossil FuelsSources: Oil, Natural Gas, Coal
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Fossil Fuel Production
Oil Natural Gas Coal
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Fossil Fuel Consumption
Oil Natural Gas Coal
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GeothermalSources: Magma
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Solar
Source: Sun
Electricity Generation
• Photovoltaic (PV devices) or “solar cells”o Changes sunlight directly into electricityo Individual panels or grouped for large scale use
• Solar Thermal/Electric Power Plants o Concentrates solar energy to heat a fluid and
produce steam that is used to power a generatoro Power plants
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Wind
Source: Air
Electricity Generation
• Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power
• This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity
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BiomassSources: Organic material
Electricity Generation
• Burn biomass generating steam to power electric plant
• Decomposing material releases methane gas
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Hydro
Sources: Water
Electricity Generation
• Run of the River Systemo Pressure from water currents
• Storage Systemo Pressure from reservoir (dam)
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Production
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Nuclear
Sources: Uranium
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Nuclear Production and Usage
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Renewable Energy as part of the total energy consumption
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Energy for Development by Christopher Flavin and Molly Hull Aeck
• What are the specific development objectives outlined by the UN Millenium Development Goals? What are the steps involved in each of them?
• What are RETs? What are some of the positive impacts of investing in RETs on the poor people in a country?
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Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Bangladesh
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Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Bangladesh
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Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - Nepal
• Micro Hydro power project in Nepal
• Only 1% of power generation is from hydro, thus there is huge potential
• Job creation, promotion of small businesses and health benefits
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Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - India
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Case Study - Micro enterprise in South Asia - India
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Case Study - Micro enterprise initiatives in South Asia
• Which micro enterprise innovation would you pick as the best? Can you suggest any further improvements in the others?
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Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco
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Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco
• In the village of Ain Tolba in northeastern Morocco
• Self-sufficient system
• Saves time, reduces emissions and health risk thereby promoting economic development
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Case Study - Wind powered water pumps in Morocco
• What benefits were obtained from the installation of wind powered water pumps in the region? Do you foresee any difficulties?
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Costa Rica
• 51,100 km2 / 0.03% of world’s landmass• 4% - 6% of world’s biodiversity
Ranked No. 1 on the Happy Planet Index
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“And tonight I am proud to share with you Costa Rica’s big goal: by 2021, our two-hundredth birthday, we will be a carbon-neutral country…”
President Oscar Arias Sánchez, United Nations Headquarters, New York City,
13 June 2007.
More countries join the pledge:• Norway• Iceland• New Zealand
Carbon Neutrality Statement
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Initiative driven by climate change• Long-term change in average weather
conditions, including temperature, precipitation and wind
• Occurring due to human caused emission of Green House Gases (GHG)
Goal: Net Zero Carbon Footprint• Limit amount of GHG released into the
atmosphere • Carbon Dioxide is primary GHG
Carbon Neutrality - What is it?
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Costa Rica's Strategy
Zero impact on climate by 2021
Objectives in National and International Agenda
Reducing Emissions Offsetting initiatives
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Initiatives to Reduce Emissions
• Transportation:• Carpooling, weekly vehicle restriction• Biofuels• Promoting hybrid vehicles (taxis)• Bus routes (reduce duplicity)
• Energy consumption:• Efficiency in boilers and air
conditioning• Fluorescent light bulbs, Solar heaters
• Encourage company and community initiatives
• Legislation and Education
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Initiatives to Increase Offsetting
• Reforestation projects are in place by tourism companies
• Government has cracked down on illegal logging
• Compensation for taking eco-friendly steps
• Green resorts are being planned for coastal areas
• Regions of Costa Rica are advertising as eco-friendly
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Challenges
• Continuity• Political• Economic pressures
• Communication• Tracking & countermeasures• Sharing information
• Involvement• Communities• Private investment• Government institutions
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Class Activity #1 - Qualitative
You are the energy division of a developing nation, Hamburgland. Using the energy types listed, discuss in your groups to determine the percentage of each energy type Hamburgland wishes to utilize.
What are the pro's and cons of each?
What factors did you consider when allocating?
Energy Type Energy%
Coal
Natural Gas
Geothermal
Solar
Wind
Hydro
Nuclear
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Class Activity #2 - QuantitativeYou are still the energy division of Hamburgland. This time, there are
numbers involved....
The people of Hamburgland need 100 units of energy.
There are 5 rounds, you must decide the number of units per each type of energy source.
If you use a source, you have to pay the capital costs for that round. Only pay variable costs for any subsequent round.
Similar to real life, costs fluctuate and there are resource limitations.
Objective: minimize cost and CO2 pollution
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Round 1
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Round 2
Coal prices drop and natural gas prices rise. No wind forces alternative energy sourcing
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Round 3
Solar Capital Subsidized by Government. Wind still non-existent
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Round 4
Drought causes hydro prices to jump, Nuclear accident shuts down all plants in Hamburgland
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Round 5
Natural Gas and Nuclear variable prices drop. Coal rises.
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Energy Game Conclusion
Thought?
What lessons did you learn?
Did you accomplish your team's goal?
How can policy impact the outcomes?
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Energy Game Lessons
Energy sources are typically chosen by availability and cost.
Developing nations are more susceptible to production, cost fluctuations, and limitations.
Energy sources have tradeoffs.
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Questions?