Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Construction IndustryAPHRDI/2016/11_N… · Energy Efficiency...
Transcript of Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Construction IndustryAPHRDI/2016/11_N… · Energy Efficiency...
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
in Construction Industry
Prof. K.Nagendra Prasad
Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering,
S.V.University : TIRUPATI -517 502
at
3-day Residential Training Program on Energy Subsidy Reforms
Andhra Pradesh State Human Resources Development Institute
Bapatla ,Guntur (Dist).
On 7-11-2016
ENVIRONMENT
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE
ENVIRONMENT
The rapid growing population
The uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization,
Expansion and massive intensification of agriculture and
deforestation.
Resource depletion (water, mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc.).
Loss of biodiversity, loss of resilience in ecosystems, livelihood
security for the poor.
Similarly, the construction sector poses a major challenge to the
environment.
Globally, buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use.
Buildings consuming 42% of the global water consumption and 50%of the global consumption of raw materials.
Also building activities contribute an estimated 50% of the world’s airpollution, 42% of its greenhouse gases, 50% of all water pollution, 48%of all solid wastes and 50% of all Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to theenvironment.
India is the second fastest growing economy in the world.Construction is the second largest economic activity afteragriculture.
The Indian construction industry is an integral part of the economyand a conduit for a substantial part of its development investment, ispoised for growth on account of industrialization, urbanization,economic development and people's rising expectations for improvedquality of living.
Construction activities contribute annually about 10% of the GrossNational Product (GNP), thus playing a major role in thedevelopment of the national economy.
On an average 50% of the total expenditure of Five Year Plans isinvested in construction works because development plans for everysector of our economy involve construction activities.
The rapid growing construction sector in India poses a major
challenge to the environment. The gross built-up area added to
commercial and residential spaces was about 40.8 million square
meters in 2004–05, which is about 1% of annual average constructed
floor area around the world
Trends show a sustained growth of 10% over the coming years. With
a near consistent 8% rise in annual energy consumption in the
residential and commercial sectors, building energy consumption has
seen an increase, from a low 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in
2004–05. Energy consumption would continue to rise unless suitable
actions to improve energy efficiency are taken up immediately.
The situation warrants use of
sustainable technologies
Sustainable Technology
Sustainable architecture -minimize the harmful impact.
A green building
◦ Uses less energy, water and other natural resources
◦ Creates less waste and green house gases
Building green is not about a little more efficiency. It is about creating
buildings that optimize on the use of local materials, local ecology
and most importantly they are built to reduce power, water and
material requirements.
Thus, if these things are kept in mind, then we will realize that our
traditional architecture was in fact, very green.
FACT:
According to The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) estimates, if all buildings in
Indian urban areas were made to adopt green
building concepts, India could save more than
8,400 megawatts of power, which is enough to
light 550,000 homes a year.
What is Green Building ?
The Building which planned, designed, constructed and maintained by
following the green concepts and focussing on minimum utilization of
non-renewable energy and maximum utilization of renewable energy
to achieve visual and thermal comforts.
HOW TO DECIDE A BUILDING AS
A GREEN OR NOT
Five Fundamental Principles
1. Sustainable Site Design
2. Water Quality & Conservation
3. Energy & Environment
4. Indoor Environmental Quality
5. Materials and Resources
1. Sustainable Site Design
Create minimum urbansprawl and preventneedless destruction ofvaluable land, habitat andopen space
Encourage higher densityurban development as ameans to preservevaluable green space
Preserve keyenvironmental assetsthrough carefulexamination of each site
2. Water Quality & Conservation
Preserve the existing natural
water cycle and design the
site so that they closely
emulate the site’s natural
hydrological systems
Emphasis on retention of
storm water and on-site
infiltration as well as ground
water recharging
Minimize the inefficient use of
potable water on the site
while maximizing the
recycling and reuse of water,
including rainwater harvesting,
storm water, and gray water.
3. Energy & Environment
Minimize adverse impact on the environment through
optimized building siting & design, material selection, and
aggressive use of energy conservation measures
Maximize the use of renewable energy and other low
impact energy sources
Building performance should exceed minimum
International Energy Code (IEC) compliance level by 30-
40%.
4. Indoor Environmental Quality
Provide a healthy, comfortable
and productive indoor
environment for building
occupants
Utilize the best possible
conditions in terms of indoor
air quality, ventilation, and
thermal comfort, access to
natural ventilation and day
lighting
5. Materials and Resources
Minimize the use of non-
renewable construction
materials through efficient
engineering and construction,
and effective recycling of
construction debris
Maximize the use of recycled
materials, modern energy
efficient engineered materials,
and resource efficient
composite type structural
systems as well as sustainably
managed, biomass materials
Why do we need green buildings
?
Green buildings
…….. minimal impact
on site and surroundings
Green buildings
…….. energy efficiency and
maximized use of renewable
sources of energy
Green buildings
….less water demand and recycling
and reuse of water
….solid waste segregation,
management and generation of
resources from wastes
Green buildings
….. minimal negative impact on people
….. healthy and productive work environment
Green building design integrates
coordinated design approach in
planning, design, construction
and management
CASE STUDY
NARL-National Atmospheric
Research Laboratory
SITE SELECTION
the existing nearby water body is more than 30m distance
The site is at a distance of approximately 500m from NARL request bus stop which is on well-connected Tirupati– Bangalore highway.
The employees, research scholars and student trainees in NARL are provided with departmental bus facilit
Points awarded: 1/1
PRESERVE AND PROTECT LANDSCAPE
DURING CONSTRUCTION:
Construction schedule has been prepared considering monsoon period into account
Site excavation schedule was prepared such that the activity is carried out in dry seasons without intervening in to monsoon.
The construction activity was confined to a pre-planned area and it is isolated by barricading without disturbing the existing rock outcrop in the area.
Points awarded: 4/5
SITE SELECTIONtop soil preservation and trees protection, sedimentation tank
SOIL CONSERVATION (till
post construction):
Vegetative cover is provided for conservation of top soil.
2. The disturbed soil is sprinkled with water to stabilize and
control the erosion.
DESIGN TO INCLUDE
EXISTING SITE FEATURES:
The building layout is such that the existing rock outcrop is not disturbed.
The site is located in sloping terrain with less obstruction to capture sun light, wind and hence solar panels are installed to harness solar energy.
The building is planned as stepped floor construction. This is done to accommodate the structure on steep slope varying from +109.400 to +111.322 with minimum excavations and alterations at the existing site.
Points awarded 4/4
Reduce hard paving on site-2/2
Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency -3/3
Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on-site circulation efficiency -3/3
Provide at least minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for Construction workers -2/2
Reduce air pollution during construction -2/2
Reduce landscape water treatment -2/3
Reduce building water use -2/2
Efficient water use during construction -1/1
Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand -7/8
Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort Limits -14/16
Utilization of fly-ash in building structure -5/6
Reduce volume, weight and time of construction by adopting Efficient technology-4/4
Use low-energy material in interiors -3/4
Renewable energy based hot-water system –N/A
Waste water treatment –N/A
Water recycle and reuse –2/2
Reduction in waste during construction -1/1
Efficient waste segregation -1/1
Storage and disposal of wastes –N/A
Resource recovery from waste -2/2
Use of low VOC paints/adhesives/sealants-3/3
Minimize ozone depleting substances -1/1
Ensure water quality -2/2
Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels- 2/2
Tobacco and smoke control -1/1
Provide at least minimum level of accessibility for persons with disabilities- 1/1
Energy audit and validation -
Operation and maintenance -2/2
Innovation -3/4
RATING:
TOTAL SCORE - 82/95
As the building scores 86.31 percentage points (81-90), so the
building is provisionally awarded with ‘FOUR STAR’ rating.
However the actual rating is given by conducting energy audit after
operation of building for one year.
CASE STUDY -2:Residential Building ,Tirupati.
S.No Materials
Volume of
materials
manufactured per
annum
Thermal
Energy (M.J
per Kg)
Total Energy
(GJ)
1 Bricks 150x1006 No’s 1.40 630 x 106
2 Cement 96 x 106 Tonnes 4.20 403 x 106
3 Aluminum 0.80 x 106 Tonnes 236.80 189 x 106
4 Structural Steel 11 x 106 Tonnes 42.00 462 x 106
Total 684 x 106
Table – 1 : Materials and Total Energy :
Projected demand for the building materials like brick,
steel and cement consumed in bulk quantities is
given table – 2.
S.No Materials 2000 2020
1 Bricks (No’s) 150 x 109 246 x 109
2Structural Steel
(Tonnes)11 x 106 30 x 106
3 Cement (Tonnes) 96 x 106 255 x 106
Table – 2: Projected demand of building materials :
Compounded growth rates of 2.5%, 5% and 10% has
been assumed for bricks, steel and cement respectively to
compute the projected demand. Transportation of raw and
finished building materials another key issue that the
contribute to cost of material, increased energy
requirements and environmental issues. Energy (fossil
fuel energy) spent in transportation of some of these
building materials using is given below table -3
S.NO Building Materials Unit
Energy in
transportation
for 100 km (MJ)
1 Bricks M3 200
2 Structural Steel M3 175
3 Cement Tonnes 100
4 Sand Tonnes 100
Table – 3 : Building material and energy in transportation :
ENERGY VALUES OF COMMON BUILDING
MATERIALS :
The energy values of various common building materials are
Sand 60 MJ/750 kg
Cement 1168.5 MJ/150 kg
Aggregate 20mm 0.1 MJ/ kg
Iron 57.44 MJ/kg
Wood 17.84 MJ/ KgBricks 18000 MJ/ 4000N0’sPaint 655.3 MJ/ 4.55 kgSteel 47.52 MJ/kg
PVC Pipes 1.5” dia 140.6 MJ/kg
GI Pipes 49.97 MJ/kg
SandCement
Aggregate
IronWood Paint
Bricks
Steel
PVC Pipes GI Pipes
COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS :
ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS FOR
SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION :
Hallow Concrete Blocks 263 MJ/ Sq.m
Aerated Concrete Blocks 285 MJ/Sq.m
Solid Concrete Blocks 409 MJ/ Sq.m
FAL – G Bricks 330 MJ/Sq.m
Fired Bricks 30 cm 733 MJ/Sq.m
Fired Bricks 20 cm 489 MJ/Sq.m
These value are given by Dr. Sameer Maithel, Director, Greentech
Knowledge Solutions, New Delhi.
SMB filler slab
Composite slab
SMB Masonry
vault slab
Mangalore tile roof
Ferro concrete tile roof
ALTERNATIVE ROOFS :
CALCULATION OF EMBODIED ENERGY IN
BUILDINGS :
To estimate the possible reduction of embodied energy
in the construction of building when alternative building
materials are adopted.
A single storeyed building is considered for calculation
of embodied energy.
The quantities of building materials are estimated.
The quantity of energy is evaluated based on these
quantities when conventional as well as alternative
building materials are used.
The details are given below.
A.SINGLE STOREYED BUILDING:
A typical single storeyed building plan of site area167.08 sq.m of size 18.28 m x 9.14 m and plinth area of108.24 sq.m is taken and the quantities are shown in table –4
S. No Description Quantities Units
1 Sand Filling 140.71 Cum
2 Concrete for foundation 3.31 Cum
3 RCC Work (1:2:4) 31.36 Cum
4 Brick work 64.25 Cum
5 Wood work 1.04 Cum
6 Iron Work 142.20 Kg
7 Plastering 396.80 Sq.m
8 Painting 396.80 Sq.m
9 PVC Pipes 23.5 R.m
Table – 4 : Quantities of building materials :
C. DETALED ESTIMATION AND THEIR ENERGY
VALUES OF BUILDING
S.
NoDescription Quantity Unit
Energy Measured
(MJ)
1 Sand Filling 140.71 Cum 20,262.40
2 Concrete for foundation 3.31 Cum 2,934.26
3 RCC Work (1:2:4) 31.36 Cum 2,05,357.56
4 Brick work 64.25 Cum 1,77,954.18
5 Wood work 1.04 Cum 1,5096.00
6 Iron Work 142.20 Kg 8,167.96
7 Plastering 396.80 Sq.m 2,829.76
8 Painting 396.80 Sq.m 5,713.92
9 PVC Pipes 23.5 R .m 2227.24
Total 4,35,583.31
Total energy consumed for a Plinth Area of 108.240 Sq m is 4,35,583.31 MJ
S.NoType of Brick
Masonry Used
Total Energy
(MJ)
Energy per
Sqm(MJ)
1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 3,993.50
2 Fired Bricks 4,14,662.99 3,800.80
3 Solid Concrete Bricks 3,45,264.00 3,164.70
4 Fal-G Bricks 3,28,310.00 3,009.30
5Aerated Concrete
Blocks3,18,674.03 2,920.90
6Hallow Concrete
Blocks3,13,977.22 2,877.90
E. ENERGY VALUES OF BRICK MASONRY IN
DETAILS :
S.No Type of slab usedTotal Energy
(MJ)
Energy per Sqm
(MJ)
1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 3,993.50
2 SMB Filler Roof Slab 4,15,791.25 3,811.10
3 Composite Panel Roof Slab 4,12,756.75 3,783.30
4 SMB Masonry Vault Roof 3,98,393.45 3,651.60
5 Mangalore Tile Roof 3,79,073.80 3,474.60
6 Ferro-Concrete Tile Roof 3,72,094.00 3,410.60
Total Energy in building with different types of slabs used :
E. CALCULATION OF TOTAL ENERGY VALUES FOR
DIFFERENT ROOF SLABS IS USED IN BUILDINGS AS SHOWN
BELOW :
Volume of roof slab = 12.13 Cum
Area of roof slab = 12.13/0.12 = 1011.15 Sqm
Table : 7 Energy Savings after sustainable materials are used in walls and slabs :
S.No Type of Brick MasonryTotal Energy
(MJ)
Energy Saving (MJ)
with reference S.No. 1
1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 ------
2 Fired Bricks 4,14,662.99 20,920.32
3 Solid Concrete Bricks 3,45,264.00 90319.31
4 Fal-G Bricks 3,28,310.00 1,06,909.28
5 Aerated Concrete Blocks 3,18,674.03 1,16,909.28
6 Hallow Concrete Blocks 313977.22 1,21,606.09
a.) Different types of brick masonry are used :
The embodied energy for the conventional construction of the
building with the alternative materials for walls and slabs, the
embodied energy is saved as shown in table - 7.
7. RESULT :
b. Different types of Slabs are used :
S.No DescriptionTotal Energy
(MJ)
Energy Saving (MJ)
with reference S.No. 1
1 Conventional Type 4,35,583.31 ------
2Stabilized Mud Blocks
(SMB) Filler Roof Slab4,15,791.25 19,792.06
3Composite Panel Roof
Slab4,12,756.75 22,826.56
4SMB Masonry Vault
Roof3,98,393.45 37,189.86
5 Mangalore Tile Roof 3,79,073.80 56,509.51
6 Ferro-Concrete Tile Roof 3,72,094.00 63489.31
Total energy value expressed as MJ for one storeyed
building are represented in the form of bar – chart as shown in the
fig,. below both conventional and alternative building materials. The
savings in embodied energy id found to be in the order of 35% -
50% by adopting hollow concrete blocks for brick masonry and
Ferro – concrete tile roof slab for RCC slab.
Rain Water Harvesting –An Illustration
Some other green buildings in india
Are green buildings more expensive ?
1. Green building costs about 30% more when
compared with conventional buildings.
2. Life cycle benefits must be considered to justify the
higher initial costs.
3. Annual energy savings up to 61 %.
First 5 star rated GRIHA building in IIT Kanpur
Co benefits :
Reduction in air conditioned spaces due to careful planning.
Reduction in window area and better utilization of daylight.
Good indoor air quality .
Minimised heat island effect .
Recent technologies
Creating and maintaining built spaces will always have some
impact on our natural environment, but changes in the way these spaces
are designed and built will allow for a softer “ecological footprint” which
meets human needs while minimizing pollution and impacts on land,
water and other natural resources. As a Civil Engineers, we should make
awareness the society about these concepts and educate towards
construction of Green buildings which are advantage to the universe in
view of global warming.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS :
Based on the analysis of a case study brought out
in the present paper the following concluding
remarks may be made
Considerable savings can be made by using
alternate materials apart from savings in the
energy.
Sustainable development is possible by using the
techniques adopted
Environmental effects using the conventional
materials can be mitigated by employing the
alternate materials and methodologies suggested.
Present status of proposed green building at NARL
Model of the Green building at
NARL
References :
1. www.grihaindia.org
2. www.teriin.org
3. GRIHA manual volume 1 to 5
4. www.mnre.gov.in
5. Www.Google.Co.in
6. Energy Conservation In Buildings
Through Sustainable Building Materials –
An Illustrative Study
What is GRIHA ?
GRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation of agreen building and in turn …. measure “greenness” of abuilding in India
What gets measured gets managed
Highlights
Set of 34 criterions
100 (+4 innovation points) points system
with differential weight-age on various
criterions
50 – 60
61 – 70
71 – 80
81 – 90
91 – 100
Criterion 1 : Site Selection (Partly mandatory)
The site plan must be in conformity with the development plan/master
plan/UDPFI guidelines (mandatory).
Site should be located within a radius of half km of an existing bus stop.
Points : 1
Proposed location of the site
Criterion 2 : Preserve and protect landscape during construction (Partly mandatory, if applicable)
Proper timing of construction.
Preservation and protection of trees, especially mature trees.
Replant on site in ratio of 3:1.
Erosion and sedimentation control.
Points : 5
Trees protected with guards
Sedimentation tank
Criterion 3 : Soil conservation (post construction)
Top soil is carefully excavated up to a depth of 20 cm and preserved.
Stabilization of preserved top soil.
This soil is then reused for landscaping once the building is completed.
Points : 2
Top soil being excavated from the site
Excavated top soil preserved for reuse in future
Criterion 4: Design to include existing site features
All site characteristics to be taken into account while designing building.
Landscape elements and natural site features such as slopes.
Minimise the disruption of the natural eco system.
Points : 4
Grid levels of the proposed site Planned in a stepped construction
Criterion 5: Reduce hard paving on site (Partly mandatory)
Minimize storm water run-off by reducing hard paving on-site.
Points : 2
Grass paverPervious pavement Shaded car parking
Criterion 6: Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency
Luminous of efficacy of 100% of lamps used in outdoor lighting andto be controlled automatically.
Percentage of total outdoor lighting fixtures with solar lightingsystem should be a minimum of 25 % of total number.
Points : 3
High efficiency lamps Solar lights
Criterion 7: Efficient utilities and on-site circulation efficiency
Minimize road and pedestrian walkway length by appropriateplanning.
Consolidation of utility corridors along the previously disturbedareas to minimize unnecessary cutting and trenching.
Points : 3
Pedestrian walk way Utility corridors
Criterion 8: Provide at least minimum level of sanitation /safety facilities for construction workers (Mandatory)
Ensure cleanliness of work place with regard to disposal of wasteand effluent.
Minimum safety for labour force.
Provision of health and sanitation facility for labour force.
Provide clean drinking water.
Points : 2
Criterion 9: Reduce air pollution during construction (Mandatory)
Ensure proper screening i.e. barricades / dust screens.
Covering loads of dusty materials.
Water spraying facility, Wheel washing facility.
Cover the construction materials at site.
Points : 2
Providing barricades Covering of materials while transportation
Covering of material at site
Wheel washing bay
Criterion 10 : Reduce landscape water requirement
Minimize felling of existing trees (utilize existing resources first).
Minimization of lawn area.
Maximize plantation of native species.
Optimize irrigation system for landscape.
Points : 3
Criterion 11: Reduce water use in the building
Use of efficient plumbing fixtures, sensors and pressure reducingdevices for reduction in water consumption.
Water efficient fixtures such as water closets with dual flushingsystem, urinals with sensors/ waterless, taps with quarter turnand foam flow.
Aerators – reduce flow to 2 lpm.
Points : 2
Waterless urinals Low flow showerheads Aerators
Criterion 12: Efficient water use during construction
Use of pre mixed concrete for preventing loss of water during mixing.
Efficient curing methods for preventing loss of water.
Use recycled treated water for curing.
Points : 1
Efficient water curing at construction site
Criterion 13 : Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand (Mandatory)
The design is optimized to allow maximum natural light in to thebuilding and eliminating glare.
No direct solar radiation is allowed into occupied spaces.
Good quality glass are provided.
Skylights are provided.
Points : 8
Natural Lighting facility
Criterion 14: Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort limits (Partly mandatory)
Detailed design approach is adopted based on hourly energysimulations for predicting EPI.
ECBC parameters are to be adhered for various components.
Design is to keep within specified benchmark levels.
Compliance to the different climate zones and building types.
Points : 16
Rat trap bond brick masonry
Under deck thermal insulation
Heat reflective paint
Terrace graden
Criterion 15: Utilization of fly ash in building structure
Use of fly-ash for reinforced cement concrete structures, loadbearing structures, mortars etc., (15 % to 40%).
Points : 6
Fly ash bricks Portland pozzolana cement
Criterion 16 : Reduce embodied energy of construction by
adopting efficient technologies and / or low-energy materials
Utilize regionally available materials.
Use of low-energy/ energy efficient technologies such as Precast
infill wall panels, composite ferro cement system etc.,
Points : 4
Precast infill wall panels Composite of bamboo and ferrocement
Precast flooring Precast roofing
Criterion 17 : Use low-energy material in interiors
Minimum 70% of each of the categories of interiors such asinternal partitions, joinery and flooring from low energy materials.
Minimize the usage of wood.
Points : 4
Use of low-finish local stone as shelves
Particle board finishing Rough stone finishing
Criterion 18 : Renewable energy utilization (Partly mandatory)
Use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel cellsetc.,)
Points : 5
Grid-connected photovoltaic system
Wind turbines Biomass Gasifier Fuel cells
Minimum of 1% of internallighting load should beconnected.
Criterion 19 : Renewable energy based hot-water system
Minimum 20% of the annual energy required for heating waterthrough renewable energy based water heating system.
Points : 3
Solar water heating system
Criterion 20 : waste water treatment
Provide necessary treatment of waste water for achieving thedesired concentrations for disposal/reuse.
This criterion shall not apply to the projects that have wastewater generation on site less than 10kL / day.
Points : 2
Criterion 21 : Water recycle and reuse (including rainwater)
Provide necessary treatment of waste water and adopt rainwater harvesting measures.
Reuse the treated waste water and rainwater for meeting thebuilding water and irrigation demand.
Points : 5
Typical photograph showing recycle and reuse of water
Criterion 22 : Reduction in waste during construction
Employ measures to segregate the waste on-site into inert,chemical or hazardous wastes.
Recycling and safe disposal of segregated waste.
Points : 1
Disposal of inert wasteSegregation of waste
Criterion 23 : Efficient waste segregation
Points : 1
Use different coloured bins for collecting different categories ofwaste from the building.
Reduction of waste in site by using multi-colour bins
Criterion 24 : Storage and disposal of wastes
Allocate a separate space for the collected wasted beforetransferring it to the recycling / disposal stations.
Points : 1
Criterion 25 : Resource recovery from waste
Employ resource recovery systems for biodegradable waste.
Arrangement for recycling of waste through local dealers.
Points : 2
Criterion 26 : Use of low VOC paints / adhesives / sealants
Use only zero/low VOC paints in the interior of the building.
Prefer water - based rather than solvent - based sealants andadhesives.
100 % of composite wood products with no urea formaldehyderesins.
Points : 3
Criterion 27 : Minimise ozone depleting substances (Mandatory)
Employ 100% zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) insulation.
Install CFC - free equipment for refrigeration and airconditioning.
Install halon – free fire suppression systems and fireextinguishers in the building.
Points : 1
Criterion 28 : Ensure water quality (Mandatory)
Ensure water from all sources meets the quality norms asprescribed in the Indian Standards for various applications suchas drinking, irrigation and cooling tower purposes.
Provide necessary treatment for achieving desired concentrations.
Points : 2
Criterion 29 : Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels
Ensure outdoor noise level conforms to the CPCB (CentralPollution Control Board) – Environmental Standards and indoornoise level conforms to the NBC (National Building Code of India).
Points : 2
Criterion 30 : Tobacco and smoke control (Mandatory)
Zero exposure to tobacco smoke for non-smokers.
Exclusive ventilation for smoking rooms.
Points : 1
Criterion 31 : Universal accessibility
To ensure accessibility and usability of the building and its
facilities by employees, visitors, and clients with disabilities.
Points : 1
Criterion 32 : Energy audit and validation (Mandatory)
Energy audit report to be prepared by approved auditors of theBureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Government of India.
Points : Nil
ThermohygroMeter
Lux Meter
Criterion 33 : Operations and maintenance protocol for electrical and mechanical equipment (Mandatory)
Electrical meters to measure energy units purchased and
generated on site.
Sub meters for energy consumption by various equipments
in different areas.
BTU meters to measure cooling generated by chillers.
Water meter to measure total water consumption of the
building.
Operation and maintenance manual should be prepared by
the facility management group.
Points : 2
Criterion 34 : Innovation (beyond 100)
Four innovation points are available under the rating
system for adopting criteria which enhances the green intent of
a project, and one can apply for the innovation points. Some of
the probable points are as follows.
1. Alternative transportation.
2. Environmental education.
3. Life cycle cost analysis.
4. Any other criteria proposed by applicant.
Points : 4
D. CALCULATION OF TOTAL ENERGY WITH
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY
USED IN BUILDINGS AS SHOWN BELOW :
The calculation of energy values for different
materials of brick masonry is shown below.Volume of brick masonry wall = 64.25 Cum
Volume of 20 cm wall = 20..91 Cum
Volume of 30 cm wall = 43.34 Cum
Area of 20 cm wall =104.56 Sqm
Area of 30 cm wall = 144.48 Sqm
Energy for entire building expect
brick masonry = 2, 58,229.20 MJ